KEGG   PATHWAY: uar04140
Entry
uar04140                    Pathway                                
Name
Autophagy - animal - Ursus americanus (American black bear)
Description
Autophagy (or macroautophagy) is a cellular catabolic pathway involving in protein degradation, organelle turnover, and non-selective breakdown of cytoplasmic components, which is evolutionarily conserved among eukaryotes and exquisitely regulated. This progress initiates with production of the autophagosome, a double-membrane intracellular structure of reticular origin that engulfs cytoplasmic contents and ultimately fuses with lysosomes for cargo degradation. Autophagy is regulated in response to extra- or intracellular stress and signals such as starvation, growth factor deprivation and ER stress. Constitutive level of autophagy plays an important role in cellular homeostasis and maintains quality control of essential cellular components.
Class
Cellular Processes; Transport and catabolism
Pathway map
uar04140  Autophagy - animal
uar04140

Other DBs
GO: 0006914
Organism
Ursus americanus (American black bear) [GN:uar]
Gene
123775490  CTSD; cathepsin D [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
123775502  INS; insulin [KO:K04526]
123775506  HRAS; GTPase HRas isoform X1 [KO:K02833]
123775611  TSC1; hamartin isoform X1 [KO:K07206]
123775612  VPS18; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 18 homolog [KO:K20181]
123775832  VPS39; vam6/Vps39-like protein isoform X1 [KO:K20183]
123776255  RRAS; ras-related protein R-Ras isoform X1 [KO:K07829]
123776313  AKT1S1; proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1 isoform X1 [KO:K16184]
123776674  MAP1LC3B; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B [KO:K10435]
123776714  IRS2; insulin receptor substrate 2 [KO:K07187]
123776720  LAMP1; lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 [KO:K06528]
123776897  MTMR4; myotubularin-related protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
123777184  RPS6KB1; ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
123777200  VMP1; vacuole membrane protein 1 [KO:K21248]
123777346  [KO:K17445]
123777724  ATG4D; cysteine protease ATG4D isoform X1 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
123777904  WDR45B; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 3 [KO:K22991]
123778092  IRS1; insulin receptor substrate 1 [KO:K16172]
123778272  ATG2A; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog A isoform X1 [KO:K17906]
123778316  IGBP1; immunoglobulin-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17606]
123778404  RPS6KB2; ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
123778440  BAD; bcl2-associated agonist of cell death [KO:K02158]
123779078  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
123779112  MTOR; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR [KO:K07203] [EC:2.7.11.1]
123779287  CAMKK2; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K07359] [EC:2.7.11.17]
123779479  ATG9A; autophagy-related protein 9A isoform X1 [KO:K17907]
123779532  VPS33A; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 33A [KO:K20182]
123779762  UBB; polyubiquitin-B [KO:K04551]
123779771  SMCR8; guanine nucleotide exchange protein SMCR8 [KO:K23611]
123779782  ULK2; serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK2 [KO:K08269] [EC:2.7.11.1]
123779925  UBA52; ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 [KO:K02927]
123779926  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
123779934  RAB8A; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ras-related protein Rab-8A [KO:K07901]
123780203  IRS4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: insulin receptor substrate 4 [KO:K17446]
123780227  UBC; polyubiquitin-C [KO:K08770]
123780362  PPP2CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
123780845  GORASP2; Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 2 [KO:K26797]
123781068  RRAGA; ras-related GTP-binding protein A [KO:K16185]
123781095  C9orf72; guanine nucleotide exchange C9orf72 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K23609]
123781254  STX17; syntaxin-17 isoform X1 [KO:K08491]
123781383  TANK; TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator isoform X1 [KO:K12650]
123781420  DAPK1; death-associated protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
123781427  [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
123781454  [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
123781455  [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
123781641  GABARAPL1; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 1 [KO:K08341]
123781873  BECN1; beclin-1 isoform X1 [KO:K08334]
123781965  NBR1; next to BRCA1 gene 1 protein isoform X1 [KO:K17987]
123782455  RRAGC; ras-related GTP-binding protein C [KO:K16186]
123782954  NRBF2; nuclear receptor-binding factor 2 isoform X1 [KO:K21246]
123783044  DDIT4; DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 protein [KO:K08270]
123783731  TSC2; tuberin isoform X1 [KO:K07207]
123783746  PDPK1; 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 [KO:K06276] [EC:2.7.11.1]
123783761  MLST8; target of rapamycin complex subunit LST8 isoform X1 [KO:K08266]
123784066  ATG3; ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG3 [KO:K08343]
123784096  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
123784602  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
123784799  ATG4A; cysteine protease ATG4A [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
123785004  ATG13; autophagy-related protein 13 isoform X1 [KO:K08331]
123785382  [KO:K21245]
123785383  [KO:K21245]
123785508  PRKAA1; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 isoform X1 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
123785667  RAB7B; ras-related protein Rab-7b [KO:K07898]
123785937  RPS27A; ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
123785998  RAB1A; ras-related protein Rab-1A [KO:K07874]
123786407  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
123786652  RAB39B; ras-related protein Rab-39B [KO:K07925]
123786734  RB1CC1; RB1-inducible coiled-coil protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17589]
123787173  TBK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 isoform X1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
123787345  PIK3C3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K00914] [EC:2.7.1.137]
123787351  EPG5; ectopic P granules protein 5 homolog [KO:K23883]
123787450  BCL2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02161]
123787972  WDFY3; WD repeat and FYVE domain-containing protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K22262]
123788054  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
123788153  MTMR3; myotubularin-related protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
123788371  PIK3R4; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 4 [KO:K08333] [EC:2.7.11.1]
123788418  MRAS; ras-related protein M-Ras isoform X1 [KO:K07831]
123788422  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
123788761  RHEB; GTP-binding protein Rheb [KO:K07208]
123788782  ATG9B; autophagy-related protein 9B [KO:K17907]
123789129  TAX1BP1; tax1-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K21347]
123789428  VPS41; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 41 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K20184]
123789459  YKT6; synaptobrevin homolog YKT6 [KO:K08516]
123789989  OPTN; optineurin isoform X1 [KO:K19946]
123790051  ATG16L1; autophagy-related protein 16-1 isoform X1 [KO:K17890]
123790348  PPP2CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
123790443  ATG12; ubiquitin-like protein ATG12 isoform X1 [KO:K08336]
123790491  SQSTM1; sequestosome-1 [KO:K14381]
123790496  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
123790797  IGF1R; insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor isoform X1 [KO:K05087] [EC:2.7.10.1]
123790991  [KO:K10435]
123790998  BECN2; beclin-2 [KO:K08334]
123791225  ATG4B; cysteine protease ATG4B [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
123791286  [KO:K10435]
123791319  GABARAPL2; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 2 [KO:K08341]
123791373  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
123791511  ATG10; ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG10 isoform X1 [KO:K17888]
123791547  WDR41; WD repeat-containing protein 41 isoform X1 [KO:K23610]
123791661  RRAS2; ras-related protein R-Ras2 isoform X1 [KO:K07830]
123791904  SUPT20H; transcription factor SPT20 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K21245]
123791939  HMGB1; high mobility group protein B1 [KO:K10802]
123792166  [KO:K08341]
123792642  VPS11; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 11 homolog [KO:K20179]
123792826  GORASP1; Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K26797]
123793271  RAB33B; ras-related protein Rab-33B [KO:K07920]
123793473  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
123793572  CTSB; cathepsin B isoform X1 [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
123793748  PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
123794034  STK11; serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform X1 [KO:K07298] [EC:2.7.11.1]
123794206  [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
123794727  ATG101; autophagy-related protein 101 [KO:K19730]
123795037  NRAS; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
123795252  SH3GLB1; endophilin-B1 isoform X1 [KO:K11248]
123795272  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
123795361  ATG4C; cysteine protease ATG4C isoform X1 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
123795384  PRKAA2; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2 isoform X1 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
123795550  PTEN; phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN [KO:K01110] [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48 3.1.3.67]
123795639  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
123795647  SNAP29; synaptosomal-associated protein 29 [KO:K08509]
123795660  [KO:K02927]
123796818  MAP2K2; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
123796823  DAPK3; death-associated protein kinase 3 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
123796887  [KO:K21245]
123797178  WDR45; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 4 [KO:K22991]
123797218  [KO:K10802]
123797347  RRAGB; ras-related GTP-binding protein B isoform X1 [KO:K16185]
123797580  STX7; syntaxin-7 [KO:K08488]
123797749  DEPTOR; DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein isoform X1 [KO:K20402]
123798176  TP53INP2; tumor protein p53-inducible nuclear protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K21247]
123798196  CFLAR; CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator isoform X1 [KO:K04724]
123798215  MAP1LC3A; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3A [KO:K10435]
123798227  [KO:K04551]
123798518  ATG5; autophagy protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K08339]
123798551  MAP3K7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 isoform X1 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
123798560  RRAGD; ras-related GTP-binding protein D [KO:K16186]
123798690  BCL2L1; bcl-2-like protein 1 [KO:K04570]
123798757  PRKCD; protein kinase C delta type [KO:K06068] [EC:2.7.11.13]
123799017  ZFYVE1; zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 1 [KO:K17603]
123799065  VPS16; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 16 homolog [KO:K20180]
123799165  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958]
123799184  MTMR14; myotubularin-related protein 14 isoform X1 [KO:K18086] [EC:3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
123799411  TRAF6; TNF receptor-associated factor 6 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
123799572  AMBRA1; activating molecule in BECN1-regulated autophagy protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17985]
123799662  VAMP8; vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 [KO:K08512]
123799721  EIF2AK3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
123799852  BIRC6; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 6 isoform X1 [KO:K10586] [EC:2.3.2.23]
123800038  BNIP3; BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 [KO:K15464]
123800228  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
123800287  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
123800588  HIF1A; hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha isoform X1 [KO:K08268]
123800612  ATG14; beclin 1-associated autophagy-related key regulator [KO:K17889]
123800625  EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
123800785  DAPK2; death-associated protein kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
123800861  MAP2K1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
123801699  KRAS; GTPase KRas isoform X1 [KO:K07827]
123801768  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
123801971  ATG7; ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7 [KO:K08337]
123802053  RAF1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
123802067  RAB7A; ras-related protein Rab-7a [KO:K07897]
123802112  RUBCN; run domain Beclin-1-interacting and cysteine-rich domain-containing protein isoform X1 [KO:K19330]
123802334  PRKCQ; protein kinase C theta type isoform X1 [KO:K18052] [EC:2.7.11.13]
123802503  WIPI2; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K17908]
123802839  CALCOCO2; calcium-binding and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 2 [KO:K21348]
123802907  PLEKHM1; pleckstrin homology domain-containing family M member 1 isoform X1 [KO:K23282]
123802936  ERN1; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
123802954  RPTOR; regulatory-associated protein of mTOR isoform X1 [KO:K07204]
123802964  WIPI1; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17908]
123803317  ULK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK1 isoform X1 [KO:K21357] [EC:2.7.11.1]
123803399  LAMP2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2 [KO:K06528]
123803919  ATG2B; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog B isoform X1 [KO:K17906]
123804170  UVRAG; UV radiation resistance-associated gene protein isoform X1 [KO:K21249]
123804184  EIF2AK4; eIF-2-alpha kinase GCN2 isoform X1 [KO:K16196] [EC:2.7.11.1]
123804197  ATG16L2; protein Atg16l2 isoform X1 [KO:K20868]
Compound
C00035  GDP
C00044  GTP
C00350  Phosphatidylethanolamine
C01194  1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol
C04549  1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:15325584
  Authors
Meijer AJ, Codogno P.
  Title
Regulation and role of autophagy in mammalian cells.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2445-62 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.02.002
Reference
PMID:16099218
  Authors
Deretic V.
  Title
Autophagy in innate and adaptive immunity.
  Journal
Trends Immunol 26:523-8 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2005.08.003
Reference
PMID:16200202
  Authors
Levine B, Yuan J.
  Title
Autophagy in cell death: an innocent convict?
  Journal
J Clin Invest 115:2679-88 (2005)
DOI:10.1172/JCI26390
Reference
PMID:15325588
  Authors
Tanida I, Ueno T, Kominami E.
  Title
LC3 conjugation system in mammalian autophagy.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2503-18 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.05.009
Reference
PMID:15928708
  Authors
Lum JJ, DeBerardinis RJ, Thompson CB.
  Title
Autophagy in metazoans: cell survival in the land of plenty.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:439-48 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nrm1660
Reference
PMID:15978794
  Authors
Reggiori F, Klionsky DJ.
  Title
Autophagosomes: biogenesis from scratch?
  Journal
Curr Opin Cell Biol 17:415-22 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2005.06.007
Reference
PMID:11099404
  Authors
Klionsky DJ, Emr SD.
  Title
Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation.
  Journal
Science 290:1717-21 (2000)
DOI:10.1126/science.290.5497.1717
Reference
PMID:16125113
  Authors
Bechet D, Tassa A, Taillandier D, Combaret L, Attaix D.
  Title
Lysosomal proteolysis in skeletal muscle.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37:2098-114 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2005.02.029
Reference
PMID:19653858
  Authors
He C, Klionsky DJ
  Title
Regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways of autophagy.
  Journal
Annu Rev Genet 43:67-93 (2009)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-genet-102808-114910
Reference
PMID:19802558
  Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
  Title
An overview of the molecular mechanism of autophagy.
  Journal
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 335:1-32 (2009)
DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-00302-8_1
Reference
PMID:20034776
  Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
  Title
Mammalian autophagy: core molecular machinery and signaling regulation.
  Journal
Curr Opin Cell Biol 22:124-31 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2009.11.014
Reference
PMID:21187343
  Authors
Chen Y, Klionsky DJ
  Title
The regulation of autophagy - unanswered questions.
  Journal
J Cell Sci 124:161-70 (2011)
DOI:10.1242/jcs.064576
Reference
PMID:21801009
  Authors
Mizushima N, Yoshimori T, Ohsumi Y
  Title
The role of Atg proteins in autophagosome formation.
  Journal
Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 27:107-32 (2011)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154005
Reference
PMID:24343578
  Authors
Russell RC, Yuan HX, Guan KL
  Title
Autophagy regulation by nutrient signaling.
  Journal
Cell Res 24:42-57 (2014)
DOI:10.1038/cr.2013.166
Reference
PMID:25948417
  Authors
Noda NN, Fujioka Y
  Title
Atg1 family kinases in autophagy initiation.
  Journal
Cell Mol Life Sci 72:3083-96 (2015)
DOI:10.1007/s00018-015-1917-z
Related
pathway
uar04010  MAPK signaling pathway
uar04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
uar04142  Lysosome
uar04150  mTOR signaling pathway
uar04152  AMPK signaling pathway
uar04910  Insulin signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04140   

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