Entry
Name
Calcium signaling pathway - Austrofundulus limnaeus (annual killifish)
Description
Ca2+ that enters the cell from the outside is a principal source of signal Ca2+. Entry of Ca2+ is driven by the presence of a large electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane. Cells use this external source of signal Ca2+ by activating various entry channels with widely different properties. The voltage-operated channels (VOCs) are found in excitable cells and generate the rapid Ca2+ fluxes that control fast cellular processes. There are many other Ca2+-entry channels, such as the receptor-operated channels (ROCs), for example the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors (NMDARs) that respond to glutamate. There also are second-messenger-operated channels (SMOCs) and store-operated channels (SOCs).
The other principal source of Ca2+ for signalling is the internal stores that are located primarily in the endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR), in which inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) or ryanodine receptors (RYRs) regulate the release of Ca2+. The principal activator of these channels is Ca2+ itself and this process of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release is central to the mechanism of Ca2+ signalling. Various second messengers or modulators also control the release of Ca2+. IP3, which is generated by pathways using different isoforms of phospholipase C (PLCbeta, delta, epsilon, gamma and zeta), regulates the IP3Rs. Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) releases Ca2+ via RYRs. Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) may activate a distinct Ca2+ release mechanism on separate acidic Ca2+ stores. Ca2+ release via the NAADP-sensitive mechanism may also feedback onto either RYRs or IP3Rs. cADPR and NAADP are generated by CD38. This enzyme might be sensitive to the cellular metabolism, as ATP and NADH inhibit it.
The influx of Ca2+ from the environment or release from internal stores causes a very rapid and dramatic increase in cytoplasmic calcium concentration, which has been widely exploited for signal transduction. Some proteins, such as troponin C (TnC) involved in muscle contraction, directly bind to and sense Ca2+. However, in other cases Ca2+ is sensed through intermediate calcium sensors such as calmodulin (CALM).
Class
Environmental Information Processing; Signal transduction
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Ortholog table
Other DBs
Organism
Austrofundulus limnaeus (annual killifish) [GN:
alim ]
Gene
106513057 gnas; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha [KO:K04632 ]
106515123 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha-like isoform X1 [KO:K04632 ]
106537305 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(olf) subunit alpha-like [KO:K04633 ]
106520735 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(olf) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04633 ]
106521356 sarcoplasmic reticulum histidine-rich calcium-binding protein-like [KO:K23450 ]
106516709 calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K16056 ]
106514480 orai1; calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1 [KO:K16056 ]
106515158 voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C-like isoform X1 [KO:K04850 ]
106513069 cacna1d; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851 ]
106516186 voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D-like isoform X1 [KO:K04851 ]
106533880 voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F-like [KO:K04853 ]
106519282 cacna1f; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F [KO:K04853 ]
106523414 voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F-like [KO:K04853 ]
106525038 cacna1s; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S [KO:K04857 ]
106527230 cacna1a; voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A isoform X1 [KO:K04344 ]
106535455 voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A-like isoform X1 [KO:K04344 ]
106528746 voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B-like [KO:K04849 ]
106527650 voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B-like [KO:K04849 ]
106533741 voltage-dependent R-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1E-like [KO:K04852 ]
106512154 cacna1e; voltage-dependent R-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1E [KO:K04852 ]
106535834 voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G-like [KO:K04854 ]
106532607 voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G-like isoform X1 [KO:K04854 ]
106516530 voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1H-like [KO:K04855 ]
106526322 voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I-like isoform X1 [KO:K04856 ]
106522481 cacna1i; voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I [KO:K04856 ]
106512978 chrna7; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 [KO:K04809 ]
106516529 grin2a; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A isoform X1 [KO:K05209 ]
106519017 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C-like [KO:K05211 ]
106518886 grin2c; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C [KO:K05211 ]
106513607 glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A-like isoform X1 [KO:K05213 ]
106526907 prostaglandin E2 receptor EP1 subtype-like isoform X1 [KO:K04258 ]
106522573 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4-like [KO:K04189 ]
106516252 guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11-like [KO:K04634 ]
106523804 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634 ]
106521552 guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11-like isoform X1 [KO:K04635 ]
106516251 guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-14-like [KO:K04636 ]
106523807 guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-14-like isoform X1 [KO:K04636 ]
106521554 guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11-like [KO:K04637 ]
106520044 vegfa; vascular endothelial growth factor A isoform X1 [KO:K05448 ]
106515731 vegfb; vascular endothelial growth factor B isoform X1 [KO:K05448 ]
106513384 plcd1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05857 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
106517910 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-1-like isoform X1 [KO:K05857 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
106518551 plcb4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
106536649 plcg2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05859 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
106533025 plce1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase epsilon-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05860 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
106515612 itpr2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04959 ]
106527884 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3-like [KO:K04960 ]
106515933 mcu; calcium uniporter protein, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K20858 ]
106524568 vdac1; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 [KO:K05862 ]
106515335 vdac2; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 [KO:K15040 ]
106536415 voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2-like [KO:K15041 ]
106512179 voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2-like [KO:K15041 ]
106533592 voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2-like isoform X1 [KO:K15041 ]
106524447 phka1; phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit alpha, skeletal muscle isoform [KO:K07190 ]
106532074 phka2; phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit alpha, liver isoform [KO:K07190 ]
106524411 serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform-like isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
106521933 serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit alpha isoform-like isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
106514880 ppp3ca; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
106529394 nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1-like [KO:K04446 ]
106525012 nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1-like [KO:K04446 ]
106532385 nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 2-like [KO:K17332 ]
106533682 nfatc2; nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 2 [KO:K17332 ]
106514987 nfatc3; nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 3 isoform X1 [KO:K17333 ]
106523419 nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 3-like [KO:K17333 ]
106520755 nfatc4; nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 4 [KO:K17334 ]
106514724 pde1b; calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B [KO:K13755 ] [EC:3.1.4.17 ]
106524532 calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A-like isoform X1 [KO:K13755 ] [EC:3.1.4.17 ]
Compound
C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C06124 Sphingosine 1-phosphate
C11556 1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate
C13051 Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Reference
Authors
Berridge MJ, Bootman MD, Roderick HL.
Title
Calcium signalling: dynamics, homeostasis and remodelling.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Berridge MJ, Lipp P, Bootman MD.
Title
The versatility and universality of calcium signalling.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Wang MC, Dolphin A, Kitmitto A.
Title
L-type voltage-gated calcium channels: understanding function through structure.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ferrier GR, Howlett SE.
Title
Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling: role of membrane potential in regulation of contraction.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Keef KD, Hume JR, Zhong J.
Title
Regulation of cardiac and smooth muscle Ca(2+) channels (Ca(V)1.2a,b) by protein kinases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hell JW, Appleyard SM, Yokoyama CT, Warner C, Catterall WA.
Title
Differential phosphorylation of two size forms of the N-type calcium channel alpha 1 subunit which have different COOH termini.
Journal
J Biol Chem 269:7390-6 (1994)
Reference
Authors
Yunker AM.
Title
Modulation and pharmacology of low voltage-activated ("T-Type") calcium channels.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Yakel JL.
Title
Calcineurin regulation of synaptic function: from ion channels to transmitter release and gene transcription.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Fukunaga K, Miyamoto E.
Title
A working model of CaM kinase II activity in hippocampal long-term potentiation and memory.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Della Rocca GJ, van Biesen T, Daaka Y, Luttrell DK, Luttrell LM, Lefkowitz RJ.
Title
Ras-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by G protein-coupled receptors. Convergence of Gi- and Gq-mediated pathways on calcium/calmodulin, Pyk2, and Src kinase.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Furuichi T, Mikoshiba K.
Title
Inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptor-mediated Ca2+ signaling in the brain.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Bruce JI, Straub SV, Yule DI.
Title
Crosstalk between cAMP and Ca2+ signaling in non-excitable cells.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lee HC, Munshi C, Graeff R.
Title
Structures and activities of cyclic ADP-ribose, NAADP and their metabolic enzymes.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Crompton M.
Title
Mitochondrial intermembrane junctional complexes and their role in cell death.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Grewal SS, York RD, Stork PJ.
Title
Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase signalling in neurons.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Trushin SA, Pennington KN, Carmona EM, Asin S, Savoy DN, Billadeau DD, Paya CV.
Title
Protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha) acts upstream of PKCtheta to activate IkappaB kinase and NF-kappaB in T lymphocytes.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hutchins JR, Dikovskaya D, Clarke PR.
Title
Regulation of Cdc2/cyclin B activation in Xenopus egg extracts via inhibitory phosphorylation of Cdc25C phosphatase by Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein [corrected] kinase II.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Tornquist K
Title
Sphingosine 1-phosphate, sphingosine kinase and autocrine calcium signalling in thyroid cells.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Feske S
Title
Immunodeficiency due to defects in store-operated calcium entry.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Giachini FR, Lima VV, Hannan JL, Carneiro FS, Webb RC, Tostes RC
Title
STIM1/Orai1-mediated store-operated Ca2+ entry: the tip of the iceberg.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Baba Y, Kurosaki T
Title
[Regulation of store-operated calcium entry by STIM1].
Journal
Seikagaku 80:1123-8 (2008)
Reference
Authors
Galione A, Evans AM, Ma J, Parrington J, Arredouani A, Cheng X, Zhu MX
Title
The acid test: the discovery of two-pore channels (TPCs) as NAADP-gated endolysosomal Ca(2+) release channels.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Beard NA, Wei L, Dulhunty AF
Title
Ca(2+) signaling in striated muscle: the elusive roles of triadin, junctin, and calsequestrin.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Marty I
Title
Triadin regulation of the ryanodine receptor complex.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Arvanitis DA, Vafiadaki E, Sanoudou D, Kranias EG
Title
Histidine-rich calcium binding protein: the new regulator of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium cycling.
Journal
Related pathway
alim04070 Phosphatidylinositol signaling system
KO pathway
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