Entry Name Influenza A
Description Influenza is a contagious respiratory disease caused by influenza virus infection. Influenza A virus is responsible for both annual seasonal epidemics and periodic worldwide pandemics. Novel strains that cause pandemics arise from avian influenza virus by genetic reassortment among influenza viruses and two surface glycoproteins HA and NA form the basis of serologically distinct virus types. The innate immune system recognizes invaded virus through multiple mechanisms. Viral non-structural NS1 protein is a multifunctional virulence factor that interfere IFN-mediated antiviral response. It inhibits IFN production by blocking activation of transcription factors such as NF-kappa B and IRF3. NS1 further inhibits the activation of IFN-induced antiviral genes. PB1-F2 protein is another virulence factor that induce apoptosis of infected cells, which results in life-threatening bronchiolitis.
Class Human Diseases; Infectious disease: viralBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Disease Drug D00777 Amantadine hydrochloride (JP18/USP)
D00900 Oseltamivir phosphate (JAN/USP)
D00901 Rimantadine hydrochloride (USP)
D01937 Zanamivir hydrate (JAN)
D09537 Favipiravir (JAN/USAN/INN)
D09547 Laninamivir octanoate hydrate (JAN)
D11021 Baloxavir marboxil (JAN/USAN/INN)
D11367 Pimodivir hydrochloride (USAN)
Orthology K00922 PIK3CA_B_D; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha/beta/delta [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
K02084 APAF1; apoptotic protease-activating factor
K02159 BAX; apoptosis regulator BAX
K02373 FADD; FAS-associated death domain protein
K02580 NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit
K02581 NFKBIB; NF-kappa-B inhibitor beta
K02649 PIK3R1_2_3; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha/beta/delta
K03156 TNF, TNFA; tumor necrosis factor superfamily, member 2
K03158 TNFRSF1A, TNFR1, CD120a; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A
K03171 TRADD; tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated DEATH domain protein
K03174 TRAF3; TNF receptor-associated factor 3
K03237 EIF2S1; translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1
K04366 RAF1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase [EC:2.7.11.1 ]
K04368 MAP2K1, MEK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [EC:2.7.12.2 ]
K04369 MAP2K2, MEK2; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [EC:2.7.12.2 ]
K04383 IL1A; interleukin 1 alpha
K04389 TNFSF6, FASL, CD178; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6
K04390 TNFRSF6, FAS, CD95; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6
K04467 IKBKA, IKKA, CHUK; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha [EC:2.7.11.10 ]
K04519 IL1B; interleukin 1 beta
K04693 IRF9, ISGF3G, P48; interferon regulatory factor 9
K04696 SOCS3, CIS3; suppressor of cytokine signaling 3
K04721 TNFSF10, TRAIL, CD253; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 10
K04722 TNFRSF10A_B, TRAILR1_2, DR4_5, CD261_2; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10A/B
K04726 BID; BH3 interacting domain death agonist
K04729 MYD88; myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88
K04733 IRAK4; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 [EC:2.7.11.1 ]
K04734 NFKBIA; NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha
K04735 RELA; transcription factor p65
K05130 IFNAR1; interferon receptor 1
K05131 IFNAR2; interferon receptor 2
K05132 IFNGR1, CD119; interferon gamma receptor 1
K05133 IFNGR2; interferon gamma receptor 2
K05401 TLR3, CD283; toll-like receptor 3
K05404 TLR7; toll-like receptor 7
K05411 IRF3; interferon regulatory factor 3
K05482 IL18, IL1F4; interleukin 18
K05692 ACTB_G1; actin beta/gamma 1
K05842 TRIF; toll-like receptor adapter molecule 1
K05862 VDAC1; voltage-dependent anion channel protein 1
K05863 SLC25A4S, ANT; solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocator), member 4/5/6/31
K06490 ICAM1, CD54; intercellular adhesion molecule 1
K06752 MHC2; MHC class II antigen
K07209 IKBKB, IKKB; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta [EC:2.7.11.10 ]
K07210 IKBKG, IKKG, NEMO; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit gamma
K07211 IKBKE, IKKE; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon [EC:2.7.11.10 ]
K07904 RAB11A; Ras-related protein Rab-11A
K07905 RAB11B; Ras-related protein Rab-11B
K09447 IRF7; interferon regulatory factor 7
K09507 DNAJB1; DnaJ homolog subfamily B member 1
K09523 DNAJC3; DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 3
K09635 TMPRSS4; transmembrane protease serine 4 [EC:3.4.21.-]
K09641 TMPRSS11D; transmembrane protease serine 11D [EC:3.4.21.-]
K10030 IL8, CXCL8; interleukin 8
K10054 PML, TRIM19; E3 SUMO-protein ligase PML [EC:2.3.2.-]
K10152 CCND3; G1/S-specific cyclin-D3
K10160 TLR4, CD284; toll-like receptor 4
K10652 TRIM25, EFP; tripartite motif-containing protein 25 [EC:2.3.2.27 ]
K11220 STAT1; signal transducer and activator of transcription 1
K11221 STAT2; signal transducer and activator of transcription 2
K12499 CCL5; C-C motif chemokine 5
K12646 RIGI, DDX58; ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX58 [EC:5.6.2.6 ]
K12647 IFIH1, MDA5; interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing protein 1 [EC:5.6.2.6 ]
K12648 MAVS, IPS1; mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein
K12653 NLRX1; NLR family member X1
K12671 CXCL10, IP10; C-X-C motif chemokine 10
K12799 PYCARD, ASC; apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD
K12800 NLRP3, PYPAF1; NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3
K12968 ADAR, ADAR1; double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase [EC:3.5.4.37 ]
K14021 BAK, BAK1; Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer
K14284 NXF, TAP, MEX67; nuclear RNA export factor
K14285 NXT1_2, P15; NTF2-related export protein 1/2
K14297 NUP98, ADAR2, NUP116; nuclear pore complex protein Nup98-Nup96
K14298 RAE1, GLE2; mRNA export factor
K14396 PABPN1, PABP2; polyadenylate-binding protein 2
K14404 CPSF4, YTH1; cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor subunit 4
K14624 CCL2, MCP1; C-C motif chemokine 2
K14754 MX; interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx
K15042 KPNA5_6; importin subunit alpha-6/7
K15043 KPNA2_7; importin subunit alpha-1/8
K15045 RSAD2; radical S-adenosyl methionine domain-containing protein 2
K15047 HNRNPUL1, E1BAP5; heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U-like protein 1
K16195 EIF2AK2; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 2 [EC:2.7.11.1 ]
K19251 HA; Influenza A virus hemagglutinin
K19388 PB2; Influenza virus polymerase basic protein 2
K19389 PB1; Influenza virus RNA-directed RNA polymerase catalytic subunit [EC:2.7.7.48 ]
K19390 PA; Influenza virus polymerase acidic protein
K19391 NP; Influenza virus nucleoprotein
K19393 M1; Influenza A/B virus matrix protein 1
K19394 M2; Influenza A virus matrix protein 2
K19395 NEP, NS2; Influenza A virus nuclear export protein
K19396 NS1; Influenza A virus non-structural protein 1
K19397 PB1F2; Influenza A virus protein PB1-F2
K21348 CALCOCO2, NDP52; calcium-binding and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 2
K23940 KPNA1; importin subunit alpha-5
Compound C05981 Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference Authors Edinger TO, Pohl MO, Stertz S
Title Entry of influenza A virus: host factors and antiviral targets.
Journal Reference Authors Kido H, Okumura Y, Takahashi E, Pan HY, Wang S, Chida J, Le TQ, Yano M
Title Host envelope glycoprotein processing proteases are indispensable for entry into human cells by seasonal and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.
Journal J Mol Genet Med 3:167-75 (2008)
Reference Authors Ramakrishnan B, Viswanathan K, Tharakaraman K, Dancik V, Raman R, Babcock GJ, Shriver Z, Sasisekharan R
Title A Structural and Mathematical Modeling Analysis of the Likelihood of Antibody-Dependent Enhancement in Influenza.
Journal Reference Authors Thanh TT, van Doorn HR, de Jong MD
Title Human H5N1 influenza: current insight into pathogenesis.
Journal Reference Authors Michael P, Brabant D, Bleiblo F, Ramana CV, Rutherford M, Khurana S, Tai TC, Kumar A, Kumar A
Title Influenza A induced cellular signal transduction pathways.
Journal Reference Authors Hale BG, Albrecht RA, Garcia-Sastre A
Title Innate immune evasion strategies of influenza viruses.
Journal Reference Authors Sharma K, Tripathi S, Ranjan P, Kumar P, Garten R, Deyde V, Katz JM, Cox NJ, Lal RB, Sambhara S, Lal SK
Title Influenza A virus nucleoprotein exploits Hsp40 to inhibit PKR activation.
Journal Reference Authors Ehrhardt C, Seyer R, Hrincius ER, Eierhoff T, Wolff T, Ludwig S
Title Interplay between influenza A virus and the innate immune signaling.
Journal Reference Authors van de Sandt CE, Kreijtz JH, Rimmelzwaan GF
Title Evasion of influenza A viruses from innate and adaptive immune responses.
Journal Reference Authors Long JS, Mistry B, Haslam SM, Barclay WS
Title Host and viral determinants of influenza A virus species specificity.
Journal Reference Authors Chen X, Liu S, Goraya MU, Maarouf M, Huang S, Chen JL
Title Host Immune Response to Influenza A Virus Infection.
Journal Reference Authors Lu X, Masic A, Li Y, Shin Y, Liu Q, Zhou Y
Title The PI3K/Akt pathway inhibits influenza A virus-induced Bax-mediated apoptosis by negatively regulating the JNK pathway via ASK1.
Journal Reference Authors Ichinohe T, Iwasaki A, Hasegawa H
Title Innate sensors of influenza virus: clues to developing better intranasal vaccines.
Journal Reference Authors Le Sage V, Cinti A, Amorim R, Mouland AJ
Title Adapting the Stress Response: Viral Subversion of the mTOR Signaling Pathway.
Journal Reference Authors Fan Y, Sanyal S, Bruzzone R
Title Breaking Bad: How Viruses Subvert the Cell Cycle.
Journal Reference Authors Varga ZT, Palese P
Title The influenza A virus protein PB1-F2: killing two birds with one stone?
Journal Reference Authors Atkin-Smith GK, Duan M, Chen W, Poon IKH
Title The induction and consequences of Influenza A virus-induced cell death.
Journal Reference Authors Nogales A, Martinez-Sobrido L, Topham DJ, DeDiego ML
Title Modulation of Innate Immune Responses by the Influenza A NS1 and PA-X Proteins.
Journal Reference Authors Dai X, Zhang L, Hong T
Title Host cellular signaling induced by influenza virus.
Journal Reference Authors Li J, Yu M, Zheng W, Liu W
Title Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of influenza A virus proteins.
Journal Reference Authors Dou D, Revol R, Ostbye H, Wang H, Daniels R
Title Influenza A Virus Cell Entry, Replication, Virion Assembly and Movement.
Journal Reference Authors Paterson D, Fodor E
Title Emerging roles for the influenza A virus nuclear export protein (NEP).
Journal Related ko00900 Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis
ko03013 Nucleocytoplasmic transport
ko04620 Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
ko04621 NOD-like receptor signaling pathway
ko04622 RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway
