KEGG   PATHWAY: oro05162
Entry
oro05162                    Pathway                                
Name
Measles - Odobenus rosmarus divergens (Pacific walrus)
Description
Measles virus (MV) is highly contagious virus that leads infant death worldwide. Humans are the unique natural reservoir for this virus. MV infection is characterized by virus-induced immune suppression that can lead to increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial and viral infections. The P, V and C proteins act as virulence factors to suppress innate immune response in host by inhibiting signaling for both type I IFN induction and JAK/STAT-mediated interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) induction. Moreover,  H protein expressed on viral particles and binding to SLAM or CD46,  as well as N protein liberated from infected cells and interacting with Fc-gamma R, causes an inhibition of IL-12 synthesis in dendritic cells. IL-12 is a key cytokine inducing cellular immune responses to protect host from the harm caused by pathogenic infections.
Class
Human Diseases; Infectious disease: viral
Pathway map
oro05162  Measles
oro05162

Organism
Odobenus rosmarus divergens (Pacific walrus) [GN:oro]
Gene
101383456  CD46; membrane cofactor protein [KO:K04007]
101372959  MSN; moesin [KO:K05763]
101385112  SLAMF1; signaling lymphocytic activation molecule [KO:K06536]
101383340  CD209; CD209 antigen isoform X1 [KO:K06563]
101383901  DDX58; probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX58 [KO:K12646] [EC:5.6.2.6]
101381886  IFIH1; interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing protein 1 [KO:K12647] [EC:5.6.2.6]
101367736  MAVS; mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein [KO:K12648]
101374855  TRAF3; TNF receptor-associated factor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K03174]
101366827  IKBKE; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon [KO:K07211] [EC:2.7.11.10]
101362394  TBK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 isoform X2 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
101386524  IRF3; interferon regulatory factor 3 [KO:K05411]
101364103  CHUK; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
101375346  IKBKB; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
101384959  IKBKG; NF-kappa-B essential modulator isoform X2 [KO:K07210]
101386560  NFKBIB; NF-kappa-B inhibitor beta isoform X2 [KO:K02581]
101384149  NFKBIA; NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha [KO:K04734]
101371488  NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K02580]
101381225  RELA; transcription factor p65 [KO:K04735]
101370150  TLR7; toll-like receptor 7 [KO:K05404]
101370160  toll-like receptor 9 isoform X2 [KO:K10161]
101363951  MYD88; myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 isoform X1 [KO:K04729]
101382179  IRAK1; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04730] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101380365  IRAK4; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 isoform X1 [KO:K04733] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101374020  IRF7; interferon regulatory factor 7 isoform X1 [KO:K09447]
101377641  interferon alpha-1/2-like [KO:K05414]
101378214  IFNA5; interferon alpha-5 [KO:K05414]
101374322  interferon alpha-1/2-like [KO:K05414]
101374610  interferon alpha-14-like [KO:K05414]
101379735  interferon beta-like [KO:K05414]
101374900  IFNB1; interferon beta [KO:K05415]
101363280  TLR2; toll-like receptor 2 [KO:K10159]
101367407  uncharacterized protein LOC101367407 [KO:K10159]
101371071  TLR4; toll-like receptor 4 [KO:K10160]
101362953  TRAF6; TNF receptor-associated factor 6 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
101364264  CSNK2A2; casein kinase II subunit alpha' [KO:K03097] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101373397  CSNK2A1; casein kinase II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K03097] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101371857  CSNK2B; casein kinase II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K03115]
101377530  TNFAIP3; tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 [KO:K11859] [EC:3.4.19.12]
101376824  MAP3K7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 isoform X1 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
101369627  TAB2; TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 2 [KO:K04404]
101367488  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
101374143  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X3 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
101376185  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X2 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
101368207  JUN; transcription factor AP-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04448]
101366773  FOS; proto-oncogene c-Fos isoform X1 [KO:K04379]
101382716  IL1A; interleukin-1 alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04383]
101383005  IL1B; interleukin-1 beta [KO:K04519]
101377851  IL6; interleukin-6 isoform X1 [KO:K05405]
101367178  IL12A; interleukin-12 subunit alpha [KO:K05406]
101372789  IL12B; interleukin-12 subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K05425]
101370046  IFNAR1; interferon alpha/beta receptor 1 [KO:K05130]
101386107  IFNAR2; interferon alpha/beta receptor 2 [KO:K05131]
101362469  WD repeat-containing protein 5-like [KO:K14753]
101376970  GNB2L1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-2-like 1 isoform X1 [KO:K14753]
101365648  JAK1; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK1 [KO:K11217] [EC:2.7.10.2]
101377296  TYK2; non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2 isoform X1 [KO:K11219] [EC:2.7.10.2]
101378785  STAT1; signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-alpha/beta [KO:K11220]
101368050  STAT2; signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 isoform X1 [KO:K11221]
101379624  IRF9; interferon regulatory factor 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04693]
101369458  OAS2; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 2 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
101373749  OAS1; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 1 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
101374040  OAS3; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 3 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
101367365  ADAR; double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase [KO:K12968] [EC:3.5.4.37]
101382739  MX1; interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 isoform X1 [KO:K14754]
101367270  MX2; interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 [KO:K14754]
101380155  EIF2AK1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K16194] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101373670  EIF2AK2; interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase [KO:K16195] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101365565  EIF2AK3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101374587  EIF2AK4; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 4 [KO:K16196] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101386908  RAB9A; ras-related protein Rab-9A [KO:K07899]
101362295  RAB9B; ras-related protein Rab-9B [KO:K07900]
101376115  HSPA1L; heat shock 70 kDa protein 1-like isoform X2 [KO:K03283]
101376406  heat shock 70 kDa protein 1 [KO:K03283]
101370862  HSPA8; heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein isoform X1 [KO:K03283]
101375744  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein-like [KO:K03283]
101371103  HSPA6; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: heat shock 70 kDa protein 6 [KO:K03283]
101367707  EIF3H; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit H isoform X1 [KO:K03247]
101363609  EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
101382341  RCHY1; RING finger and CHY zinc finger domain-containing protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K10144] [EC:2.3.2.27]
101362427  TP53; cellular tumor antigen p53 [KO:K04451]
101377328  TP73; tumor protein p73 isoform X2 [KO:K10148]
101366869  BBC3; bcl-2-binding component 3 [KO:K10132]
101381319  FASLG; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 isoform X1 [KO:K04389]
101369551  FAS; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 [KO:K04390]
101368290  TRADD; tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated DEATH domain protein isoform X2 [KO:K03171]
101385048  FADD; FAS-associated death domain protein [KO:K02373]
101365855  CASP8; caspase-8 isoform X1 [KO:K04398] [EC:3.4.22.61]
101371120  BID; BH3-interacting domain death agonist [KO:K04726]
101371652  BAX; apoptosis regulator BAX isoform X1 [KO:K02159]
101380231  BAK1; bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer [KO:K14021]
101372267  BCL2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 [KO:K02161]
101380440  BCL2L1; bcl-2-like protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04570]
101375422  BAD; bcl2-associated agonist of cell death [KO:K02158]
101386882  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cytochrome c, testis-specific-like [KO:K08738]
101386944  cytochrome c [KO:K08738]
101383104  APAF1; apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K02084]
101362812  CASP9; caspase-9 isoform X1 [KO:K04399] [EC:3.4.22.62]
101371336  CASP3; caspase-3 isoform X2 [KO:K02187] [EC:3.4.22.56]
101362774  CDKN1B; cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B [KO:K06624]
101371532  CCND1; G1/S-specific cyclin-D1 [KO:K04503]
101363193  CCND2; G1/S-specific cyclin-D2 [KO:K10151]
101372891  CCND3; G1/S-specific cyclin-D3 isoform X1 [KO:K10152]
101366323  CCNE2; G1/S-specific cyclin-E2 [KO:K06626]
101382136  CCNE1; G1/S-specific cyclin-E1 [KO:K06626]
101362330  CDK4; cyclin-dependent kinase 4 isoform X1 [KO:K02089] [EC:2.7.11.22]
101378405  CDK6; cyclin-dependent kinase 6 [KO:K02091] [EC:2.7.11.22]
101383299  CDK2; cyclin-dependent kinase 2 isoform X2 [KO:K02206] [EC:2.7.11.22]
101385969  CD3D; T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 delta chain [KO:K06450]
101385667  CD3E; T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 epsilon chain [KO:K06451]
101386261  CD3G; T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 gamma chain isoform X1 [KO:K06452]
101374233  CD28; T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28 [KO:K06470]
101386196  IL2; interleukin-2 [KO:K05429]
101378506  IL2RA; interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha [KO:K05068]
101366322  IL2RB; interleukin-2 receptor subunit beta [KO:K05069]
101374379  IL2RG; cytokine receptor common subunit gamma [KO:K05070]
101374787  PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649]
101370100  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
101371800  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
101370689  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
101385241  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
101385267  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
101374044  CBLB; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CBL-B [KO:K22517] [EC:2.3.2.27]
101383166  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101382320  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101374757  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101365718  GSK3B; glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta isoform X1 [KO:K03083] [EC:2.7.11.26]
101369142  JAK3; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK3 [KO:K11218] [EC:2.7.10.2]
101373587  STAT3; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04692]
101372719  STAT5A; signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A isoform X1 [KO:K11223]
101372217  STAT5B; signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B isoform X2 [KO:K11224]
101363428  FCGR2B; low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor II-b isoform X3 [KO:K12560]
Compound
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:19203113
  Authors
Schneider-Schaulies S, Schneider-Schaulies J
  Title
Measles virus-induced immunosuppression.
  Journal
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 330:243-69 (2009)
DOI:10.1007/978-3-540-70617-5_12
Reference
PMID:19203114
  Authors
Hahm B
  Title
Hostile communication of measles virus with host innate immunity and dendritic cells.
  Journal
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 330:271-87 (2009)
DOI:10.1007/978-3-540-70617-5_13
Reference
PMID:19198566
  Authors
Gerlier D, Valentin H
  Title
Measles virus interaction with host cells and impact on innate immunity.
  Journal
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 329:163-91 (2009)
DOI:10.1007/978-3-540-70523-9_8
Reference
PMID:16690907
  Authors
Schneider-Schaulies S, Dittmer U
  Title
Silencing T cells or T-cell silencing: concepts in virus-induced immunosuppression.
  Journal
J Gen Virol 87:1423-38 (2006)
DOI:10.1099/vir.0.81713-0
Reference
PMID:22049305
  Authors
Avota E, Gassert E, Schneider-Schaulies S
  Title
Cytoskeletal dynamics: concepts in measles virus replication and immunomodulation.
  Journal
Viruses 3:102-17 (2011)
DOI:10.3390/v3020102
Reference
PMID:27854326
  Authors
Jiang Y, Qin Y, Chen M
  Title
Host-Pathogen Interactions in Measles Virus Replication and Anti-Viral Immunity.
  Journal
Viruses 8:E308 (2016)
DOI:10.3390/v8110308
Reference
PMID:18922877
  Authors
Pfaller CK, Conzelmann KK
  Title
Measles virus V protein is a decoy substrate for IkappaB kinase alpha and prevents Toll-like receptor 7/9-mediated interferon induction.
  Journal
J Virol 82:12365-73 (2008)
DOI:10.1128/JVI.01321-08
Reference
PMID:17720800
  Authors
Yokota S, Okabayashi T, Yokosawa N, Fujii N
  Title
Measles virus P protein suppresses Toll-like receptor signal through up-regulation of ubiquitin-modifying enzyme A20.
  Journal
FASEB J 22:74-83 (2008)
DOI:10.1096/fj.07-8976com
Reference
PMID:23146309
  Authors
Delpeut S, Noyce RS, Siu RW, Richardson CD
  Title
Host factors and measles virus replication.
  Journal
Curr Opin Virol 2:773-83 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.coviro.2012.10.008
Reference
PMID:26878224
  Authors
Shah M, Anwar MA, Kim JH, Choi S
  Title
Advances in Antiviral Therapies Targeting Toll-like Receptors.
  Journal
Expert Opin Investig Drugs 25:437-53 (2016)
DOI:10.1517/13543784.2016.1154040
Reference
PMID:12620806
  Authors
Yokota S, Saito H, Kubota T, Yokosawa N, Amano K, Fujii N
  Title
Measles virus suppresses interferon-alpha signaling pathway: suppression of Jak1 phosphorylation and association of viral accessory proteins, C and V, with interferon-alpha receptor complex.
  Journal
Virology 306:135-46 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/S0042-6822(02)00026-0
Reference
PMID:12804771
  Authors
Takeuchi K, Kadota SI, Takeda M, Miyajima N, Nagata K
  Title
Measles virus V protein blocks interferon (IFN)-alpha/beta but not IFN-gamma signaling by inhibiting STAT1 and STAT2 phosphorylation.
  Journal
FEBS Lett 545:177-82 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/S0014-5793(03)00528-3
Reference
PMID:12805463
  Authors
Palosaari H, Parisien JP, Rodriguez JJ, Ulane CM, Horvath CM
  Title
STAT protein interference and suppression of cytokine signal transduction by measles virus V protein.
  Journal
J Virol 77:7635-44 (2003)
DOI:10.1128/JVI.77.13.7635-7644.2003
Reference
PMID:14585342
  Authors
Shaffer JA, Bellini WJ, Rota PA
  Title
The C protein of measles virus inhibits the type I interferon response.
  Journal
Virology 315:389-97 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/S0042-6822(03)00537-3
Reference
PMID:16971451
  Authors
Carsillo T, Traylor Z, Choi C, Niewiesk S, Oglesbee M
  Title
hsp72, a host determinant of measles virus neurovirulence.
  Journal
J Virol 80:11031-9 (2006)
DOI:10.1128/JVI.01438-06
Reference
PMID:15914229
  Authors
Zhang X, Bourhis JM, Longhi S, Carsillo T, Buccellato M, Morin B, Canard B, Oglesbee M
  Title
Hsp72 recognizes a P binding motif in the measles virus N protein C-terminus.
  Journal
Virology 337:162-74 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.virol.2005.03.035
Reference
PMID:29712906
  Authors
Ke Z, Strauss JD, Hampton CM, Brindley MA, Dillard RS, Leon F, Lamb KM, Plemper RK, Wright ER
  Title
Promotion of virus assembly and organization by the measles virus matrix protein.
  Journal
Nat Commun 9:1736 (2018)
DOI:10.1038/s41467-018-04058-2
Reference
PMID:24155404
  Authors
Pfaller CK, Radeke MJ, Cattaneo R, Samuel CE
  Title
Measles virus C protein impairs production of defective copyback double-stranded viral RNA and activation of protein kinase R.
  Journal
J Virol 88:456-68 (2014)
DOI:10.1128/JVI.02572-13
Reference
PMID:17686838
  Authors
Sato H, Masuda M, Kanai M, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Yoneda M, Kai C
  Title
Measles virus N protein inhibits host translation by binding to eIF3-p40.
  Journal
J Virol 81:11569-76 (2007)
DOI:10.1128/JVI.00570-07
Reference
PMID:19895323
  Authors
Sion-Vardy N, Lasarov I, Delgado B, Gopas J, Benharroch D, Ariad S
  Title
Measles virus: evidence for association with lung cancer.
  Journal
Exp Lung Res 35:701-12 (2009)
DOI:10.3109/01902140902853176
Reference
PMID:16140759
  Authors
Chen M, Cortay JC, Logan IR, Sapountzi V, Robson CN, Gerlier D
  Title
Inhibition of ubiquitination and stabilization of human ubiquitin E3 ligase PIRH2 by measles virus phosphoprotein.
  Journal
J Virol 79:11824-36 (2005)
DOI:10.1128/JVI.79.18.11824-11836.2005
Reference
PMID:16699046
  Authors
Cruz CD, Palosaari H, Parisien JP, Devaux P, Cattaneo R, Ouchi T, Horvath CM
  Title
Measles virus V protein inhibits p53 family member p73.
  Journal
J Virol 80:5644-50 (2006)
DOI:10.1128/JVI.02400-05
Reference
PMID:10756053
  Authors
Servet-Delprat C, Vidalain PO, Azocar O, Le Deist F, Fischer A, Rabourdin-Combe C
  Title
Consequences of Fas-mediated human dendritic cell apoptosis induced by measles virus.
  Journal
J Virol 74:4387-93 (2000)
DOI:10.1128/JVI.74.9.4387-4393.2000
Reference
PMID:20601611
  Authors
Kushwah R, Hu J
  Title
Dendritic cell apoptosis: regulation of tolerance versus immunity.
  Journal
J Immunol 185:795-802 (2010)
DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.1000325
Reference
PMID:10590149
  Authors
Vidalain PO, Azocar O, Lamouille B, Astier A, Rabourdin-Combe C, Servet-Delprat C
  Title
Measles virus induces functional TRAIL production by human dendritic cells.
  Journal
J Virol 74:556-9 (2000)
DOI:10.1128/JVI.74.1.556-559.2000
Reference
PMID:11846228
  Authors
Vidalain PO, Azocar O, Rabourdin-Combe C, Servet-Delprat C
  Title
Measle virus-infected dendritic cells develop immunosuppressive and cytotoxic activities.
  Journal
Immunobiology 204:629-38 (2001)
DOI:10.1078/0171-2985-00102
Reference
PMID:10423127
  Authors
Engelking O, Fedorov LM, Lilischkis R, ter Meulen V, Schneider-Schaulies S
  Title
Measles virus-induced immunosuppression in vitro is associated with deregulation of G1 cell cycle control proteins.
  Journal
J Gen Virol 80 ( Pt 7):1599-608 (1999)
DOI:10.1099/0022-1317-80-7-1599
Reference
PMID:30510918
  Authors
Fan Y, Sanyal S, Bruzzone R
  Title
Breaking Bad: How Viruses Subvert the Cell Cycle.
  Journal
Front Cell Infect Microbiol 8:396 (2018)
DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2018.00396
Reference
PMID:20636817
  Authors
Griffin DE
  Title
Measles virus-induced suppression of immune responses.
  Journal
Immunol Rev 236:176-89 (2010)
DOI:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00925.x
Reference
PMID:11385511
  Authors
Avota E, Avots A, Niewiesk S, Kane LP, Bommhardt U, ter Meulen V, Schneider-Schaulies S
  Title
Disruption of Akt kinase activation is important for immunosuppression induced by measles virus.
  Journal
Nat Med 7:725-31 (2001)
DOI:10.1038/89106
Reference
PMID:15308747
  Authors
Avota E, Muller N, Klett M, Schneider-Schaulies S
  Title
Measles virus interacts with and alters signal transduction in T-cell lipid rafts.
  Journal
J Virol 78:9552-9 (2004)
DOI:10.1128/JVI.78.17.9552-9559.2004
Reference
PMID:16963735
  Authors
Yanagi Y, Takeda M, Ohno S
  Title
Measles virus: cellular receptors, tropism and pathogenesis.
  Journal
J Gen Virol 87:2767-79 (2006)
DOI:10.1099/vir.0.82221-0
Reference
PMID:16237742
  Authors
Kerdiles YM, Sellin CI, Druelle J, Horvat B
  Title
Immunosuppression caused by measles virus: role of viral proteins.
  Journal
Rev Med Virol 16:49-63 (2006)
DOI:10.1002/rmv.486
Related
pathway
oro04110  Cell cycle
oro04115  p53 signaling pathway
oro04120  Ubiquitin mediated proteolysis
oro04210  Apoptosis
oro04620  Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
oro04622  RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway
oro04630  JAK-STAT signaling pathway
oro04658  Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation
oro04660  T cell receptor signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko05162   
LinkDB

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