Entry
Name
Apoptosis - Acipenser ruthenus (sterlet)
Description
Apoptosis is a genetically programmed process for the elimination of damaged or redundant cells by activation of caspases (aspartate-specific cysteine proteases). The onset of apoptosis is controlled by numerous interrelating processes. The 'extrinsic' pathway involves stimulation of members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor subfamily, such as TNFRI, CD95/Fas or TRAILR (death receptors), located at the cell surface, by their specific ligands, such as TNF-alpha, FasL or TRAIL, respectively. The 'intrinsic' pathway is activated mainly by non-receptor stimuli, such as DNA damage, ER stress, metabolic stress, UV radiation or growth-factor deprivation. The central event in the 'intrinsic' pathway is the mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), which leads to the release of cytochrome c. These two pathways converge at the level of effector caspases, such as caspase-3 and caspase-7. The third major pathway is initiated by the constituents of cytotoxic granules (e.g. Perforin and Granzyme B) that are released by CTLs (cytotoxic T-cells) and NK (natural killer) cells. Granzyme B, similarly to the caspases, cleaves its substrates after aspartic acid residues, suggesting that this protease has the ability to activate members of the caspase family directly. It is the balance between the pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signals that eventually determines whether cells will undergo apoptosis, survive or proliferate. TNF family of ligands activates anti-apoptotic or cell-survival signals as well as apoptotic signals. NGF and Interleukin-3 promotes the survival, proliferation and differentiation of neurons or hematopoietic cells, respectively. Withdrawal of these growth factors leads to cell death, as described above.
Class
Cellular Processes; Cell growth and death
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Ortholog table
Other DBs
Organism
Acipenser ruthenus (sterlet) [GN:
arut ]
Gene
117430815 tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 10-like [KO:K04721 ]
117411923 tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 10-like [KO:K04721 ]
117966855 tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 10-like isoform X1 [KO:K04721 ]
117416691 tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 10-like [KO:K04721 ]
117423082 tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 10-like [KO:K04721 ]
117966494 tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10B-like [KO:K04722 ]
117411359 faslg; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 [KO:K04389 ]
117417998 fas; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 isoform X1 [KO:K04390 ]
117415262 tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6-like isoform X1 [KO:K04390 ]
117965004 tnfa; tumor necrosis factor a (TNF superfamily, member 2) [KO:K03156 ]
117425211 tnfrsf1a; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A [KO:K03158 ]
117425088 tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated DEATH domain protein-like [KO:K03171 ]
117424274 tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated DEATH domain protein-like [KO:K03171 ]
117416074 apoptotic protease-activating factor 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K02084 ]
117419459 apoptotic protease-activating factor 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K02084 ]
117395593 induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 [KO:K02539 ]
117425538 DNA fragmentation factor subunit alpha-like isoform X1 [KO:K02310 ]
117432196 DNA fragmentation factor subunit alpha-like isoform X1 [KO:K02310 ]
117962462 DNA fragmentation factor subunit beta-like isoform X2 [KO:K02311 ] [EC:3.-.-.-]
117430314 apoptosis-inducing factor 1, mitochondrial-like isoform X3 [KO:K04727 ] [EC:1.-.-.-]
117411826 apoptosis-inducing factor 1, mitochondrial-like isoform X1 [KO:K04727 ] [EC:1.-.-.-]
117963438 apoptosis-inducing factor 1, mitochondrial-like isoform X1 [KO:K04727 ] [EC:1.-.-.-]
117396958 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3-like [KO:K04960 ]
117430810 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3-like [KO:K04960 ]
117966972 DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein-like isoform X1 [KO:K04452 ]
117422477 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: disabled homolog 2-interacting protein-like [KO:K19901 ]
117396975 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: disabled homolog 2-interacting protein-like [KO:K19901 ]
117404215 nfkbiab; nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha b [KO:K04734 ]
117421210 nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit-like isoform X1 [KO:K02580 ]
117409269 tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 13 isoform X1 [KO:K02374 ]
117963590 tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 13-like isoform X1 [KO:K02374 ]
117400851 growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma-like [KO:K04402 ]
117971933 growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma-like [KO:K04402 ]
117971936 growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma-like [KO:K04402 ]
117971940 growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma-like [KO:K04402 ]
117416935 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 alpha-like [KO:K04402 ]
117408484 growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma-like [KO:K04402 ]
117400855 growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma-like [KO:K04402 ]
117400856 growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma-like [KO:K04402 ]
117409183 growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma-like [KO:K04402 ]
117409625 growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma-like [KO:K04402 ]
117409629 growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma-like [KO:K04402 ]
117428915 growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 beta-like [KO:K04402 ]
117401312 growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 beta-like [KO:K04402 ]
117404259 growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 alpha-like isoform X1 [KO:K04402 ]
117403657 pmaip1; phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1 [KO:K10131 ]
117425425 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform-like [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
117432219 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform-like [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
117423098 phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform-like [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
117423331 pik3cb; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
117407471 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
117417119 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma-like isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
117428991 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma-like isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
117401370 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma-like isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
117403662 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
117404001 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X2 [KO:K02649 ]
Compound
C05981 Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
Authors
Savitskaya MA, Onishchenko GE
Title
Mechanisms of Apoptosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Schleich K, Lavrik IN
Title
Mathematical modeling of apoptosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lavrik I, Golks A, Krammer PH
Title
Death receptor signaling.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Jin Z, El-Deiry WS
Title
Overview of cell death signaling pathways.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Benn SC, Woolf CJ
Title
Adult neuron survival strategies--slamming on the brakes.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Orrenius S, Zhivotovsky B, Nicotera P
Title
Regulation of cell death: the calcium-apoptosis link.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Clarke P, Tyler KL
Title
Apoptosis in animal models of virus-induced disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Wen X, Lin ZQ, Liu B, Wei YQ
Title
Caspase-mediated programmed cell death pathways as potential therapeutic targets in cancer.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Shalini S, Dorstyn L, Dawar S, Kumar S
Title
Old, new and emerging functions of caspases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Philchenkov A
Title
Caspases: potential targets for regulating cell death.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Stroh C, Schulze-Osthoff K
Title
Death by a thousand cuts: an ever increasing list of caspase substrates.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Safa AR
Title
c-FLIP, a master anti-apoptotic regulator.
Journal
Exp Oncol 34:176-84 (2012)
Reference
Authors
Jeong SY, Seol DW
Title
The role of mitochondria in apoptosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Parsons MJ, Green DR
Title
Mitochondria in cell death.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Strasser A
Title
The role of BH3-only proteins in the immune system.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Schonthal AH
Title
Endoplasmic reticulum stress: its role in disease and novel prospects for therapy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Malhi H, Kaufman RJ
Title
Endoplasmic reticulum stress in liver disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Malhotra JD, Kaufman RJ
Title
The endoplasmic reticulum and the unfolded protein response.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Wu J, Kaufman RJ
Title
From acute ER stress to physiological roles of the Unfolded Protein Response.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Repnik U, Stoka V, Turk V, Turk B
Title
Lysosomes and lysosomal cathepsins in cell death.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Cesen MH, Pegan K, Spes A, Turk B
Title
Lysosomal pathways to cell death and their therapeutic applications.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Dashzeveg N, Yoshida K
Title
Cell death decision by p53 via control of the mitochondrial membrane.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Bouchier-Hayes L, Green DR
Title
Caspase-2: the orphan caspase.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Baptiste-Okoh N, Barsotti AM, Prives C
Title
A role for caspase 2 and PIDD in the process of p53-mediated apoptosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Aggarwal BB
Title
Signalling pathways of the TNF superfamily: a double-edged sword.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Steelman LS, Pohnert SC, Shelton JG, Franklin RA, Bertrand FE, McCubrey JA.
Title
JAK/STAT, Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3K/Akt and BCR-ABL in cell cycle progression and leukemogenesis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Dragovich T, Rudin CM, Thompson CB
Title
Signal transduction pathways that regulate cell survival and cell death.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Sofroniew MV, Howe CL, Mobley WC
Title
Nerve growth factor signaling, neuroprotection, and neural repair.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kristiansen M, Ham J
Title
Programmed cell death during neuronal development: the sympathetic neuron model.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Logue SE, Martin SJ
Title
Caspase activation cascades in apoptosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Boivin WA, Cooper DM, Hiebert PR, Granville DJ
Title
Intracellular versus extracellular granzyme B in immunity and disease: challenging the dogma.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Cullen SP, Brunet M, Martin SJ
Title
Granzymes in cancer and immunity.
Journal
Related pathway
arut04141 Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
KO pathway
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