KEGG   PATHWAY: rno04932
Entry
rno04932                    Pathway                                
Name
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - Rattus norvegicus (rat)
Description
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a spectrum ranging from simple steatosis to more severe steatohepatitis with hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, known as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH may further lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This map shows a stage-dependent progression of NAFLD. In the first stage of NAFLD, excess lipid accumulation has been demonstrated. The main cause is the induction of insulin resistance, which leads to a defect in insulin suppression of free fatty acids (FAAs) disposal. In addition, two transcription factors, SREBP-1c and PPAR-alpha, activate key enzymes of lipogenesis and increase the synthesis of FAAs in liver. In the second stage, as a consequence of the progression to NASH, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is enhanced due to oxidation stress through mitochondrial beta-oxidation of fatty acids and endoplamic reticulum (ER) stress, leading to lipid peroxidation. The lipid peroxidation can further cause the production of cytokines (Fas ligand, TNF-alpha, IL-8 and TGF), promoting cell death, inflammation and fibrosis. The activation of JNK, which is induced by ER stress, TNF-alpha and FAAs, is also associated with NAFLD progression. Increased JNK promotes cytokine production and initiation of HCC.
Class
Human Diseases; Endocrine and metabolic disease
Pathway map
rno04932  Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
rno04932

Disease
H01333  Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Organism
Rattus norvegicus (rat) [GN:rno]
Gene
100188937  Cox7c; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7C, mitochondrial [KO:K02272]
100360357  Cox7cl1; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7C, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02272]
100361008  [KO:K02264]
100361934  Ndufb4l4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4-like [KO:K03960]
100361960  Cox7b2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B2 [KO:K02271]
100362331  Ndufa4l2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4-like 2 [KO:K03948]
100362798  Uqcr11l1; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 10-like [KO:K00420]
100911483  Ndufa13; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13 [KO:K11353]
100912357  Ndufb1; nADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03957]
103690609  Ndufb3l1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3-like [KO:K03959]
103691107  Ndufb4l5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4-like [KO:K03960]
103691697  Ndufb3l2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3-like [KO:K03959]
103693740  Uqcrbl2; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 7-like [KO:K00417]
103694107  Ndufb3l3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3-like [KO:K03959]
116554  Mapk8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
120094308  [KO:K03960]
120095266  [KO:K02272]
120097699  [KO:K00420]
120098258  [KO:K02268]
120098318  [KO:K03959]
120099907  [KO:K03946]
120099910  [KO:K08738]
120101567  [KO:K03951]
120103152  [KO:K02267]
134484121  [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
157074  Sdha; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K00234] [EC:1.3.5.1]
170911  Pik3ca; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
171078  Mlxipl; carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein isoform 2 [KO:K09113]
171335  Cox8a; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8A, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02273]
24185  Akt1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
24252  Cebpa; CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha isoform a [KO:K09055]
24493  Il1a; interleukin-1 alpha [KO:K04383]
24494  Il1b; interleukin-1 beta [KO:K04519]
24498  Il6; interleukin-6 precursor [KO:K05405]
24499  Il6r; interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha precursor [KO:K05055]
24505  Ins1; insulin-1 preproprotein [KO:K04526]
24506  Ins2; insulin-2 preproprotein [KO:K04526]
24516  Jun; transcription factor Jun [KO:K04448]
24536  Lepr; leptin receptor precursor [KO:K05062]
246097  Fas; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 precursor [KO:K04390]
246253  Adipoq; adiponectin precursor [KO:K07296]
24651  Pklr; pyruvate kinase PKLR [KO:K12406] [EC:2.7.1.40]
24835  Tnf; tumor necrosis factor [KO:K03156]
24887  Bax; apoptosis regulator BAX [KO:K02159]
24954  Insr; insulin receptor preproprotein [KO:K04527] [EC:2.7.10.1]
25086  Cyp2e1; cytochrome P450 2E1 [KO:K07415] [EC:1.14.14.-]
25233  Akt2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
25250  Cox8b; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8B, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02273]
25271  Rxra; retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha [KO:K08524]
25272  Mapk10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform 2 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
25278  Cox6a2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A2, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02266]
25282  Cox6a1; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A1, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02266]
252934  Cox5a; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02264]
25309  Cycs; cytochrome c, somatic [KO:K08738]
25310  Cyct; cytochrome c, testis-specific [KO:K08738]
25385  Faslg; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 [KO:K04389]
25402  Casp3; caspase-3 [KO:K02187] [EC:3.4.22.56]
25467  Irs1; insulin receptor substrate 1 [KO:K16172]
25488  Ndufa5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5 [KO:K03949]
25513  Pik3r1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha [KO:K02649]
25520  Prkag1; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-1 [KO:K07200]
25608  Lep; leptin precursor [KO:K05424]
25625  Tnfrsf1a; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A precursor [KO:K03158]
25664  Pparg; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma isoform 1 [KO:K08530]
25747  Ppara; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha [KO:K07294]
26192  CYTB; cytochrome b [KO:K00412]
26195  COX1; cytochrome c oxidase subunit I [KO:K02256] [EC:7.1.1.9]
26198  COX2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit II [KO:K02261]
26204  COX3; cytochrome c oxidase subunit III [KO:K02262]
288088  Ndufb4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4 [KO:K03960]
289036  Adipor1; adiponectin receptor protein 1 [KO:K07297]
289217  Sdhc; succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K00236]
289218  Ndufs2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K03935] [EC:7.1.1.2]
289754  Xbp1; X-box-binding protein 1 isoform XBP1(U) [KO:K09027]
290019  Cycsl3; cytochrome c, somatic-like [KO:K08738]
291103  Uqcrfs1; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit Rieske, mitochondrial [KO:K00411] [EC:7.1.1.8]
291660  Ndufa2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2 [KO:K03946]
293130  Ndufc2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C2 [KO:K03968]
293448  Uqcrc2; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 2, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K00415]
293453  Ndufab1; acyl carrier protein, mitochondrial [KO:K03955]
293652  Ndufs8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 8, mitochondrial [KO:K03941] [EC:7.1.1.2]
293655  Ndufv1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 1, mitochondrial [KO:K03942] [EC:7.1.1.2]
29376  Irs2; insulin receptor substrate 2 [KO:K07187]
293991  Ndufb8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial [KO:K03964]
29414  Akt3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
29445  Cox4i1; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02263]
29467  Ddit3; DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein [KO:K04452]
294964  Ndufb5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial [KO:K03961]
29507  Cox7a2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A2, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02270]
29513  Mapk13; mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
295923  Ndufs3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 3, mitochondrial [KO:K03936] [EC:7.1.1.2]
296658  Ndufa8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8 [KO:K03952]
29702  Eif2ak3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 precursor [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
29741  Pik3r2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
297990  Ndufb6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03962]
298596  Sdhb; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K00235] [EC:1.3.5.1]
298762  Cox7a2l; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A2 like isoform 1 [KO:K02270]
299310  Ndufb11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11, mitochondrial [KO:K11351]
299643  Ndufa7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03951]
299739  Ndufa12; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12 [KO:K11352]
299954  Ndufb9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9 [KO:K03965]
300047  Cyc1; cytochrome c-1 [KO:K00413]
301011  Uqcrc1; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 1, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K00414]
301123  Ndufa11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11 [KO:K03956]
301427  Ndufb3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03959]
301458  Ndufs1; NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K03934] [EC:7.1.1.2]
301518  Prkag3; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-3 [KO:K07200]
303393  Cox7b; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02271]
304479  Mlxip; MLX interacting protein [KO:K09113]
309165  Rela; transcription factor p65 [KO:K04735]
309168  Map3k11; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 11 [KO:K04419] [EC:2.7.11.25]
311567  Itch; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Itchy homolog [KO:K05632] [EC:2.3.2.26]
311786  Traf2; TNF receptor-associated factor 2 [KO:K03173] [EC:2.3.2.27]
312670  Adipor2; adiponectin receptor protein 2 [KO:K07297]
314322  Fos; protein c-Fos [KO:K04379]
315167  Ndufa6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03950]
316632  Ndufa10l1; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex 10-like [KO:K03954]
360229  Cox8c; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8C, mitochondrial [KO:K02273]
360631  Mlx; max-like protein X [KO:K09113]
361385  Ndufb7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03963]
362344  Ndufb2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 2, mitochondrial [KO:K03958]
362440  Ndufa9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 9, mitochondrial [KO:K03953]
362588  Ndufs5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5 [KO:K03938]
362837  Ndufs7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 7, mitochondrial [KO:K03940] [EC:7.1.1.2]
362897  Uqcrb; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 7 [KO:K00417]
363061  Sdhd; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K00237]
363441  Ndufa1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03945]
363875  Rac1; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 [KO:K04392]
365057  Map3k5; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 [KO:K04426] [EC:2.7.11.25]
366448  Uqcrh; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 6, mitochondrial [KO:K00416]
366508  Pik3cd; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
367149  Bax-ps1; apoptosis regulator BAX-like [KO:K02159]
373545  Prkag2; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-2 isoform 1 [KO:K07200]
497902  Uqcrq; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 8 [KO:K00418]
498013  Ern1; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
499131  Ndufb4l3; similar to NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase B15 subunit [KO:K03960]
499529  Ndufs4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K03937]
501886  Ndufb4l1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4-like [KO:K03960]
50658  Mapk9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform 2 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
50686  Gsk3a; glycogen synthase kinase-3 alpha [KO:K08822] [EC:2.7.11.26]
54318  Eif2s1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
54322  Cox6c; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6C-2 [KO:K02268]
58852  Nr1h3; oxysterols receptor LXR-alpha [KO:K08536]
59086  Tgfb1; transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein precursor [KO:K13375]
60352  Mapk12; mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
60664  Pik3r3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649]
64026  Casp7; caspase-7 [KO:K04397] [EC:3.4.22.60]
64044  Casp8; caspase-8 [KO:K04398] [EC:3.4.22.61]
64465  Cdc42; cell division control protein 42 homolog [KO:K04393]
64539  Ndufv3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 3, mitochondrial isoform 2 [KO:K03944]
64547  Bcl2l11; bcl-2-like protein 11 [KO:K16341]
64562  Prkab2; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-2 [KO:K07199]
64625  Bid; BH3-interacting domain death agonist [KO:K04726]
65248  Prkaa1; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
654441  Cox6b2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B2 [KO:K02267]
678759  Ndufa10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K03954]
679739  Ndufs6; NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit S6-like 1 [KO:K03939]
679794  Cycsl1; cytochrome c, somatic-like [KO:K08738]
681024  Ndufa4; cytochrome c oxidase subunit NDUFA4 [KO:K03948]
681314  [KO:K02159]
681418  Ndufb10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10 [KO:K03966]
685322  Uqcr10; ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex 7.2kDa protein [KO:K00419]
685596  Uqcrbl1; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 7-like [KO:K00417]
687508  Cox7a1; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A1 [KO:K02270]
688386  Cox7a2l2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A2, mitochondrial [KO:K02270]
688869  Cox6b1; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1 [KO:K02267]
689314  Mapk11; mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
689938  Ndufc1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial [KO:K03967]
690675  Cycsl2; cytochrome c, somatic-like [KO:K08738]
690848  Uqcr11; ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, complex III subunit XI [KO:K00420]
691001  Ndufa3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03947]
78968  Srebf1; sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K07197]
78975  Prkaa2; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
79255  Atf4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374]
81649  Mapk14; mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
81728  Ndufv2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 2, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K03943] [EC:7.1.1.2]
81736  Nfkb1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform 2 [KO:K02580]
83803  Prkab1; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-1 [KO:K07199]
84027  Gsk3b; glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta [KO:K03083] [EC:2.7.11.26]
84351  Ikbkb; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
84683  Cox4i2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 2, mitochondrial isoform 2 precursor [KO:K02263]
85243  Pik3cb; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
89829  Socs3; suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 [KO:K04696]
94194  Cox5b; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5B, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02265]
Compound
C00031  D-Glucose
C00162  Fatty acid
Reference
PMID:23545492
  Authors
Naik A, Kosir R, Rozman D
  Title
Genomic aspects of NAFLD pathogenesis.
  Journal
Genomics 102:84-95 (2013)
DOI:10.1016/j.ygeno.2013.03.007
Reference
PMID:19352614
  Authors
Malaguarnera M, Di Rosa M, Nicoletti F, Malaguarnera L
  Title
Molecular mechanisms involved in NAFLD progression.
  Journal
J Mol Med (Berl) 87:679-95 (2009)
DOI:10.1007/s00109-009-0464-1
Reference
PMID:22705006
  Authors
Seki E, Brenner DA, Karin M
  Title
A liver full of JNK: signaling in regulation of cell function and disease pathogenesis, and clinical approaches.
  Journal
Gastroenterology 143:307-20 (2012)
DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.06.004
Reference
PMID:21038418
  Authors
Tilg H, Moschen AR
  Title
Evolution of inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the multiple parallel hits hypothesis.
  Journal
Hepatology 52:1836-46 (2010)
DOI:10.1002/hep.24001
Reference
PMID:16364488
  Authors
Larter CZ, Farrell GC
  Title
Insulin resistance, adiponectin, cytokines in NASH: Which is the best target to treat?
  Journal
J Hepatol 44:253-61 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2005.11.030
Reference
PMID:22570745
  Authors
Farrell GC, van Rooyen D, Gan L, Chitturi S
  Title
NASH is an Inflammatory Disorder: Pathogenic, Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications.
  Journal
Gut Liver 6:149-71 (2012)
DOI:10.5009/gnl.2012.6.2.149
Reference
PMID:20619513
  Authors
Shapiro H, Tehilla M, Attal-Singer J, Bruck R, Luzzatti R, Singer P
  Title
The therapeutic potential of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
  Journal
Clin Nutr 30:6-19 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.clnu.2010.06.001
Reference
PMID:20303879
  Authors
Hotamisligil GS
  Title
Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the inflammatory basis of metabolic disease.
  Journal
Cell 140:900-17 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.034
Reference
PMID:17498512
  Authors
Parekh S, Anania FA
  Title
Abnormal lipid and glucose metabolism in obesity: implications for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
  Journal
Gastroenterology 132:2191-207 (2007)
DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.055
Reference
PMID:16374858
  Authors
Schattenberg JM, Singh R, Wang Y, Lefkowitch JH, Rigoli RM, Scherer PE, Czaja MJ
  Title
JNK1 but not JNK2 promotes the development of steatohepatitis in mice.
  Journal
Hepatology 43:163-72 (2006)
DOI:10.1002/hep.20999
Reference
PMID:22940046
  Authors
Leung TM, Nieto N
  Title
CYP2E1 and oxidant stress in alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
  Journal
J Hepatol 58:395-8 (2013)
DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2012.08.018
Reference
PMID:14685853
  Authors
Zafrani ES
  Title
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an emerging pathological spectrum.
  Journal
Virchows Arch 444:3-12 (2004)
DOI:10.1007/s00428-003-0943-7
Reference
PMID:12891546
  Authors
Feldstein AE, Canbay A, Angulo P, Taniai M, Burgart LJ, Lindor KD, Gores GJ
  Title
Hepatocyte apoptosis and fas expression are prominent features of human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
  Journal
Gastroenterology 125:437-43 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/S0016-5085(03)00907-7
Reference
PMID:16406828
  Authors
Begriche K, Igoudjil A, Pessayre D, Fromenty B
  Title
Mitochondrial dysfunction in NASH: causes, consequences and possible means to prevent it.
  Journal
Mitochondrion 6:1-28 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.mito.2005.10.004
Reference
PMID:9285483
  Authors
Leonarduzzi G, Scavazza A, Biasi F, Chiarpotto E, Camandola S, Vogel S, Dargel R, Poli G
  Title
The lipid peroxidation end product 4-hydroxy-2,3-nonenal up-regulates transforming growth factor beta1 expression in the macrophage lineage: a link between oxidative injury and fibrosclerosis.
  Journal
FASEB J 11:851-7 (1997)
DOI:10.1096/fasebj.11.11.9285483
Reference
PMID:21145844
  Authors
Malhi H, Kaufman RJ
  Title
Endoplasmic reticulum stress in liver disease.
  Journal
J Hepatol 54:795-809 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.11.005
Reference
PMID:18242193
  Authors
Mantena SK, King AL, Andringa KK, Eccleston HB, Bailey SM
  Title
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of alcohol- and obesity-induced fatty liver diseases.
  Journal
Free Radic Biol Med 44:1259-72 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.12.029
Reference
PMID:18061659
  Authors
Serviddio G, Sastre J, Bellanti F, Vina J, Vendemiale G, Altomare E
  Title
Mitochondrial involvement in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
  Journal
Mol Aspects Med 29:22-35 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.mam.2007.09.014
Reference
PMID:23299992
  Authors
Begriche K, Massart J, Robin MA, Bonnet F, Fromenty B
  Title
Mitochondrial adaptations and dysfunctions in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
  Journal
Hepatology 58:1497-507 (2013)
DOI:10.1002/hep.26226
Related
pathway
rno00061  Fatty acid biosynthesis
rno00190  Oxidative phosphorylation
rno03320  PPAR signaling pathway
rno04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
rno04151  PI3K-Akt signaling pathway
rno04210  Apoptosis
rno04668  TNF signaling pathway
rno04920  Adipocytokine signaling pathway
rno04930  Type II diabetes mellitus
KO pathway
ko04932   

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