KEGG   PATHWAY: amex04210
Entry
amex04210                   Pathway                                
Name
Apoptosis - Astyanax mexicanus (Mexican tetra)
Description
Apoptosis is a genetically programmed process for the elimination of damaged or redundant cells by activation of caspases (aspartate-specific cysteine proteases). The onset of apoptosis is controlled by numerous interrelating processes. The 'extrinsic' pathway involves stimulation of members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor subfamily, such as TNFRI, CD95/Fas or TRAILR (death receptors), located at the cell surface, by their specific ligands, such as TNF-alpha, FasL or TRAIL, respectively. The 'intrinsic' pathway is activated mainly by non-receptor stimuli, such as DNA damage, ER stress, metabolic stress, UV radiation or growth-factor deprivation. The central event in the 'intrinsic' pathway is the mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), which leads to the release of cytochrome c. These two pathways converge at the level of effector caspases, such as caspase-3 and caspase-7. The third major pathway is initiated by the constituents of cytotoxic granules (e.g. Perforin and Granzyme B) that are released by CTLs (cytotoxic T-cells) and NK (natural killer) cells. Granzyme B, similarly to the caspases, cleaves its substrates after aspartic acid residues, suggesting that this protease has the ability to activate members of the caspase family directly. It is the balance between the pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signals that eventually determines whether cells will undergo apoptosis, survive or proliferate. TNF family of ligands activates anti-apoptotic or cell-survival signals as well as apoptotic signals. NGF and Interleukin-3 promotes the survival, proliferation and differentiation of neurons or hematopoietic cells, respectively. Withdrawal of these growth factors leads to cell death, as described above.
Class
Cellular Processes; Cell growth and death
Pathway map
amex04210  Apoptosis
amex04210

Other DBs
GO: 0006915
Organism
Astyanax mexicanus (Mexican tetra) [GN:amex]
Gene
103021516  hrasa; HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase a [KO:K02833]
103021587  [KO:K16943]
103021914  si:dkeyp-50d11.2; calpain-1 catalytic subunit [KO:K01367] [EC:3.4.22.52]
103021920  june; junE proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit [KO:K04448]
103022073  fadd; protein FADD [KO:K02373]
103022098  tnfsf10l4; tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 10 like 4 [KO:K04721]
103022163  [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
103022173  pik3cb; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
103022233  tradd; tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated DEATH domain protein isoform X1 [KO:K03171]
103022593  sptan1; spectrin alpha chain, non-erythrocytic 1 isoform X2 [KO:K06114]
103022605  aifm1; apoptosis-inducing factor 1, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K04727] [EC:1.-.-.-]
103022856  dffa; DNA fragmentation factor subunit alpha [KO:K02310]
103022926  pdpk1a; 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1a [KO:K06276] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103022973  [KO:K01353] [EC:3.4.21.79]
103022985  [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
103022996  ddit3; DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein [KO:K04452]
103023001  parp1; poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 [KO:K24070]
103023113  dffb; DNA fragmentation factor subunit beta [KO:K02311] [EC:3.-.-.-]
103023248  dab2ipb; DAB2 interacting protein b isoform X1 [KO:K19901]
103023390  akt2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103023521  tnfsf10; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 10 [KO:K04721]
103023536  zgc:55558; GTPase KRas [KO:K07827]
103023607  [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
103023637  [KO:K01367] [EC:3.4.22.52]
103023787  [KO:K02159]
103024279  capn8; calpain-8 [KO:K03853] [EC:3.4.22.53]
103024575  akt3a; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103024720  capn1a; calpain 1, (mu/I) large subunit a [KO:K01367] [EC:3.4.22.52]
103025260  ntrk1; high affinity nerve growth factor receptor isoform X1 [KO:K03176] [EC:2.7.10.1]
103025383  casp3b; caspase-3b [KO:K02187] [EC:3.4.22.56]
103025428  birc5a; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5a [KO:K08731]
103025469  lmnb2; lamin-B2 [KO:K07611]
103025481  birc2; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K16060]
103025600  itpr2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 [KO:K04959]
103025658  raf1a; raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase a isoform X1 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103025681  [KO:K02159]
103025853  tnfrsfa; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member a [KO:K04722]
103026117  daxx; death domain-associated protein 6 isoform X1 [KO:K02308]
103026146  capn2b; calpain 2, (m/II) large subunit b [KO:K03853] [EC:3.4.22.53]
103026424  ctsd; cathepsin D [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
103026494  septin4b; septin 4b isoform X2 [KO:K16943]
103026868  jun; transcription factor AP-1 [KO:K04448]
103026930  [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103026974  [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
103027264  [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
103027441  faslg; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 [KO:K04389]
103027561  [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
103027930  raf1b; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103027942  atf4a; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374]
103028190  diabloa; diablo, IAP-binding mitochondrial protein a [KO:K10522]
103028261  traf2b; TNF receptor-associated factor 2 isoform X1 [KO:K03173] [EC:2.3.2.27]
103028631  csf2rb; cytokine receptor common subunit beta [KO:K04738]
103028644  map2k1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
103028700  [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
103029535  pidd1; p53-induced death domain-containing protein 1 [KO:K10130]
103029638  gadd45aa; growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, alpha, a [KO:K04402]
103029972  pik3r3b; phosphoinositide-3-kinase, regulatory subunit 3b (gamma) isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
103030103  parp2; poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 2 isoform X2 [KO:K28005]
103030168  itpr1a; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958]
103030250  casp2; caspase-2 isoform X2 [KO:K02186] [EC:3.4.22.55]
103030274  [KO:K07818]
103030443  actb2; actin, cytoplasmic 2 [KO:K05692]
103030512  map2k2b; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2b [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
103030592  [KO:K07818]
103030601  ngfa; neurotrophin-7 [KO:K02582]
103030935  hdr; hematopoietic death receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04722]
103031418  tuba5; tubulin alpha 5 isoform X2 [KO:K07374]
103031633  ngfb; nerve growth factor [KO:K02582]
103032041  rela; transcription factor p65 isoform X1 [KO:K04735]
103032210  napsa; cathepsin D [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
103032315  ctsbb; cathepsin Bb isoform X1 [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
103032437  apaf1; apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K02084]
103032568  tnfa; tumor necrosis factor a (TNF superfamily, member 2) [KO:K03156]
103032659  badb; BCL2 associated agonist of cell death b isoform X1 [KO:K02158]
103032753  diablob; diablo, IAP-binding mitochondrial protein b [KO:K10522]
103032909  zgc:158659; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
103032926  ctsla; cathepsin La isoform X1 [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
103033000  map3k5; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 isoform X1 [KO:K04426] [EC:2.7.11.25]
103033117  [KO:K08568] [EC:3.4.18.1]
103033415  chuk; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
103033457  ern2; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 isoform X1 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
103033476  [KO:K04396] [EC:3.4.22.59]
103033547  pdpk1b; 3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase 1b isoform X1 [KO:K06276] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103033696  [KO:K07374]
103033790  cts12; procathepsin L isoform X2 [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
103034138  mapk8a; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X3 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103034236  [KO:K07374]
103034324  casp9; caspase-9 isoform X1 [KO:K04399] [EC:3.4.22.62]
103034386  lmnb1; lamin-B1 [KO:K07611]
103034488  prf1.5; perforin 1.5 [KO:K07818]
103034569  [KO:K07374]
103034761  ctsz; cathepsin Z [KO:K08568] [EC:3.4.18.1]
103034813  parp3; protein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP3 [KO:K10798] [EC:2.4.2.-]
103034982  [KO:K08568] [EC:3.4.18.1]
103035239  [KO:K04396] [EC:3.4.22.59]
103035319  mapk9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103035342  [KO:K04398] [EC:3.4.22.61]
103035739  lmna; lamin [KO:K12641]
103035747  [KO:K04396] [EC:3.4.22.59]
103036066  [KO:K04396] [EC:3.4.22.59]
103036166  [KO:K07818]
103036194  gadd45bb; growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, beta b [KO:K04402]
103036359  gadd45ga; growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, gamma a [KO:K04402]
103036375  traf2a; TNF receptor-associated factor 2 [KO:K03173] [EC:2.3.2.27]
103036379  casp8; caspase-8 [KO:K04398] [EC:3.4.22.61]
103036705  fosaa; protein c-Fos [KO:K04379]
103037118  casp10; caspase-8 isoform X1 [KO:K04398] [EC:3.4.22.61]
103037295  cflara; CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator a [KO:K04724]
103037427  [KO:K04451]
103037443  [KO:K04738]
103037618  parp4; protein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP4 isoform X1 [KO:K10798] [EC:2.4.2.-]
103037685  [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
103037696  eif2ak3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103037921  [KO:K04725] [EC:2.3.2.27]
103037973  [KO:K07374]
103038148  bcl2l1; bcl-2-like protein 1 [KO:K04570]
103038163  gadd45ab; growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, alpha, b [KO:K04402]
103038241  kras; GTPase KRas isoform X1 [KO:K07827]
103038271  nfkbiaa; nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha a [KO:K04734]
103038315  [KO:K07374]
103038360  si:ch211-1i11.3; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 [KO:K04426] [EC:2.7.11.25]
103038869  nfkb1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit [KO:K02580]
103038928  [KO:K07374]
103039001  casp3a; caspase-3a [KO:K02187] [EC:3.4.22.56]
103039204  [KO:K07818]
103039224  [KO:K04402]
103039548  bcl2a; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2a [KO:K02161]
103039558  actb1; actin, cytoplasmic 1 [KO:K05692]
103039674  [KO:K01367] [EC:3.4.22.52]
103039914  nras; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
103040024  ikbkb; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
103040103  hrasb; HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase b [KO:K02833]
103040186  akt3b; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103040417  ctsba; cathepsin B [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
103040542  [KO:K08738]
103040580  mapk8b; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103040659  akt1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103040877  itpr1b; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958]
103041389  mapk3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103041606  pik3ca; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
103041659  endog; endonuclease G, mitochondrial [KO:K01173]
103041716  casp7; caspase-7 isoform X1 [KO:K04397] [EC:3.4.22.60]
103041770  [KO:K07818]
103041798  [KO:K07818]
103041851  [KO:K07374]
103042039  [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
103042077  [KO:K07818]
103042155  ctsf; cathepsin F [KO:K01373] [EC:3.4.22.41]
103042278  bcl2b; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 [KO:K02161]
103042396  [KO:K02159]
103042551  gadd45ba; growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, beta a [KO:K04402]
103042625  tuba8l2; tubulin alpha chain [KO:K07374]
103042634  capn1; calpain-1 catalytic subunit [KO:K01367] [EC:3.4.22.52]
103042954  si:ch211-153j24.3; protein c-Fos [KO:K04379]
103043065  mapk10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103043190  nfkbiab; nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha b [KO:K04734]
103043278  fosab; v-fos FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog Ab [KO:K04379]
103043321  map3k14a; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 14 [KO:K04466] [EC:2.7.11.25]
103043563  ctsh; pro-cathepsin H [KO:K01366] [EC:3.4.22.16]
103043568  [KO:K08669] [EC:3.4.21.108]
103043881  ptpn13; tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 13 isoform X1 [KO:K02374]
103043929  ikbkg; NF-kappa-B essential modulator isoform X1 [KO:K07210]
103044235  ctsk; cathepsin K [KO:K01371] [EC:3.4.22.38]
103044819  ctso; cathepsin O isoform X1 [KO:K01374] [EC:3.4.22.42]
103044830  [KO:K01368] [EC:3.4.22.27]
103045036  pik3cd; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
103045062  atm; serine-protein kinase ATM [KO:K04728] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103045252  traf1; TNF receptor-associated factor 1 [KO:K03172]
103045424  ctss1; cathepsin S, ortholog 1 [KO:K01368] [EC:3.4.22.27]
103045855  dab2ipa; disabled homolog 2-interacting protein isoform X1 [KO:K19901]
103045920  ripk1l; receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 [KO:K02861] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103046057  mcl1b; induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1b [KO:K02539]
103046262  ctsc; dipeptidyl peptidase 1 [KO:K01275] [EC:3.4.14.1]
103046618  pik3r1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
103046657  fas; uncharacterized protein fas isoform X1 [KO:K04390]
103046666  [KO:K07374]
103046742  tp53; cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform X1 [KO:K04451]
103046913  eif2s1b; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1b [KO:K03237]
103047016  [KO:K04724]
103047028  lmnl3; lamin L3 isoform X1 [KO:K07611]
103047161  [KO:K04466] [EC:2.7.11.25]
103047163  bada; uncharacterized protein bada [KO:K02158]
103047378  bcl2l11; bcl-2-like protein 11 [KO:K16341]
103047585  mapk1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103047659  [KO:K16943]
103047816  zgc:153993; apoptosis regulator BAX [KO:K02159]
107197131  capn2a; calpain 2, (m/II) large subunit a [KO:K03853] [EC:3.4.22.53]
107197376  [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
107197750  fosl1b; protein c-Fos [KO:K04379]
107197919  [KO:K01353] [EC:3.4.21.79]
111191277  [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
111192978  [KO:K08731]
111194016  birc5b; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5b [KO:K08731]
111194075  [KO:K07374]
111194076  tuba1a; tubulin alpha-1A chain [KO:K07374]
111194173  [KO:K07818]
111195381  [KO:K07374]
111195382  [KO:K07374]
111195512  [KO:K07818]
111195514  [KO:K07818]
111196138  zgc:162184; calpain-1 catalytic subunit [KO:K01367] [EC:3.4.22.52]
111197410  mcl1a; induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1a [KO:K02539]
125781129  [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
125782187  map2k2a; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2a [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
125782414  [KO:K04402]
125785677  [KO:K07374]
125788915  [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
125799422  [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
125799514  [KO:K07818]
125806068  itpr3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04960]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00076  Calcium cation
C00319  Sphingosine
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:26615431
  Authors
Savitskaya MA, Onishchenko GE
  Title
Mechanisms of Apoptosis.
  Journal
Biochemistry (Mosc) 80:1393-417 (2015)
DOI:10.1134/S0006297915110012
Reference
PMID:23803157
  Authors
Schleich K, Lavrik IN
  Title
Mathematical modeling of apoptosis.
  Journal
Cell Commun Signal 11:44 (2013)
DOI:10.1186/1478-811X-11-44
Reference
PMID:15654015
  Authors
Lavrik I, Golks A, Krammer PH
  Title
Death receptor signaling.
  Journal
J Cell Sci 118:265-7 (2005)
DOI:10.1242/jcs.01610
Reference
PMID:15725726
  Authors
Jin Z, El-Deiry WS
  Title
Overview of cell death signaling pathways.
  Journal
Cancer Biol Ther 4:139-63 (2005)
DOI:10.4161/cbt.4.2.1508
Reference
PMID:15322527
  Authors
Benn SC, Woolf CJ
  Title
Adult neuron survival strategies--slamming on the brakes.
  Journal
Nat Rev Neurosci 5:686-700 (2004)
DOI:10.1038/nrn1477
Reference
PMID:12838338
  Authors
Orrenius S, Zhivotovsky B, Nicotera P
  Title
Regulation of cell death: the calcium-apoptosis link.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 4:552-65 (2003)
DOI:10.1038/nrm1150
Reference
PMID:19148180
  Authors
Clarke P, Tyler KL
  Title
Apoptosis in animal models of virus-induced disease.
  Journal
Nat Rev Microbiol 7:144-55 (2009)
DOI:10.1038/nrmicro2071
Reference
PMID:22429822
  Authors
Wen X, Lin ZQ, Liu B, Wei YQ
  Title
Caspase-mediated programmed cell death pathways as potential therapeutic targets in cancer.
  Journal
Cell Prolif 45:217-24 (2012)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2184.2012.00814.x
Reference
PMID:25526085
  Authors
Shalini S, Dorstyn L, Dawar S, Kumar S
  Title
Old, new and emerging functions of caspases.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 22:526-39 (2015)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2014.216
Reference
PMID:15601572
  Authors
Philchenkov A
  Title
Caspases: potential targets for regulating cell death.
  Journal
J Cell Mol Med 8:432-44 (2004)
DOI:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2004.tb00468.x
Reference
PMID:9894605
  Authors
Stroh C, Schulze-Osthoff K
  Title
Death by a thousand cuts: an ever increasing list of caspase substrates.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 5:997-1000 (1998)
DOI:10.1038/sj.cdd.4400451
Reference
PMID:23070002
  Authors
Safa AR
  Title
c-FLIP, a master anti-apoptotic regulator.
  Journal
Exp Oncol 34:176-84 (2012)
Reference
PMID:18304445
  Authors
Jeong SY, Seol DW
  Title
The role of mitochondria in apoptosis.
  Journal
BMB Rep 41:11-22 (2008)
DOI:10.5483/bmbrep.2008.41.1.011
Reference
PMID:20533903
  Authors
Parsons MJ, Green DR
  Title
Mitochondria in cell death.
  Journal
Essays Biochem 47:99-114 (2010)
DOI:10.1042/bse0470099
Reference
PMID:15719025
  Authors
Strasser A
  Title
The role of BH3-only proteins in the immune system.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 5:189-200 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nri1568
Reference
PMID:24278747
  Authors
Schonthal AH
  Title
Endoplasmic reticulum stress: its role in disease and novel prospects for therapy.
  Journal
Scientifica (Cairo) 2012:857516 (2012)
DOI:10.6064/2012/857516
Reference
PMID:21145844
  Authors
Malhi H, Kaufman RJ
  Title
Endoplasmic reticulum stress in liver disease.
  Journal
J Hepatol 54:795-809 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.11.005
Reference
PMID:18023214
  Authors
Malhotra JD, Kaufman RJ
  Title
The endoplasmic reticulum and the unfolded protein response.
  Journal
Semin Cell Dev Biol 18:716-31 (2007)
DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.09.003
Reference
PMID:16397578
  Authors
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Related
pathway
amex04010  MAPK signaling pathway
amex04020  Calcium signaling pathway
amex04115  p53 signaling pathway
amex04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
KO pathway
ko04210   

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