Entry
Name
Cell cycle - Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Chinook salmon)
Description
Mitotic cell cycle progression is accomplished through a reproducible sequence of events, DNA replication (S phase) and mitosis (M phase) separated temporally by gaps known as G1 and G2 phases. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are key regulatory enzymes, each consisting of a catalytic CDK subunit and an activating cyclin subunit. CDKs regulate the cell's progression through the phases of the cell cycle by modulating the activity of key substrates. Downstream targets of CDKs include transcription factor E2F and its regulator Rb. Precise activation and inactivation of CDKs at specific points in the cell cycle are required for orderly cell division. Cyclin-CDK inhibitors (CKIs), such as p16Ink4a, p15Ink4b, p27Kip1, and p21Cip1, are involved in the negative regulation of CDK activities, thus providing a pathway through which the cell cycle is negatively regulated.
Eukaryotic cells respond to DNA damage by activating signaling pathways that promote cell cycle arrest and DNA repair. In response to DNA damage, the checkpoint kinase ATM phosphorylates and activates Chk2, which in turn directly phosphorylates and activates p53 tumor suppressor protein. p53 and its transcriptional targets play an important role in both G1 and G2 checkpoints. ATR-Chk1-mediated protein degradation of Cdc25A protein phosphatase is also a mechanism conferring intra-S-phase checkpoint activation.
Class
Cellular Processes; Cell growth and death
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Ortholog table
Other DBs
Organism
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Chinook salmon) [GN:
otw ]
Gene
112217963 transforming growth factor beta-3 proprotein isoform X1 [KO:K13377 ]
112238812 transforming growth factor beta-3 proprotein isoform X1 [KO:K13377 ]
112238080 smad3b; mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3b isoform X1 [KO:K23605 ]
112228561 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 [KO:K04501 ]
112219493 smad4a; mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4a isoform X1 [KO:K04501 ]
112232573 zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 17 isoform X1 [KO:K10500 ]
112222015 zbtb17; zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 17 [KO:K10500 ]
112217839 cdkn1a; cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06625 ]
121840338 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cell division control protein 6 homolog [KO:K02213 ]
112251632 orc1; origin recognition complex subunit 1 isoform X1 [KO:K02603 ]
112223869 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: membrane-associated tyrosine- and threonine-specific cdc2-inhibitory kinase [KO:K06633 ] [EC:2.7.11.1 ]
112255651 anapc1; anaphase-promoting complex subunit 1 isoform X1 [KO:K03348 ]
112220409 anapc2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: anaphase-promoting complex subunit 2 [KO:K03349 ]
112258498 cdc27; cell division cycle protein 27 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K03350 ]
112251116 anapc4; anaphase-promoting complex subunit 4 isoform X1 [KO:K03351 ]
112234729 cdc16; cell division cycle protein 16 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K03353 ]
112248356 anapc7; anaphase-promoting complex subunit 7 isoform X1 [KO:K03354 ]
112239046 anapc10; anaphase-promoting complex subunit 10 isoform X1 [KO:K03357 ]
112257985 anapc13; anaphase-promoting complex subunit 13 isoform X2 [KO:K12456 ]
112216366 structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 1A-like [KO:K06636 ]
112219026 smc1b; structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 1B [KO:K06636 ]
112221677 smc1a; structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 1A [KO:K06636 ]
112263419 smc3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 3 [KO:K06669 ]
112229937 rad21b; double-strand-break repair protein rad21 homolog A [KO:K06670 ]
112221891 rad21l1; double-strand-break repair protein rad21 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K06670 ]
112215215 double-strand-break repair protein rad21-like protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06670 ]
112264896 double-strand-break repair protein rad21 homolog A isoform X1 [KO:K06670 ]
112239358 double-strand-break repair protein rad21 homolog A-like [KO:K06670 ]
112259091 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: transcriptional regulator ATRX-like [KO:K10779 ]
112235957 pds5b; sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog B [KO:K11267 ]
112221252 serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04382 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
112266709 serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A beta isoform [KO:K03456 ]
112265053 ppp2r1bb; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A beta isoform [KO:K03456 ]
112249955 ppp2r5a; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit alpha isoform [KO:K11584 ]
112217877 serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K11584 ]
112214486 serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K11584 ]
112250544 serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K11584 ]
112252899 serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K11584 ]
112253491 serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit delta isoform [KO:K11584 ]
112261700 serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit epsilon isoform isoform X1 [KO:K11584 ]
112248704 serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit epsilon isoform isoform X1 [KO:K11584 ]
112262090 serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K11584 ]
112256394 serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K11584 ]
112217429 serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit alpha isoform [KO:K11584 ]
112237959 ppp2r5b; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit beta isoform [KO:K11584 ]
112241787 mad1l1; mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint protein MAD1 [KO:K06679 ]
112216909 mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint protein MAD1-like [KO:K06679 ]
121839405 mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint protein MAD2A-like [KO:K02537 ]
112221991 mad2l2; mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint protein MAD2B [KO:K13728 ]
112238637 trip13; pachytene checkpoint protein 2 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K22399 ]
112250716 growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 beta [KO:K04402 ]
112251192 gadd45ab; growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, alpha, b [KO:K04402 ]
112260284 growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04402 ]
112249878 growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 alpha [KO:K04402 ]
112252104 growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 beta [KO:K04402 ]
112263967 growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma [KO:K04402 ]
112230512 growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma-like [KO:K04402 ]
112219828 gadd45gb.1; growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, gamma b, tandem duplicate 1 [KO:K04402 ]
112219829 growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma-like [KO:K04402 ]
112230565 growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma-like [KO:K04402 ]
112248817 gadd45ga; growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, gamma a [KO:K04402 ]
112227088 growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 alpha [KO:K04402 ]
Reference
Authors
Matsuoka S, Yamaguchi M, Matsukage A
Title
D-type cyclin-binding regions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen.
Journal
J Biol Chem 269:11030-6 (1994)
Reference
Authors
Welch PJ, Wang JY
Title
A C-terminal protein-binding domain in the retinoblastoma protein regulates nuclear c-Abl tyrosine kinase in the cell cycle.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Macaluso M, Montanari M, Giordano A
Title
Rb family proteins as modulators of gene expression and new aspects regarding the interaction with chromatin remodeling enzymes.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Cobrinik D
Title
Pocket proteins and cell cycle control.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Boutros R, Lobjois V, Ducommun B
Title
CDC25 phosphatases in cancer cells: key players? Good targets?
Journal
Reference
Authors
Diehl JA, Cheng M, Roussel MF, Sherr CJ
Title
Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta regulates cyclin D1 proteolysis and subcellular localization.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Klein EA, Assoian RK
Title
Transcriptional regulation of the cyclin D1 gene at a glance.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Sherr CJ, Roberts JM
Title
CDK inhibitors: positive and negative regulators of G1-phase progression.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Shi Y, Massague J.
Title
Mechanisms of TGF-beta signaling from cell membrane to the nucleus.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kamura T, Hara T, Kotoshiba S, Yada M, Ishida N, Imaki H, Hatakeyama S, Nakayama K, Nakayama KI
Title
Degradation of p57Kip2 mediated by SCFSkp2-dependent ubiquitylation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Bond M, Sala-Newby GB, Wu YJ, Newby AC
Title
Biphasic effect of p21Cip1 on smooth muscle cell proliferation: role of PI 3-kinase and Skp2-mediated degradation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Harris SL, Levine AJ.
Title
The p53 pathway: positive and negative feedback loops.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Vogelstein B, Lane D, Levine AJ
Title
Surfing the p53 network.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Smith ML, Chen IT, Zhan Q, Bae I, Chen CY, Gilmer TM, Kastan MB, O'Connor PM, Fornace AJ Jr
Title
Interaction of the p53-regulated protein Gadd45 with proliferating cell nuclear antigen.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Petersen BO, Lukas J, Sorensen CS, Bartek J, Helin K
Title
Phosphorylation of mammalian CDC6 by cyclin A/CDK2 regulates its subcellular localization.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Sheu YJ, Stillman B
Title
Cdc7-Dbf4 phosphorylates MCM proteins via a docking site-mediated mechanism to promote S phase progression.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Martinez AM, Afshar M, Martin F, Cavadore JC, Labbe JC, Doree M
Title
Dual phosphorylation of the T-loop in cdk7: its role in controlling cyclin H binding and CAK activity.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lolli G, Johnson LN
Title
CAK-Cyclin-dependent Activating Kinase: a key kinase in cell cycle control and a target for drugs?
Journal
Reference
Authors
Musacchio A, Salmon ED
Title
The spindle-assembly checkpoint in space and time.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Uhlmann F
Title
Chromosome cohesion and separation: from men and molecules.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Stegmeier F, Amon A
Title
Closing mitosis: the functions of the Cdc14 phosphatase and its regulation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Moustakas A, Kardassis D
Title
Regulation of the human p21/WAF1/Cip1 promoter in hepatic cells by functional interactions between Sp1 and Smad family members.
Journal
Reference
Authors
de Boer HR, Guerrero Llobet S, van Vugt MA
Title
Controlling the response to DNA damage by the APC/C-Cdh1.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Qiao X, Zhang L, Gamper AM, Fujita T, Wan Y
Title
APC/C-Cdh1: from cell cycle to cellular differentiation and genomic integrity.
Journal
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