KEGG   PATHWAY: hai05171
Entry
hai05171                    Pathway                                
Name
Coronavirus disease - COVID-19 - Hipposideros armiger (great roundleaf bat)
Description
Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious respiratory infection that is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infects alveolar epithelial cells [mainly alveolar epithelial type 2 (AEC2) cells] through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Upon the occupancy of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2, the increased serum level of free Angiotensin II (Ang II) due to a reduction of ACE2-mediated degradation promotes activation of the NF-kappa B pathway via Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), followed by  interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. SARS-CoV-2 also activates the innate immune system; macrophage stimulation triggers the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, and the "cytokine storm", which results in systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure. The combined effects of complement activation, dysregulated neutrophilia, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability appear to be intertwined to drive the severe features of COVID-19.
Class
Human Diseases; Infectious disease: viral
Pathway map
hai05171  Coronavirus disease - COVID-19
hai05171

Disease
H02398  COVID-19
Organism
Hipposideros armiger (great roundleaf bat) [GN:hai]
Gene
109371149  MASP1; mannan-binding lectin serine protease 1 isoform X1 [KO:K03992] [EC:3.4.21.-]
109371167  CXCL10; C-X-C motif chemokine 10 [KO:K12671]
109371251  JUN; transcription factor AP-1 [KO:K04448]
109371257  [KO:K04448]
109371299  [KO:K02900]
109371521  DDX58; probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX58 [KO:K12646] [EC:3.6.4.13]
109371721  [KO:K02925]
109371983  F13A1; coagulation factor XIII A chain [KO:K03917] [EC:2.3.2.13]
109372151  RPS12; 40S ribosomal protein S12 [KO:K02951]
109372152  [KO:K02889]
109372198  C5AR1; C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1 [KO:K04010]
109372466  RPS9; 40S ribosomal protein S9 [KO:K02997]
109372505  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
109372541  NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K02580]
109372655  MX2; interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 [KO:K14754]
109372656  [KO:K14754]
109372657  TMPRSS2; transmembrane protease serine 2 [KO:K09633] [EC:3.4.21.122]
109372681  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
109372736  [KO:K02900]
109372741  C3AR1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: C3a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor [KO:K04009]
109373064  CFB; complement factor B isoform X1 [KO:K01335] [EC:3.4.21.47]
109373073  TNF; tumor necrosis factor isoform X1 [KO:K03156]
109373128  [KO:K03989]
109373148  IL12A; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: interleukin-12 subunit alpha [KO:K05406]
109373231  IFNAR1; interferon alpha/beta receptor 1 [KO:K05130]
109373246  IFNAR2; interferon alpha/beta receptor 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05131]
109373281  [KO:K02949]
109373317  VWF; von Willebrand factor [KO:K03900]
109373511  IL6R; interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K05055]
109373632  C1R; complement C1r subcomponent isoform X1 [KO:K01330] [EC:3.4.21.41]
109373644  TNFRSF1A; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A [KO:K03158]
109373654  RPS21; 40S ribosomal protein S21 [KO:K02971]
109373658  C1S; complement C1s subcomponent [KO:K01331] [EC:3.4.21.42]
109373703  [KO:K02901]
109373756  RPL28; 60S ribosomal protein L28 isoform X1 [KO:K02903]
109373811  PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
109374141  [KO:K02978]
109374152  [KO:K02866]
109374424  [KO:K02980]
109374468  RPS19; 40S ribosomal protein S19 isoform X1 [KO:K02966]
109374544  [KO:K02929]
109374586  C6; complement component C6 [KO:K03995]
109374614  [KO:K02900]
109374670  [KO:K05414]
109374772  RPS4X; 40S ribosomal protein S4, X isoform isoform X1 [KO:K02987]
109374988  [KO:K02941]
109375076  RPL8; 60S ribosomal protein L8 [KO:K02938]
109375218  MBL2; mannose-binding protein C isoform X1 [KO:K03991]
109375385  [KO:K02980]
109375482  [KO:K02898]
109375523  [KO:K02921]
109375649  RPLP2; 60S acidic ribosomal protein P2 [KO:K02943]
109375815  RPL29; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L29 [KO:K02905]
109375864  AGTR1; type-1 angiotensin II receptor [KO:K04166]
109375897  SYK; tyrosine-protein kinase SYK isoform X1 [KO:K05855] [EC:2.7.10.2]
109375913  [KO:K02978]
109376164  RPL37; 60S ribosomal protein L37 [KO:K02922]
109376173  C7; complement component C7 [KO:K03996]
109376188  [KO:K02921]
109376223  [KO:K02978]
109376363  [KO:K01388] [EC:3.4.24.7]
109376547  [KO:K21421] [EC:1.-.-.-]
109376858  RPS14; 40S ribosomal protein S14 [KO:K02955]
109377006  C8B; complement component C8 beta chain [KO:K03998]
109377008  C8A; complement component C8 alpha chain [KO:K03997]
109377089  RPS5; 40S ribosomal protein S5 [KO:K02989]
109377090  [KO:K02903]
109377336  RPL10; 60S ribosomal protein L10 [KO:K02866]
109377344  IKBKG; NF-kappa-B essential modulator isoform X1 [KO:K07210]
109377395  NLRP3; NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 [KO:K12800]
109377483  [KO:K02932]
109377546  [KO:K02866]
109377701  CASP1; caspase-1 [KO:K01370] [EC:3.4.22.36]
109377948  [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
109378116  [KO:K03991]
109378365  PLCG2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 [KO:K05859] [EC:3.1.4.11]
109378749  [KO:K02921]
109378863  [KO:K02936]
109378868  [KO:K02927]
109378924  [KO:K02929]
109379217  [KO:K02975]
109379292  [KO:K02912]
109379392  RPL26L1; 60S ribosomal protein L26-like 1 [KO:K02898]
109379424  RPL34; 60S ribosomal protein L34 [KO:K02915]
109379451  [KO:K02937]
109379496  [KO:K02910]
109379632  CHUK; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
109379735  [KO:K02978]
109379761  RPL12; 60S ribosomal protein L12 [KO:K02870]
109379834  IFIH1; interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing protein 1 [KO:K12647] [EC:3.6.4.13]
109379850  RPL7A; 60S ribosomal protein L7a [KO:K02936]
109379925  PLCG1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11]
109380258  [KO:K02942]
109380275  [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
109380289  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type isoform X1 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
109380296  [KO:K02905]
109380308  ACE; angiotensin-converting enzyme isoform X1 [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
109380432  F13B; coagulation factor XIII B chain [KO:K03906]
109380527  RPL37A; 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
109380656  RPL23; 60S ribosomal protein L23 [KO:K02894]
109380729  CSF3; granulocyte colony-stimulating factor isoform X1 [KO:K05423]
109380818  RPL19; 60S ribosomal protein L19 [KO:K02885]
109380888  TAB2; TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 2 [KO:K04404]
109381072  TRAF3; TNF receptor-associated factor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K03174]
109381153  TRAF6; TNF receptor-associated factor 6 isoform X1 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
109381238  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
109381284  MASP2; mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 isoform X1 [KO:K03993] [EC:3.4.21.104]
109381476  RPS17; 40S ribosomal protein S17 [KO:K02962]
109381526  FOS; proto-oncogene c-Fos [KO:K04379]
109381595  [KO:K02978]
109381608  [KO:K02877]
109381695  TBK1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
109381704  C8G; complement component C8 gamma chain isoform X1 [KO:K03999]
109381763  RPL9; 60S ribosomal protein L9 [KO:K02940]
109381905  [KO:K02918]
109381993  FGB; fibrinogen beta chain [KO:K03904]
109382017  TLR2; toll-like receptor 2 [KO:K10159]
109382023  RPS3A; 40S ribosomal protein S3a isoform X1 [KO:K02984]
109382026  FGA; fibrinogen alpha chain [KO:K03903]
109382027  FGG; fibrinogen gamma chain [KO:K03905]
109382150  IL6ST; interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta [KO:K05060]
109382226  [KO:K02934]
109382227  [KO:K02934]
109382229  [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
109382257  [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
109382354  RPL18A; 60S ribosomal protein L18a [KO:K02882]
109382410  [KO:K02929]
109382444  UBA52; ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 [KO:K02927]
109382484  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
109382590  CSF2; granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [KO:K05427]
109382801  RPL30; 60S ribosomal protein L30 [KO:K02908]
109383237  [KO:K02927]
109383343  [KO:K02866]
109383359  RPS8; 40S ribosomal protein S8 [KO:K02995]
109383422  [KO:K02938]
109383441  RPL22L1; 60S ribosomal protein L22-like 1 isoform X1 [KO:K02891]
109383458  [KO:K02915]
109383826  MAVS; mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein [KO:K12648]
109383860  NFKBIA; NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha [KO:K04734]
109384052  [KO:K02949]
109384064  [KO:K02880]
109384148  [KO:K02983]
109384266  FAU; ubiquitin-like protein fubi and ribosomal protein S30 [KO:K02983]
109384322  RELA; transcription factor p65 isoform X1 [KO:K04735]
109384508  [KO:K02978]
109384524  [KO:K02978]
109384671  [KO:K02987]
109384714  [KO:K02900]
109384938  JAK1; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK1 [KO:K11217] [EC:2.7.10.2]
109385134  RPL23A; 60S ribosomal protein L23a [KO:K02893]
109385140  SELP; P-selectin [KO:K06496]
109385196  [KO:K02896]
109385206  [KO:K02978]
109385264  RPLP1; 60S acidic ribosomal protein P1 [KO:K02942]
109385265  RPL4; 60S ribosomal protein L4 [KO:K02930]
109385455  EIF2AK2; interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase [KO:K16195] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109385538  [KO:K02937]
109385735  C5; complement C5 [KO:K03994]
109385740  TLR4; toll-like receptor 4 [KO:K10160]
109385777  RPL24; 60S ribosomal protein L24 [KO:K02896]
109385803  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
109385814  RPL3L; 60S ribosomal protein L3-like isoform X1 [KO:K02925]
109385821  RPS2; 40S ribosomal protein S2 [KO:K02981]
109385990  [KO:K02908]
109386009  [KO:K02929]
109386279  IKBKB; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
109386295  [KO:K02873]
109386351  RPS3; 40S ribosomal protein S3 [KO:K02985]
109386512  IKBKE; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon isoform X1 [KO:K07211] [EC:2.7.11.10]
109386578  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta type isoform X1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
109386655  ADAM17; disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17 [KO:K06059] [EC:3.4.24.86]
109386703  RPL11; 60S ribosomal protein L11 [KO:K02868]
109387068  C9; complement component C9 [KO:K04000]
109387192  RPL38; 60S ribosomal protein L38 [KO:K02923]
109387276  [KO:K02987]
109387314  [KO:K02980]
109387358  TLR8; toll-like receptor 8 [KO:K10170]
109387359  TLR7; toll-like receptor 7 isoform X1 [KO:K05404]
109387379  [KO:K02991]
109387546  MB21D1; cyclic GMP-AMP synthase [KO:K17834] [EC:2.7.7.86]
109387871  IL6; interleukin-6 [KO:K05405]
109387905  RPL35A; 60S ribosomal protein L35a [KO:K02917]
109387906  [KO:K02912]
109388094  RPS13; 40S ribosomal protein S13 [KO:K02953]
109388123  RPS23; 40S ribosomal protein S23 [KO:K02973]
109388157  NRP1; neuropilin-1 isoform X1 [KO:K06724]
109388221  [KO:K02880]
109388281  [KO:K02868]
109388365  EGFR; epidermal growth factor receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04361] [EC:2.7.10.1]
109388403  IRAK4; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 isoform X1 [KO:K04733] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109388897  IL12B; interleukin-12 subunit beta [KO:K05425]
109389038  [KO:K02865]
109389045  [KO:K02951]
109389296  [KO:K02942]
109389465  MAP3K7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 isoform X1 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
109389470  [KO:K02976]
109389756  [KO:K02978]
109389783  [KO:K02995]
109389834  RPL15; 60S ribosomal protein L15 [KO:K02877]
109390096  [KO:K02976]
109390173  F2; prothrombin [KO:K01313] [EC:3.4.21.5]
109390321  UBB; polyubiquitin-B [KO:K02977]
109390378  [KO:K02987]
109390416  [KO:K02984]
109390496  RPS24; 40S ribosomal protein S24 isoform X1 [KO:K02974]
109390585  CFD; complement factor D [KO:K01334] [EC:3.4.21.46]
109390586  RPS15; 40S ribosomal protein S15 [KO:K02958]
109390967  RPL18; 60S ribosomal protein L18 [KO:K02883]
109390973  RPS11; 40S ribosomal protein S11 [KO:K02949]
109391076  IRF3; interferon regulatory factor 3 [KO:K05411]
109391103  RPL13A; 60S ribosomal protein L13a [KO:K02872]
109391180  ISG15; ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 [KO:K12159]
109391300  [KO:K02978]
109391343  RPL35; 60S ribosomal protein L35 isoform X1 [KO:K02918]
109391475  RPS6; 40S ribosomal protein S6 [KO:K02991]
109391605  TYK2; non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2 isoform X1 [KO:K11219] [EC:2.7.10.2]
109391621  [KO:K02934]
109391996  [KO:K02900]
109392063  [KO:K02957]
109392151  RPL22; 60S ribosomal protein L22 [KO:K02891]
109392215  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
109392254  [KO:K02949]
109392277  RPL3; 60S ribosomal protein L3 [KO:K02925]
109392405  [KO:K02865]
109392429  RPS18; 40S ribosomal protein S18 isoform X1 [KO:K02964]
109392434  RPS10; 40S ribosomal protein S10 [KO:K02947]
109392466  HBEGF; proheparin-binding EGF-like growth factor isoform X1 [KO:K08523]
109392610  [KO:K02993]
109392679  [KO:K02978]
109392748  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
109392793  [KO:K02915]
109392972  [KO:K02901]
109393145  RPS27A; ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
109393185  TMEM173; stimulator of interferon genes protein [KO:K12654]
109393276  STAT1; signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-alpha/beta [KO:K11220]
109393288  RPS29; 40S ribosomal protein S29 [KO:K02980]
109393298  [KO:K02976]
109393312  RPL36AL; 60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
109393488  RPL14; 60S ribosomal protein L14 [KO:K02875]
109393491  MYD88; myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 [KO:K04729]
109393495  RPSA; 40S ribosomal protein SA isoform X1 [KO:K02998]
109393512  [KO:K02908]
109393524  IL1B; interleukin-1 beta isoform X1 [KO:K04519]
109393688  IRF9; interferon regulatory factor 9 [KO:K04693]
109393871  [KO:K02993]
109393905  RPS25; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 40S ribosomal protein S25 [KO:K02975]
109394007  MAS1; proto-oncogene Mas [KO:K04303]
109394049  [KO:K02962]
109394077  RSL24D1; probable ribosome biogenesis protein RLP24 [KO:K02896]
109394108  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
109394352  IRAK1; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 [KO:K04730] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109394451  RPS20; 40S ribosomal protein S20 [KO:K02969]
109394819  CXCL8; interleukin-8 [KO:K10030]
109394900  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
109395230  RPL21; 60S ribosomal protein L21 [KO:K02889]
109395326  NFKBIB; NF-kappa-B inhibitor beta [KO:K02581]
109395360  RPS16; 40S ribosomal protein S16 [KO:K02960]
109395477  RPL31; 60S ribosomal protein L31 [KO:K02910]
109395679  RPS15A; 40S ribosomal protein S15a [KO:K02957]
109395734  RPL27; 60S ribosomal protein L27 [KO:K02901]
109395763  STAT3; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04692]
109395772  [KO:K02929]
109395855  [KO:K02978]
109395856  TLR3; toll-like receptor 3 [KO:K05401]
109395865  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
109395924  IL2; interleukin-2 [KO:K05429]
109395939  ACE2; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 [KO:K09708] [EC:3.4.17.23]
109395979  MAPK14; mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
109395980  MAPK13; mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
109396043  RPL5; 60S ribosomal protein L5 isoform X1 [KO:K02932]
109396064  [KO:K02920]
109396098  RPS28; 40S ribosomal protein S28 [KO:K02979]
109396195  RPL39; 60S ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
109396418  IFNB1; interferon beta [KO:K05415]
109396629  MAPK12; mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
109396630  MAPK11; mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
109396733  C1QB; complement C1q subcomponent subunit B [KO:K03987]
109396734  C1QC; complement C1q subcomponent subunit C [KO:K03988]
109396736  C1QA; complement C1q subcomponent subunit A isoform X1 [KO:K03986]
109396847  RPS26; 40S ribosomal protein S26 [KO:K02976]
109396910  STAT2; signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 isoform X1 [KO:K11221]
109396948  [KO:K02900]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00046  RNA
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00290  Fibrin
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00704  Superoxide
C00873  Angiotensin I
C02135  Angiotensin II
C15850  Angiotensin (1-7)
C20640  Cyclic GMP-AMP
Reference
PMID:33132005
  Authors
Harrison AG, Lin T, Wang P
  Title
Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Pathogenesis.
  Journal
Trends Immunol S1471-4906(20)30233-7 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2020.10.004
Reference
PMID:33077917
  Authors
Perico L, Benigni A, Casiraghi F, Ng LFP, Renia L, Remuzzi G
  Title
Immunity, endothelial injury and complement-induced coagulopathy in COVID-19.
  Journal
Nat Rev Nephrol 17:46-64 (2021)
DOI:10.1038/s41581-020-00357-4
Reference
PMID:32820801
  Authors
Battagello DS, Dragunas G, Klein MO, Ayub ALP, Velloso FJ, Correa RG
  Title
Unpuzzling COVID-19: tissue-related signaling pathways associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.
  Journal
Clin Sci (Lond) 134:2137-2160 (2020)
DOI:10.1042/CS20200904
Reference
PMID:32353634
  Authors
Felsenstein S, Herbert JA, McNamara PS, Hedrich CM
  Title
COVID-19: Immunology and treatment options.
  Journal
Clin Immunol 215:108448 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108448
Reference
PMID:33014208
  Authors
Hojyo S, Uchida M, Tanaka K, Hasebe R, Tanaka Y, Murakami M, Hirano T
  Title
How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality.
  Journal
Inflamm Regen 40:37 (2020)
DOI:10.1186/s41232-020-00146-3
Reference
PMID:32544563
  Authors
Mahmudpour M, Roozbeh J, Keshavarz M, Farrokhi S, Nabipour I
  Title
COVID-19 cytokine storm: The anger of inflammation.
  Journal
Cytokine 133:155151 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155151
Reference
PMID:32635353
  Authors
Farooqi F, Dhawan N, Morgan R, Dinh J, Nedd K, Yatzkan G
  Title
Treatment of Severe COVID-19 with Tocilizumab Mitigates Cytokine Storm and Averts Mechanical Ventilation During Acute Respiratory Distress: A Case Report and Literature Review.
  Journal
Trop Med Infect Dis 5:E112 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/tropicalmed5030112
Reference
PMID:32376392
  Authors
Jamilloux Y, Henry T, Belot A, Viel S, Fauter M, El Jammal T, Walzer T, Francois B, Seve P
  Title
Should we stimulate or suppress immune responses in COVID-19? Cytokine and anti-cytokine interventions.
  Journal
Autoimmun Rev 19:102567 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102567
Reference
PMID:32722596
  Authors
Kiselevskiy M, Shubina I, Chikileva I, Sitdikova S, Samoylenko I, Anisimova N, Kirgizov K, Suleimanova A, Gorbunova T, Varfolomeeva S
  Title
Immune Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Intoxication: Storm or Silence?
  Journal
Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 13:166 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ph13080166
Reference
PMID:32922297
  Authors
Curran CS, Rivera DR, Kopp JB
  Title
COVID-19 Usurps Host Regulatory Networks.
  Journal
Front Pharmacol 11:1278 (2020)
DOI:10.3389/fphar.2020.01278
Reference
PMID:33055229
  Authors
Quan C, Li C, Ma H, Li Y, Zhang H
  Title
Immunopathogenesis of Coronavirus-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Potential Infection-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.
  Journal
Clin Microbiol Rev 34:e00074-20 (2020)
DOI:10.1128/CMR.00074-20
Reference
PMID:32973803
  Authors
Ahmed-Hassan H, Sisson B, Shukla RK, Wijewantha Y, Funderburg NT, Li Z, Hayes D Jr, Demberg T, Liyanage NPM
  Title
Innate Immune Responses to Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses and Other Significant Respiratory Viral Infections.
  Journal
Front Immunol 11:1979 (2020)
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01979
Reference
PMID:32346093
  Authors
Tay MZ, Poh CM, Renia L, MacAry PA, Ng LFP
  Title
The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:363-374 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8
Reference
PMID:32979938
  Authors
Xia H, Cao Z, Xie X, Zhang X, Chen JY, Wang H, Menachery VD, Rajsbaum R, Shi PY
  Title
Evasion of Type I Interferon by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Cell Rep 33:108234 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108234
Reference
PMID:32661197
  Authors
Hartenian E, Nandakumar D, Lari A, Ly M, Tucker JM, Glaunsinger BA
  Title
The molecular virology of coronaviruses.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 295:12910-12934 (2020)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.REV120.013930
Reference
PMID:32978971
  Authors
Amor S, Fernandez Blanco L, Baker D
  Title
Innate immunity during SARS-CoV-2: evasion strategies and activation trigger hypoxia and vascular damage.
  Journal
Clin Exp Immunol 202:193-209 (2020)
DOI:10.1111/cei.13523
Reference
PMID:32467561
  Authors
Catanzaro M, Fagiani F, Racchi M, Corsini E, Govoni S, Lanni C
  Title
Immune response in COVID-19: addressing a pharmacological challenge by targeting pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Signal Transduct Target Ther 5:84 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41392-020-0191-1
Reference
PMID:32687918
  Authors
Jafarzadeh A, Chauhan P, Saha B, Jafarzadeh S, Nemati M
  Title
Contribution of monocytes and macrophages to the local tissue inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19: Lessons from SARS and MERS, and potential therapeutic interventions.
  Journal
Life Sci 257:118102 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118102
Reference
PMID:32376901
  Authors
Merad M, Martin JC
  Title
Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:355-362 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0331-4
Reference
PMID:32246101
  Authors
South AM, Tomlinson L, Edmonston D, Hiremath S, Sparks MA
  Title
Controversies of renin-angiotensin system inhibition during the COVID-19 pandemic.
  Journal
Nat Rev Nephrol 16:305-307 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41581-020-0279-4
Reference
PMID:32433641
  Authors
Furuhashi M, Moniwa N, Takizawa H, Ura N, Shimamoto K
  Title
Potential differential effects of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on SARS-CoV-2 infection and lung injury in COVID-19.
  Journal
Hypertens Res 43:837-840 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41440-020-0478-1
Reference
PMID:32423094
  Authors
Gemmati D, Bramanti B, Serino ML, Secchiero P, Zauli G, Tisato V
  Title
COVID-19 and Individual Genetic Susceptibility/Receptivity: Role of ACE1/ACE2 Genes, Immunity, Inflammation and Coagulation. Might the Double X-chromosome in Females Be Protective against SARS-CoV-2 Compared to the Single X-Chromosome in Males?
  Journal
Int J Mol Sci 21:E3474 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ijms21103474
Reference
PMID:33184193
  Authors
Kielian M
  Title
Enhancing host cell infection by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Science 370:765-766 (2020)
DOI:10.1126/science.abf0732
Reference
PMID:32327719
  Authors
Risitano AM, Mastellos DC, Huber-Lang M, Yancopoulou D, Garlanda C, Ciceri F, Lambris JD
  Title
Complement as a target in COVID-19?
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:343-344 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0320-7
Reference
PMID:32461141
  Authors
Noris M, Benigni A, Remuzzi G
  Title
The case of complement activation in COVID-19 multiorgan impact.
  Journal
Kidney Int 98:314-322 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.013
Reference
PMID:32559343
  Authors
Polycarpou A, Howard M, Farrar CA, Greenlaw R, Fanelli G, Wallis R, Klavinskis LS, Sacks S
  Title
Rationale for targeting complement in COVID-19.
  Journal
EMBO Mol Med 12:e12642 (2020)
DOI:10.15252/emmm.202012642
Reference
PMID:32439870
  Authors
Teuwen LA, Geldhof V, Pasut A, Carmeliet P
  Title
COVID-19: the vasculature unleashed.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:389-391 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0343-0
Reference
PMID:32643798
  Authors
Jodele S, Kohl J
  Title
Tackling COVID-19 infection through complement-targeted immunotherapy.
  Journal
Br J Pharmacol 178:2832-2848 (2021)
DOI:10.1111/bph.15187
Reference
PMID:32608159
  Authors
Chauhan AJ, Wiffen LJ, Brown TP
  Title
COVID-19: A collision of complement, coagulation and inflammatory pathways.
  Journal
J Thromb Haemost 18:2110-2117 (2020)
DOI:10.1111/jth.14981
Reference
PMID:32558620
  Authors
Colling ME, Kanthi Y
  Title
COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: An exploration of mechanisms.
  Journal
Vasc Med 25:471-478 (2020)
DOI:10.1177/1358863X20932640
Reference
PMID:32586214
  Authors
McFadyen JD, Stevens H, Peter K
  Title
The Emerging Threat of (Micro)Thrombosis in COVID-19 and Its Therapeutic Implications.
  Journal
Circ Res 127:571-587 (2020)
DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317447
Reference
PMID:32995777
  Authors
Shi M, Wang L, Fontana P, Vora S, Zhang Y, Fu TM, Lieberman J, Wu H
  Title
SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 suppresses host but not viral translation through a bipartite mechanism.
  Journal
bioRxiv 2020.09.18.302901 (2020)
DOI:10.1101/2020.09.18.302901
Reference
PMID:32693241
  Authors
Paniri A, Akhavan-Niaki H
  Title
Emerging role of IL-6 and NLRP3 inflammasome as potential therapeutic targets to combat COVID-19: Role of lncRNAs in cytokine storm modulation.
  Journal
Life Sci 257:118114 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118114
Reference
PMID:32405269
  Authors
Omarjee L, Janin A, Perrot F, Laviolle B, Meilhac O, Mahe G
  Title
Targeting T-cell senescence and cytokine storm with rapamycin to prevent severe progression in COVID-19.
  Journal
Clin Immunol 216:108464 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108464
Reference
PMID:32337664
  Authors
Zhang S, Li L, Shen A, Chen Y, Qi Z
  Title
Rational Use of Tocilizumab in the Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia.
  Journal
Clin Drug Investig 40:511-518 (2020)
DOI:10.1007/s40261-020-00917-3
Related
pathway
hai03015  mRNA surveillance pathway
hai04144  Endocytosis
hai04270  Vascular smooth muscle contraction
hai04610  Complement and coagulation cascades
hai04611  Platelet activation
hai04613  Neutrophil extracellular trap formation
hai04614  Renin-angiotensin system
hai04620  Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
hai04621  NOD-like receptor signaling pathway
hai04622  RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway
hai04623  Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway
hai04630  JAK-STAT signaling pathway
hai04650  Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
hai04666  Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis
hai04668  TNF signaling pathway
hai04670  Leukocyte transendothelial migration
KO pathway
ko05171   

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