KEGG   PATHWAY: epz04024
Entry
epz04024                    Pathway                                
Name
cAMP signaling pathway - Equus przewalskii (Przewalski's horse)
Description
cAMP is one of the most common and universal second messengers, and its formation is promoted by adenylyl cyclase (AC) activation after ligation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) by ligands including hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules. cAMP regulates pivotal physiologic processes including metabolism, secretion, calcium homeostasis, muscle contraction, cell fate, and gene transcription. cAMP acts directly on three main targets: protein kinase A (PKA), the exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac), and cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels (CNGCs). PKA modulates, via phosphorylation, a number of cellular substrates, including transcription factors, ion channels, transporters, exchangers, intracellular Ca2+ -handling proteins, and the contractile machinery. Epac proteins function as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for both Rap1 and Rap2. Various effector proteins, including adaptor proteins implicated in modulation of the actin cytoskeleton, regulators of G proteins of the Rho family, and phospholipases, relay signaling downstream from Rap.
Class
Environmental Information Processing; Signal transduction
Pathway map
epz04024  cAMP signaling pathway
epz04024

Other DBs
GO: 0019933
Organism
Equus przewalskii (Przewalski's horse) [GN:epz]
Gene
103547555  VIP; vasoactive intestinal peptide [KO:K05264]
103552470  CRH; corticotropin releasing hormone [KO:K05256]
103547763  CGA; glycoprotein hormones, alpha polypeptide [KO:K08522]
103553307  LHB; luteinizing hormone beta polypeptide [KO:K08521]
103552436  GPHB5; glycoprotein hormone beta 5 [KO:K25484]
103547739  TSHB; thyroid stimulating hormone beta [KO:K05251]
103547816  POMC; proopiomelanocortin [KO:K05228]
103554419  GCG; glucagon [KO:K05259]
103559312  GIP; gastric inhibitory polypeptide [KO:K05258]
103540947  FSHB; follicle stimulating hormone beta subunit [KO:K05250]
103540948  follitropin subunit beta-like [KO:K05250]
103552182  NPPA; natriuretic peptide A [KO:K12334]
103563075  ADCYAP1; adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 1 [KO:K05262]
103552981  ADRB2; adrenoceptor beta 2 [KO:K04142]
103565152  DRD1; dopamine receptor D1 [KO:K04144]
103567070  DRD5; dopamine receptor D5 [KO:K05840]
103561852  ADORA2A; adenosine A2a receptor [KO:K04266]
103552982  HTR4; 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 [KO:K04160]
103550316  HTR6; 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6 [KO:K04162]
103564708  PTGER2; prostaglandin E receptor 2 [KO:K04259]
103559362  ADCYAP1R1; ADCYAP receptor type I [KO:K04587]
103565080  VIPR2; vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 [KO:K04590]
103552912  CRHR1; corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 [KO:K04578]
103541706  corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2-like [KO:K04579]
103556909  LHCGR; luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor [KO:K04248]
103561891  TSHR; thyroid stimulating hormone receptor [KO:K04249]
103555005  MC2R; melanocortin 2 receptor [KO:K04200]
103549596  GLP1R; glucagon like peptide 1 receptor [KO:K04581]
103542519  GIPR; gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor [KO:K04580]
103564820  GPR119; G protein-coupled receptor 119 [KO:K08424]
103555422  FSHR; follicle stimulating hormone receptor [KO:K04247]
103566725  NPR1; natriuretic peptide receptor 1 [KO:K12323] [EC:4.6.1.2]
103565402  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha [KO:K04632]
103547036  neuroendocrine secretory protein 55 [KO:K04632]
103552897  EDN1; endothelin 1 [KO:K16366]
103553551  EDN2; endothelin 2 [KO:K16367]
103554763  EDN3; endothelin 3 [KO:K05227]
103557268  SST; somatostatin [KO:K05237]
103549012  NPY; neuropeptide Y [KO:K05232]
103561465  GHRL; ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide [KO:K05254]
103547762  HTR1E; 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1E [KO:K04153]
103551292  HTR1D; 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D [KO:K04153]
103543855  HTR1A; 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A [KO:K04153]
103560690  HTR1F; 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1F [KO:K04153]
103565240  HTR1B; 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B [KO:K04153]
103558955  CHRM1; cholinergic receptor muscarinic 1 [KO:K04129]
103561369  CHRM2; cholinergic receptor muscarinic 2 [KO:K04130]
103567933  DRD2; dopamine receptor D2 [KO:K04145]
103550239  GABBR2; gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2 [KO:K04615]
103566021  GABBR1; gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1 [KO:K04615]
103555122  ADORA1; adenosine A1 receptor [KO:K04265]
103555691  EDNRA; endothelin receptor type A [KO:K04197]
103565780  NPY1R; neuropeptide Y receptor Y1 [KO:K04204]
103551694  SSTR1; somatostatin receptor 1 [KO:K04217]
103547403  SSTR2; somatostatin receptor 2 [KO:K04218]
103540984  SSTR5; somatostatin receptor 5 [KO:K04221]
103549871  HCAR1; hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 [KO:K08401]
103549870  HCAR2; hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 [KO:K08402]
103560040  free fatty acid receptor 2-like [KO:K04328]
103551629  SUCNR1; succinate receptor 1 [KO:K10042]
103548994  PTGER3; prostaglandin E receptor 3 [KO:K04260]
103559121  OXTR; oxytocin receptor [KO:K04229]
103546357  GHSR; growth hormone secretagogue receptor [KO:K04284]
103552141  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1-like [KO:K04630]
103553052  GNAI3; G protein subunit alpha i3 [KO:K04630]
103557343  GNAI2; G protein subunit alpha i2 [KO:K04630]
103550430  ADCY1; adenylate cyclase 1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103562505  adenylate cyclase type 2-like [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103547823  ADCY3; adenylate cyclase 3 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103561050  ADCY4; adenylate cyclase 4 [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103563830  ADCY5; adenylate cyclase 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103563634  ADCY6; adenylate cyclase 6 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103556685  ADCY7; adenylate cyclase 7 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103565019  adenylate cyclase type 8-like [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103567623  ADCY8; adenylate cyclase 8 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103553014  ADCY9; adenylate cyclase 9 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103551549  ADCY10; adenylate cyclase 10, soluble [KO:K11265] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103555495  adenylate cyclase type 10-like [KO:K11265] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103561286  CNGA1; cyclic nucleotide gated channel alpha 1 [KO:K04948]
103567454  CNGA2; cyclic nucleotide gated channel alpha 2 [KO:K04949]
103554289  CNGA3; cyclic nucleotide gated channel alpha 3 [KO:K04950]
103553524  CNGA4; cyclic nucleotide gated channel alpha 4 [KO:K04951]
103557854  CNGB1; cyclic nucleotide gated channel beta 1 [KO:K04952]
103567632  cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel beta-3-like [KO:K04953]
103548885  CALML5; calmodulin like 5 [KO:K02183]
103548886  CALML3; calmodulin like 3 [KO:K02183]
103549905  CALM1; calmodulin 1 [KO:K02183]
103558105  CALM2; calmodulin 2 [KO:K02183]
103564053  calmodulin-like protein 4 [KO:K02183]
103544963  calmodulin-alpha-like [KO:K02183]
103567415  CALML6; calmodulin like 6 [KO:K02183]
103549465  CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II gamma [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
103549616  CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II delta [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
103549121  CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II alpha [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
103554952  CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II beta [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
103550069  CAMK4; calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase IV [KO:K05869] [EC:2.7.11.17]
103561877  BVES; blood vessel epicardial substance [KO:K21108]
103547421  POPDC2; popeye domain containing 2 [KO:K26206]
103561876  POPDC3; popeye domain containing 3 [KO:K26207]
103559377  KCNK2; potassium two pore domain channel subfamily K member 2 [KO:K04913]
103556250  HCN4; hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide gated potassium channel 4 [KO:K04957]
103567330  ABCC4; ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 4 [KO:K05673]
103546793  RAPGEF3; Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3 [KO:K08014]
103559592  RAPGEF4; Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4 [KO:K04351]
103567387  RRAS2; related RAS viral (r-ras) oncogene homolog 2 [KO:K07830]
103546360  PLD1; phospholipase D1 [KO:K01115] [EC:3.1.4.4]
103560664  PLD2; phospholipase D2 [KO:K01115] [EC:3.1.4.4]
103559297  PLCE1; phospholipase C epsilon 1 [KO:K05860] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103549414  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103553980  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103567629  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103547802  RAP1A; RAP1A, member of RAS oncogene family [KO:K04353]
103558687  RAP1B; RAP1B, member of RAS oncogene family [KO:K07836]
103550555  TIAM1; T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis 1 [KO:K05731]
103550104  VAV3; vav guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3 [KO:K05730]
103564042  VAV2; vav guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2 [KO:K05730]
103540380  VAV1; vav guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 [KO:K05730]
103552260  ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1-like [KO:K04392]
103564464  RAC2; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2 (rho family, small GTP binding protein Rac2) [KO:K07860]
103551104  RAC3; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 3 (rho family, small GTP binding protein Rac3) [KO:K07861]
103553799  PAK1; p21 (RAC1) activated kinase 1 [KO:K04409] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103550695  ARAP3; ArfGAP with RhoGAP domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 3 [KO:K12490]
103553409  RHOA; ras homolog family member A [KO:K04513]
103547082  AFDN; afadin, adherens junction formation factor [KO:K05702]
103549076  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
103554655  phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform-like [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
103552150  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
103548220  PIK3R1; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 [KO:K02649]
103551868  PIK3R3; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 3 [KO:K02649]
103561550  PIK3R2; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 2 [KO:K02649]
103560497  AKT2; AKT serine/threonine kinase 2 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103540249  AKT1; AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103555421  AKT3; AKT serine/threonine kinase 3 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103555338  BRAF; B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase [KO:K04365] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103554541  RAF1; Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103549630  MAP2K1; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
103543290  dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2-like [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
103547261  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103562408  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103557289  PRKACB; protein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit beta [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
103565953  PRKACA; protein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
103550158  PPP1R1B; protein phosphatase 1 regulatory inhibitor subunit 1B [KO:K15494]
103560150  PPP1CA; protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K06269] [EC:3.1.3.16]
103541647  PPP1CC; protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit gamma [KO:K06269] [EC:3.1.3.16]
103549472  PPP1CB; protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit beta [KO:K06269] [EC:3.1.3.16]
103548908  CREB1; cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 [KO:K05870]
103566499  CREB3L1; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 like 1 [KO:K09048]
103560297  CREB3; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 [KO:K09048]
103564266  CREB3L2; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 like 2 [KO:K09048]
103555399  CREB3L4; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 like 4 [KO:K09048]
103549839  CREB5; cAMP responsive element binding protein 5 [KO:K09047]
103553025  CREBBP; CREB binding protein [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
103556116  EP300; E1A binding protein p300 [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
103552694  BDNF; brain derived neurotrophic factor [KO:K04355]
103548618  FOS; Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit [KO:K04379]
103550654  GLI3; GLI family zinc finger 3 [KO:K06230]
103559782  GLI1; GLI family zinc finger 1 [KO:K16797]
103551335  PTCH1; patched 1 [KO:K06225]
103553985  HHIP; hedgehog interacting protein [KO:K06231]
103546400  NFKBIA; NFKB inhibitor alpha [KO:K04734]
103556719  NFKB1; nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 [KO:K02580]
103543692  RELA; RELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit [KO:K04735]
103547408  SOX9; SRY-box 9 [KO:K18435]
103544458  AMH; anti-Mullerian hormone [KO:K04665]
103560108  PPARA; peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha [KO:K07294]
103546599  ACOX1; acyl-CoA oxidase 1 [KO:K00232] [EC:1.3.3.6]
103559319  ACOX3; acyl-CoA oxidase 3, pristanoyl [KO:K00232] [EC:1.3.3.6]
103563745  nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1-like [KO:K04446]
103540011  F2R; coagulation factor II thrombin receptor [KO:K03914]
103542187  BAD; BCL2 associated agonist of cell death [KO:K02158]
103563985  hormone-sensitive lipase-like [KO:K07188] [EC:3.1.1.79]
103558823  LIPE; lipase E, hormone sensitive type [KO:K07188] [EC:3.1.1.79]
103552805  ROCK1; Rho associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 [KO:K04514] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103557393  ROCK2; Rho associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2 [KO:K17388] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103549928  PPP1R12A; protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 12A [KO:K06270]
103557622  MYL9; myosin light chain 9 [KO:K12755]
103562864  TNNI3; troponin I3, cardiac type [KO:K12044]
103559610  PLN; phospholamban [KO:K05852]
103558311  ATP2A3; ATPase sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transporting 3 [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
103562734  ATP2A1; ATPase sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transporting 1 [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
103541478  ATP2A2; ATPase sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transporting 2 [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
103554178  RYR2; ryanodine receptor 2 [KO:K04962]
103563588  GRIN1; glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 1 [KO:K05208]
103555146  GRIN2A; glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2A [KO:K05209]
103549904  GRIN2B; glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2B [KO:K05210]
103546604  GRIN2C; glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2C [KO:K05211]
103541380  GRIN2D; glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2D [KO:K05212]
103552461  GRIN3A; glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 3A [KO:K05213]
103549680  GRIA1; glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 1 [KO:K05197]
103547313  GRIA2; glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 2 [KO:K05198]
103557390  GRIA3; glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 3 [KO:K05199]
103540802  GRIA4; glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 4 [KO:K05200]
103550601  CFTR; cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator [KO:K05031] [EC:5.6.1.6]
103547749  ATP1A1; ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit alpha 1 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
103551135  ATP1A4; ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit alpha 4 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
103551139  ATP1A2; ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit alpha 2 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
103543741  sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
103557126  ATP1B3; ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit beta 3 [KO:K01540]
103557709  ATP1B2; ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit beta 2 [KO:K01540]
103560615  ATP1B1; ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit beta 1 [KO:K01540]
103540766  ATP1B4; ATPase Na+/K+ transporting family member beta 4 [KO:K01540]
103548764  FXYD2; FXYD domain containing ion transport regulator 2 [KO:K01538]
103547734  FXYD1; FXYD domain containing ion transport regulator 1 [KO:K13360]
103550531  SLC9A1; solute carrier family 9 member A1 [KO:K05742]
103541373  ORAI1; ORAI calcium release-activated calcium modulator 1 [KO:K16056]
103547847  ATP2B1; ATPase plasma membrane Ca2+ transporting 1 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
103560346  ATP2B4; ATPase plasma membrane Ca2+ transporting 4 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
103561469  ATP2B2; ATPase plasma membrane Ca2+ transporting 2 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
103560754  voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D [KO:K04851]
103543955  CACNA1F; calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 F [KO:K04853]
103565109  CACNA1S; calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 S [KO:K04857]
103546727  PDE3A; phosphodiesterase 3A [KO:K19021] [EC:3.1.4.17]
103557936  PDE3B; phosphodiesterase 3B [KO:K13296] [EC:3.1.4.17]
103547349  PDE4D; phosphodiesterase 4D [KO:K13293] [EC:3.1.4.53]
103550596  PDE4B; phosphodiesterase 4B [KO:K13293] [EC:3.1.4.53]
103561541  PDE4C; phosphodiesterase 4C [KO:K13293] [EC:3.1.4.53]
103541710  PDE4A; phosphodiesterase 4A [KO:K13293] [EC:3.1.4.53]
103548407  PDE10A; phosphodiesterase 10A [KO:K18438] [EC:3.1.4.17 3.1.4.35]
Compound
C00020  AMP
C00042  Succinate
C00076  Calcium cation
C00080  H+
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00186  (S)-Lactate
C00212  Adenosine
C00238  Potassium cation
C00288  HCO3-
C00334  4-Aminobutanoate
C00416  Phosphatidate
C00547  L-Noradrenaline
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C00584  Prostaglandin E2
C00698  Cl-
C00780  Serotonin
C00788  L-Adrenaline
C01089  (R)-3-Hydroxybutanoate
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C01312  Prostaglandin I2
C01330  Sodium cation
C01996  Acetylcholine
C03758  Dopamine
C20792  Oleoylethanolamide
C20793  3-Hydroxyoctanoate
Reference
PMID:11493633
  Authors
Fimia GM, Sassone-Corsi P
  Title
Cyclic AMP signalling.
  Journal
J Cell Sci 114:1971-2 (2001)
Reference
PMID:18323530
  Authors
Serezani CH, Ballinger MN, Aronoff DM, Peters-Golden M
  Title
Cyclic AMP: master regulator of innate immune cell function.
  Journal
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 39:127-32 (2008)
DOI:10.1165/rcmb.2008-0091TR
Reference
PMID:24281338
  Authors
Oldenburger A, Maarsingh H, Schmidt M
  Title
Multiple facets of cAMP signalling and physiological impact: cAMP compartmentalization in the lung.
  Journal
Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 5:1291-331 (2012)
DOI:10.3390/ph5121291
Reference
PMID:24613710
  Authors
Ahuja M, Jha A, Maleth J, Park S, Muallem S
  Title
cAMP and Ca signaling in secretory epithelia: Crosstalk and synergism.
  Journal
Cell Calcium 55:385-393 (2014)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceca.2014.01.006
Reference
PMID:22082266
  Authors
Shirshev SV
  Title
Role of Epac proteins in mechanisms of cAMP-dependent immunoregulation.
  Journal
Biochemistry (Mosc) 76:981-98 (2011)
DOI:10.1134/S000629791109001X
Reference
PMID:18176800
  Authors
Roscioni SS, Elzinga CR, Schmidt M
  Title
Epac: effectors and biological functions.
  Journal
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 377:345-57 (2008)
DOI:10.1007/s00210-007-0246-7
Reference
PMID:24450633
  Authors
Roberts OL, Dart C
  Title
cAMP signalling in the vasculature: the role of Epac (exchange protein directly activated by cAMP).
  Journal
Biochem Soc Trans 42:89-97 (2014)
DOI:10.1042/BST20130253
Reference
PMID:16765984
  Authors
Schaub MC, Hefti MA, Zaugg M
  Title
Integration of calcium with the signaling network in cardiac myocytes.
  Journal
J Mol Cell Cardiol 41:183-214 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2006.04.005
Reference
PMID:19874988
  Authors
Triposkiadis F, Karayannis G, Giamouzis G, Skoularigis J, Louridas G, Butler J
  Title
The sympathetic nervous system in heart failure physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical implications.
  Journal
J Am Coll Cardiol 54:1747-62 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.015
Reference
PMID:15142747
  Authors
Saucerman JJ, McCulloch AD
  Title
Mechanistic systems models of cell signaling networks: a case study of myocyte adrenergic regulation.
  Journal
Prog Biophys Mol Biol 85:261-78 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.01.005
Reference
PMID:21212391
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Related
pathway
epz00071  Fatty acid degradation
epz04015  Rap1 signaling pathway
epz04020  Calcium signaling pathway
epz04151  PI3K-Akt signaling pathway
epz04210  Apoptosis
epz04260  Cardiac muscle contraction
epz04340  Hedgehog signaling pathway
epz04720  Long-term potentiation
epz04740  Olfactory transduction
epz04972  Pancreatic secretion
epz04976  Bile secretion
KO pathway
ko04024   
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