KEGG   PATHWAY: pgig04932
Entry
pgig04932                   Pathway                                
Name
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - Pteropus giganteus (Indian flying fox)
Description
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a spectrum ranging from simple steatosis to more severe steatohepatitis with hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, known as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH may further lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This map shows a stage-dependent progression of NAFLD. In the first stage of NAFLD, excess lipid accumulation has been demonstrated. The main cause is the induction of insulin resistance, which leads to a defect in insulin suppression of free fatty acids (FAAs) disposal. In addition, two transcription factors, SREBP-1c and PPAR-alpha, activate key enzymes of lipogenesis and increase the synthesis of FAAs in liver. In the second stage, as a consequence of the progression to NASH, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is enhanced due to oxidation stress through mitochondrial beta-oxidation of fatty acids and endoplamic reticulum (ER) stress, leading to lipid peroxidation. The lipid peroxidation can further cause the production of cytokines (Fas ligand, TNF-alpha, IL-8 and TGF), promoting cell death, inflammation and fibrosis. The activation of JNK, which is induced by ER stress, TNF-alpha and FAAs, is also associated with NAFLD progression. Increased JNK promotes cytokine production and initiation of HCC.
Class
Human Diseases; Endocrine and metabolic disease
Pathway map
pgig04932  Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
pgig04932

Organism
Pteropus giganteus (Indian flying fox) [GN:pgig]
Gene
120602335  IL6; interleukin-6 isoform X1 [KO:K05405]
120592175  IL6R; interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha [KO:K05055]
120600032  SOCS3; suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 [KO:K04696]
120618944  TNF; tumor necrosis factor [KO:K03156]
120611633  TNFRSF1A; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A [KO:K03158]
120591230  NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K02580]
120584840  RELA; transcription factor p65 [KO:K04735]
120584612  INS; insulin [KO:K04526]
120599285  INSR; insulin receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04527] [EC:2.7.10.1]
120597107  IRS1; insulin receptor substrate 1 [KO:K16172]
120605338  IRS2; insulin receptor substrate 2 isoform X1 [KO:K07187]
120582132  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
120596984  PIK3CA; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
120585845  PIK3CD; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
120606549  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
120608247  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
120620206  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
120613959  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
120595669  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
120619079  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
120592387  GSK3A; glycogen synthase kinase-3 alpha [KO:K08822] [EC:2.7.11.26]
120586669  GSK3B; glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta isoform X1 [KO:K03083] [EC:2.7.11.26]
120607208  NR1H3; oxysterols receptor LXR-alpha [KO:K08536]
120606417  RXRA; retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha [KO:K08524]
120589870  SREBF1; sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K07197]
120591781  MLXIPL; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein [KO:K09113]
120616057  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: MLX-interacting protein-like [KO:K09113]
120611090  MLX; max-like protein X isoform X1 [KO:K09113]
120592122  PKLR; pyruvate kinase PKLR isoform X1 [KO:K12406] [EC:2.7.1.40]
120601144  leptin [KO:K05424]
120583183  LEPR; leptin receptor isoform X1 [KO:K05062]
120592959  ADIPOQ; adiponectin [KO:K07296]
120607348  ADIPOR2; adiponectin receptor protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K07297]
120619294  ADIPOR1; adiponectin receptor protein 1 [KO:K07297]
120586161  PRKAA1; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 isoform X1 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
120621730  PRKAA2; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2 isoform X1 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
120606777  PRKAB1; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-1 [KO:K07199]
120585136  PRKAB2; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-2 [KO:K07199]
120618205  PRKAG1; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-1 isoform X1 [KO:K07200]
120587666  PRKAG3; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-3 isoform X1 [KO:K07200]
120601493  PRKAG2; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-2 isoform X1 [KO:K07200]
120602825  MAPK12; mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
120602826  MAPK11; mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
120597571  MAPK13; mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
120597692  MAPK14; mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
120602869  PPARA; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha isoform X1 [KO:K07294]
120621474  PPARG; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma isoform X1 [KO:K08530]
120596202  CDC42; cell division control protein 42 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K04393]
120616613  RAC1; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04392]
120584643  MAP3K11; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 11 [KO:K04419] [EC:2.7.11.25]
120616614  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
120609636  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
120588349  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
120603562  ITCH; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Itchy homolog [KO:K05632] [EC:2.3.2.26]
120600114  ERN1; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 isoform X1 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
120599784  TRAF2; TNF receptor-associated factor 2 isoform X1 [KO:K03173] [EC:2.3.2.27]
120615779  MAP3K5; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 [KO:K04426] [EC:2.7.11.25]
120619517  FOS; proto-oncogene c-Fos [KO:K04379]
120621837  JUN; transcription factor AP-1 [KO:K04448]
120593734  interleukin-1 alpha-like [KO:K04383]
120610305  IL1A; interleukin-1 alpha [KO:K04383]
120593744  IL1B; interleukin-1 beta [KO:K04519]
120595665  IKBKB; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
120601994  XBP1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: X-box-binding protein 1 [KO:K09027]
120622859  CEBPA; CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha [KO:K09055]
120617668  FASLG; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 [KO:K04389]
120588198  CXCL8; interleukin-8 isoform X1 [KO:K10030]
120586591  TGFB1; transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein [KO:K13375]
120594611  EIF2AK3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
120612759  EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
120602997  ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374]
120604962  DDIT3; DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein isoform X1 [KO:K04452]
120610288  BCL2L11; bcl-2-like protein 11 isoform X1 [KO:K16341]
120606950  BAX; apoptosis regulator BAX isoform X1 [KO:K02159]
120609345  FAS; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 isoform X1 [KO:K04390]
120587528  CASP8; caspase-8 [KO:K04398] [EC:3.4.22.61]
120607361  BID; BH3-interacting domain death agonist isoform X1 [KO:K04726]
120602359  cytochrome c [KO:K08738]
120597089  cytochrome c, testis-specific-like [KO:K08738]
120618435  CASP3; caspase-3 isoform X1 [KO:K02187] [EC:3.4.22.56]
120609077  CASP7; caspase-7 isoform X1 [KO:K04397] [EC:3.4.22.60]
120584746  NDUFV1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 1, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03942] [EC:7.1.1.2]
120588577  NDUFV2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 2, mitochondrial [KO:K03943] [EC:7.1.1.2]
120598742  NDUFV3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 3, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03944]
120613848  NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 3, mitochondrial-like [KO:K03944]
120581414  NDUFA2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2 [KO:K03946]
120616482  NDUFA3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03947]
120602254  NDUFA4; cytochrome c oxidase subunit NDUFA4 [KO:K03948]
120604950  NDUFA4L2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4-like 2 [KO:K03948]
120601258  NDUFA5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5 [KO:K03949]
120602938  NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03950]
120602939  NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6-like [KO:K03950]
120598765  NDUFA7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03951]
120605755  NDUFA8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8 [KO:K03952]
120607301  NDUFA9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 9, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03953]
120592183  NDUFA10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10, mitochondrial [KO:K03954]
120584540  NDUFAB1; acyl carrier protein, mitochondrial [KO:K03955]
120615433  NDUFA11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11 [KO:K03956]
120611623  NDUFA12; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12 [KO:K11352]
120606599  NDUFA13; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13 [KO:K11353]
120619622  NDUFB1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03957]
120601134  NDUFB2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 2, mitochondrial [KO:K03958]
120587522  NDUFB3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3 isoform X1 [KO:K03959]
120586679  NDUFB4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4 [KO:K03960]
120597142  NDUFB5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial [KO:K03961]
120612925  NDUFB6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03962]
120618472  NDUFB7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03963]
120609201  NDUFB8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial [KO:K03964]
120595681  NDUFB9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9 isoform X1 [KO:K03965]
120620248  NDUFB10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10 [KO:K03966]
120605511  NDUFB11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11, mitochondrial [KO:K11351]
120587568  NDUFS1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K03934] [EC:7.1.1.2]
120584202  NDUFS2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial [KO:K03935] [EC:7.1.1.2]
120607415  NDUFS3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 3, mitochondrial [KO:K03936] [EC:7.1.1.2]
120608171  NDUFS4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03937]
120593298  NDUFS5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5 [KO:K03938]
120586301  NDUFS6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 6, mitochondrial [KO:K03939]
120583687  NDUFS7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 7, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03940] [EC:7.1.1.2]
120584743  NDUFS8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 8, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03941] [EC:7.1.1.2]
120613219  NDUFC1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial [KO:K03967]
120590396  NDUFC2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C2 [KO:K03968]
120586318  SDHA; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00234] [EC:1.3.5.1]
120585752  SDHB; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K00235] [EC:1.3.5.1]
120584198  SDHC; succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00236]
120621994  SDHD; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00237]
120617223  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit Rieske, mitochondrial [KO:K00411] [EC:7.1.1.8]
120588814  cytochrome c1, heme protein, mitochondrial [KO:K00413]
120582316  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 1, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00414]
120584555  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 2, mitochondrial [KO:K00415]
120620319  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 6, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00416]
120605463  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 7 [KO:K00417]
120616506  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 8 [KO:K00418]
120610685  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 8-like [KO:K00418]
120601887  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 9 [KO:K00419]
120603514  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 2, mitochondrial [KO:K02263]
120622928  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, mitochondrial [KO:K02263]
120597795  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A, mitochondrial [KO:K02264]
120610239  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5B, mitochondrial [KO:K02265]
120606788  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A1, mitochondrial [KO:K02266]
120620534  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A2, mitochondrial [KO:K02266]
120592433  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1 [KO:K02267]
120598319  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B2 [KO:K02267]
120595634  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6C isoform X1 [KO:K02268]
120592495  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A1, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02270]
120594945  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A2, mitochondrial [KO:K02270]
120609699  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A2, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02270]
120621725  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A-related protein, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02270]
120591688  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B, mitochondrial [KO:K02271]
120588028  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B2, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02271]
120588365  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B2, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02271]
Compound
C00031  D-Glucose
C00162  Fatty acid
Reference
PMID:23545492
  Authors
Naik A, Kosir R, Rozman D
  Title
Genomic aspects of NAFLD pathogenesis.
  Journal
Genomics 102:84-95 (2013)
DOI:10.1016/j.ygeno.2013.03.007
Reference
PMID:19352614
  Authors
Malaguarnera M, Di Rosa M, Nicoletti F, Malaguarnera L
  Title
Molecular mechanisms involved in NAFLD progression.
  Journal
J Mol Med (Berl) 87:679-95 (2009)
DOI:10.1007/s00109-009-0464-1
Reference
PMID:22705006
  Authors
Seki E, Brenner DA, Karin M
  Title
A liver full of JNK: signaling in regulation of cell function and disease pathogenesis, and clinical approaches.
  Journal
Gastroenterology 143:307-20 (2012)
DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.06.004
Reference
PMID:21038418
  Authors
Tilg H, Moschen AR
  Title
Evolution of inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the multiple parallel hits hypothesis.
  Journal
Hepatology 52:1836-46 (2010)
DOI:10.1002/hep.24001
Reference
PMID:16364488
  Authors
Larter CZ, Farrell GC
  Title
Insulin resistance, adiponectin, cytokines in NASH: Which is the best target to treat?
  Journal
J Hepatol 44:253-61 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2005.11.030
Reference
PMID:22570745
  Authors
Farrell GC, van Rooyen D, Gan L, Chitturi S
  Title
NASH is an Inflammatory Disorder: Pathogenic, Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications.
  Journal
Gut Liver 6:149-71 (2012)
DOI:10.5009/gnl.2012.6.2.149
Reference
PMID:20619513
  Authors
Shapiro H, Tehilla M, Attal-Singer J, Bruck R, Luzzatti R, Singer P
  Title
The therapeutic potential of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
  Journal
Clin Nutr 30:6-19 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.clnu.2010.06.001
Reference
PMID:20303879
  Authors
Hotamisligil GS
  Title
Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the inflammatory basis of metabolic disease.
  Journal
Cell 140:900-17 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.034
Reference
PMID:17498512
  Authors
Parekh S, Anania FA
  Title
Abnormal lipid and glucose metabolism in obesity: implications for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
  Journal
Gastroenterology 132:2191-207 (2007)
DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.055
Reference
PMID:16374858
  Authors
Schattenberg JM, Singh R, Wang Y, Lefkowitch JH, Rigoli RM, Scherer PE, Czaja MJ
  Title
JNK1 but not JNK2 promotes the development of steatohepatitis in mice.
  Journal
Hepatology 43:163-72 (2006)
DOI:10.1002/hep.20999
Reference
PMID:22940046
  Authors
Leung TM, Nieto N
  Title
CYP2E1 and oxidant stress in alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
  Journal
J Hepatol 58:395-8 (2013)
DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2012.08.018
Reference
PMID:14685853
  Authors
Zafrani ES
  Title
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an emerging pathological spectrum.
  Journal
Virchows Arch 444:3-12 (2004)
DOI:10.1007/s00428-003-0943-7
Reference
PMID:12891546
  Authors
Feldstein AE, Canbay A, Angulo P, Taniai M, Burgart LJ, Lindor KD, Gores GJ
  Title
Hepatocyte apoptosis and fas expression are prominent features of human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
  Journal
Gastroenterology 125:437-43 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/S0016-5085(03)00907-7
Reference
PMID:16406828
  Authors
Begriche K, Igoudjil A, Pessayre D, Fromenty B
  Title
Mitochondrial dysfunction in NASH: causes, consequences and possible means to prevent it.
  Journal
Mitochondrion 6:1-28 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.mito.2005.10.004
Reference
PMID:9285483
  Authors
Leonarduzzi G, Scavazza A, Biasi F, Chiarpotto E, Camandola S, Vogel S, Dargel R, Poli G
  Title
The lipid peroxidation end product 4-hydroxy-2,3-nonenal up-regulates transforming growth factor beta1 expression in the macrophage lineage: a link between oxidative injury and fibrosclerosis.
  Journal
FASEB J 11:851-7 (1997)
DOI:10.1096/fasebj.11.11.9285483
Reference
PMID:21145844
  Authors
Malhi H, Kaufman RJ
  Title
Endoplasmic reticulum stress in liver disease.
  Journal
J Hepatol 54:795-809 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.11.005
Reference
PMID:18242193
  Authors
Mantena SK, King AL, Andringa KK, Eccleston HB, Bailey SM
  Title
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of alcohol- and obesity-induced fatty liver diseases.
  Journal
Free Radic Biol Med 44:1259-72 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.12.029
Reference
PMID:18061659
  Authors
Serviddio G, Sastre J, Bellanti F, Vina J, Vendemiale G, Altomare E
  Title
Mitochondrial involvement in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
  Journal
Mol Aspects Med 29:22-35 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.mam.2007.09.014
Reference
PMID:23299992
  Authors
Begriche K, Massart J, Robin MA, Bonnet F, Fromenty B
  Title
Mitochondrial adaptations and dysfunctions in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
  Journal
Hepatology 58:1497-507 (2013)
DOI:10.1002/hep.26226
Related
pathway
pgig00061  Fatty acid biosynthesis
pgig00190  Oxidative phosphorylation
pgig03320  PPAR signaling pathway
pgig04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
pgig04151  PI3K-Akt signaling pathway
pgig04210  Apoptosis
pgig04668  TNF signaling pathway
pgig04920  Adipocytokine signaling pathway
pgig04930  Type II diabetes mellitus
KO pathway
ko04932   
LinkDB

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