Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by strains of mycobacteria, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis, resulting in an estimated two million deaths each year worldwide, more than from any other single bacterial pathogen. Inhalation is the predominant pathway of infection, making pulmonary tuberculosis the most common form of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis may arise either from a recent infection with M. tuberculosis, or from the reactivation of dormant bacilli, years or decades after initial infection. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis mainly results from reactivation of a tuberculous focus after hematogenous dissemination or lymphogenous spread from a primary, usually pulmonary focus.
Category
Bacterial infectious disease
Brite
Human diseases in ICD-11 classification [BR:br08403]
01 Certain infectious or parasitic diseases
Mycobacterial diseases
Tuberculosis
1B10 Tuberculosis of the respiratory system
H00342 Tuberculosis
1B11 Tuberculosis of the nervous system
H00342 Tuberculosis
1B12 Tuberculosis of other systems and organs
H00342 Tuberculosis
Pathway-based classification of diseases [BR:br08402]
Cellular process
nt06546 IgSF CAM signaling
H00342 Tuberculosis
Immune system
nt06517 TLR signaling
H00342 Tuberculosis
Genome-based classification of infectious diseases [BR:br08401]
Bacterial infections
Infections caused by actinobacteria
H00342 Tuberculosis
Infectious diseases by law in Japan [br08406.html]
H00342
Specified pathogens by law in Japan [br08416.html]
H00342
Nejentsev S, Thye T, Szeszko JS, Stevens H, Balabanova Y, Chinbuah AM, Hibberd M, van de Vosse E, Alisjahbana B, van Crevel R, Ottenhoff TH, Png E, Drobniewski F, Todd JA, Seielstad M, Horstmann RD
Title
Analysis of association of the TIRAP (MAL) S180L variant and tuberculosis in three populations.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Two types of HIV has been characterized. HIV-1 is the most virulent and pathogenic strain. Worldwide, the predominant virus is HIV-1. The relatively uncommon HIV-2 type is concentrated in West Africa and is rarely found elsewhere. Infection with HIV occurs by transfer of blood, semen, and breast milk. The identification of HIV as the causative agent of AIDS catalyzed efforts to develop antiviral agents. The licenced anti-HIV drugs fall into some categories: reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs and NNRTIs), integrase inhibitors, protease inhibitors (PIs), fusion inhibitors (FIs), and coreceptor inhibitors. The advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) as the standard of care for the treatment of HIV infection was seminal in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV infection and progression to AIDS. Combination antiretroviral therapy dramatically suppresses HIV replication and reduces the plasma HIV-1 viral load, resulting in significant reconstitution of the immune system. Genetic susceptibility to HIV infection and AIDS progression is variable among individuals and populations, and in part genetically determined. Genetic variants of genes encoding HIV co-receptors and their chemokine ligands have been described, and some of these variants were associated with resistance to HIV infection and/or disease progression.
Category
Viral infectious disease
Brite
Human diseases in ICD-11 classification [BR:br08403]
01 Certain infectious or parasitic diseases
Human immunodeficiency virus disease
1C62 Human immunodeficiency virus disease without mention of tuberculosis or malaria
H01563 HIV infection
Pathway-based classification of diseases [BR:br08402]
Signal transduction
nt06516 TNF signaling
H01563 HIV infection
Cellular process
nt06524 Apoptosis
H01563 HIV infection
nt06546 IgSF CAM signaling
H01563 HIV infection
Immune system
nt06517 TLR signaling
H01563 HIV infection
nt06520 CGAS-STING signaling
H01563 HIV infection
nt06533 Chemokine signaling
H01563 HIV infection
Genome-based classification of infectious diseases [BR:br08401]
Viral infections
Infections caused by ssRNA-RT viruses
H01563 HIV infection
Martin MP, Lederman MM, Hutcheson HB, Goedert JJ, Nelson GW, van Kooyk Y, Detels R, Buchbinder S, Hoots K, Vlahov D, O'Brien SJ, Carrington M
Title
Association of DC-SIGN promoter polymorphism with increased risk for parenteral, but not mucosal, acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection.
An P, Vlahov D, Margolick JB, Phair J, O'Brien TR, Lautenberger J, O'Brien SJ, Winkler CA
Title
A tumor necrosis factor-alpha-inducible promoter variant of interferon-gamma accelerates CD4+ T cell depletion in human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected individuals.
Vasilescu A, Terashima Y, Enomoto M, Heath S, Poonpiriya V, Gatanaga H, Do H, Diop G, Hirtzig T, Auewarakul P, Lauhakirti D, Sura T, Charneau P, Marullo S, Therwath A, Oka S, Kanegasaki S, Lathrop M, Matsushima K, Zagury JF, Matsuda F
Title
A haplotype of the human CXCR1 gene protective against rapid disease progression in HIV-1+ patients.
Soriano A, Lozano F, Oliva H, Garcia F, Nomdedeu M, De Lazzari E, Rodriguez C, Barrasa A, Lorenzo JI, Del Romero J, Plana M, Miro JM, Gatell JM, Vives J, Gallart T
Title
Polymorphisms in the interleukin-4 receptor alpha chain gene influence susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and its progression to AIDS.
