KEGG   PATHWAY: xtr04210
Entry
xtr04210                    Pathway                                
Name
Apoptosis - Xenopus tropicalis (tropical clawed frog)
Description
Apoptosis is a genetically programmed process for the elimination of damaged or redundant cells by activation of caspases (aspartate-specific cysteine proteases). The onset of apoptosis is controlled by numerous interrelating processes. The 'extrinsic' pathway involves stimulation of members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor subfamily, such as TNFRI, CD95/Fas or TRAILR (death receptors), located at the cell surface, by their specific ligands, such as TNF-alpha, FasL or TRAIL, respectively. The 'intrinsic' pathway is activated mainly by non-receptor stimuli, such as DNA damage, ER stress, metabolic stress, UV radiation or growth-factor deprivation. The central event in the 'intrinsic' pathway is the mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), which leads to the release of cytochrome c. These two pathways converge at the level of effector caspases, such as caspase-3 and caspase-7. The third major pathway is initiated by the constituents of cytotoxic granules (e.g. Perforin and Granzyme B) that are released by CTLs (cytotoxic T-cells) and NK (natural killer) cells. Granzyme B, similarly to the caspases, cleaves its substrates after aspartic acid residues, suggesting that this protease has the ability to activate members of the caspase family directly. It is the balance between the pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signals that eventually determines whether cells will undergo apoptosis, survive or proliferate. TNF family of ligands activates anti-apoptotic or cell-survival signals as well as apoptotic signals. NGF and Interleukin-3 promotes the survival, proliferation and differentiation of neurons or hematopoietic cells, respectively. Withdrawal of these growth factors leads to cell death, as described above.
Class
Cellular Processes; Cell growth and death
Pathway map
xtr04210  Apoptosis
xtr04210

Other DBs
GO: 0006915
Organism
Xenopus tropicalis (tropical clawed frog) [GN:xtr]
Gene
100493578  tnfsf10; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 10 [KO:K04721]
448240  tnfrsf10b; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10A precursor [KO:K04722]
100124789  faslg; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 [KO:K04389]
100124750  fas; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 precursor [KO:K04390]
100379789  fadd; FAS-associated death domain protein [KO:K02373]
100134991  tnf; tumor necrosis factor [KO:K03156]
100144930  tnfrsf1a; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A precursor [KO:K03158]
100494283  tradd; tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated DEATH domain protein [KO:K03171]
779578  cflar; CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator isoform X2 [KO:K04724]
100495471  casp8; caspase-8 [KO:K04398] [EC:3.4.22.61]
548432  casp10; caspase-10 [KO:K04400] [EC:3.4.22.63]
496478  casp6; caspase-6 [KO:K04396] [EC:3.4.22.59]
100151728  casp3.2; caspase-3 [KO:K02187] [EC:3.4.22.56]
100486222  casp3.1; caspase-3 isoform X2 [KO:K02187] [EC:3.4.22.56]
733553  uncharacterized protein LOC733553 [KO:K04397] [EC:3.4.22.60]
549053  casp7; caspase-7 [KO:K04397] [EC:3.4.22.60]
100036674  bid; BH3 interacting domain death agonist [KO:K04726]
394793  bax; apoptosis regulator BAX [KO:K02159]
108645783  bak1; bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer isoform X1 [KO:K14021]
549035  diablo; diablo homolog, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K10522]
100485625  septin4; septin-4 isoform X1 [KO:K16943]
100492982  htra2; serine protease HTRA2, mitochondrial [KO:K08669] [EC:3.4.21.108]
493538  cyct; cytochrome c, somatic [KO:K08738]
394490  cycs; cytochrome c, testis-specific [KO:K08738]
100127738  apaf1; apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 [KO:K02084]
100144708  casp9; caspase-9 [KO:K04399] [EC:3.4.22.62]
100492973  perforin-1 [KO:K07818]
100493300  perforin-1 [KO:K07818]
101732506  perforin-1 [KO:K07818]
100489175  perforin-1 [KO:K07818]
100489487  perforin-1 [KO:K07818]
100491518  prf1; perforin-1 [KO:K07818]
100493140  perforin-1 [KO:K07818]
394675  tuba1c; tubulin alpha 1c [KO:K07374]
394734  tuba1cl.3; tubulin alpha chain 1c like [KO:K07374]
407878  tubal3.1; tubulin alpha chain like 3 [KO:K07374]
548558  tubal3.2; tubulin alpha chain like 3 [KO:K07374]
548688  tuba3c; tubulin, alpha 3c [KO:K07374]
549448  tuba4b; tubulin alpha chain [KO:K07374]
100038108  tuba1b; 1 [KO:K07374]
100038123  tuba1a; tubulin alpha-1A chain [KO:K07374]
100497157  tubulin alpha-1A chain [KO:K07374]
100037894  tuba8; tubulin alpha-8 chain [KO:K07374]
100144986  tuba1l; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: tubulin alpha-8 chain [KO:K07374]
100486465  tuba1al; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: tubulin alpha-8 chain [KO:K07374]
100490289  tuba1cl.1; tubulin alpha-1A chain [KO:K07374]
100497528  tuba1cl.2; tubulin alpha-1A chain [KO:K07374]
100038211  mcl1; induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 [KO:K02539]
394957  actg1; actin, cytoplasmic 2 [KO:K05692]
407952  actb; actin, cytoplasmic 1 [KO:K05692]
100036647  sptan1; spectrin alpha chain, non-erythrocytic 1 [KO:K06114]
733973  lmna; lamin [KO:K12641]
394806  lmnb1; lamin-B1 [KO:K07611]
733537  lmnb3; lamin B3 [KO:K07611]
100038111  lmnb2; lamin-B2 [KO:K07611]
100490557  parp1; poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 [KO:K24070] [EC:2.4.2.30]
100145803  parp3; poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 3 [KO:K10798] [EC:2.4.2.30]
100495846  parp2; poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 2 [KO:K10798] [EC:2.4.2.30]
100491674  parp4; protein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP4 [KO:K10798] [EC:2.4.2.30]
100170623  protein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP4 isoform X1 [KO:K10798] [EC:2.4.2.30]
779481  parp4.1; protein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP4 [KO:K10798] [EC:2.4.2.30]
101733406  protein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP4 [KO:K10798] [EC:2.4.2.30]
548407  dffa; DNA fragmentation factor subunit alpha [KO:K02310]
100145806  dffb; DNA fragmentation factor subunit beta [KO:K02311] [EC:3.-.-.-]
549956  endog; endonuclease G, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K01173]
549998  aifm1; apoptosis-inducing factor 1, mitochondrial [KO:K04727] [EC:1.-.-.-]
779732  ern2; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE2 precursor [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
116407936  ern1; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
100494415  traf2; TNF receptor-associated factor 2 [KO:K03173] [EC:2.3.2.27]
100493341  itpr1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X10 [KO:K04958]
100124748  itpr2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04959]
100124749  itpr3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 [KO:K04960]
541455  capn1; calpain-1 catalytic subunit [KO:K01367] [EC:3.4.22.52]
541454  capn11; calpain 1, large subunit [KO:K01367] [EC:3.4.22.52]
448035  capn2; calpain-2 catalytic subunit [KO:K03853] [EC:3.4.22.53]
100495980  calpain-2 catalytic subunit isoform X2 [KO:K03853] [EC:3.4.22.53]
100379861  capn8.5; calpain-2 catalytic subunit [KO:K03853] [EC:3.4.22.53]
100494922  calpain-2 catalytic subunit [KO:K03853] [EC:3.4.22.53]
100190763  eif2ak3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
448087  eif2s1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
100491668  eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
448005  atf4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374]
733816  ddit3; DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein [KO:K04452]
394833  ctsb; cathepsin B precursor [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
407938  ctsc; dipeptidyl peptidase 1 precursor [KO:K01275] [EC:3.4.14.1]
394561  ctsd; cathepsin D precursor [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
448214  napsa; napsin A aspartic peptidase precursor [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
613063  cathepsin D-like precursor [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
101733630  cathepsin D [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
101735147  cathepsin D [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
116410386  cathepsin D-like [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
100127591  ctsf; cathepsin F precursor [KO:K01373] [EC:3.4.22.41]
448216  ctsk; cathepsin K (pycnodysostosis) precursor [KO:K01371] [EC:3.4.22.38]
779889  ctsk; cathepsin K precursor [KO:K01371] [EC:3.4.22.38]
100490139  cathepsin K [KO:K01371] [EC:3.4.22.38]
100492634  cathepsin S [KO:K01371] [EC:3.4.22.38]
448179  ctsv; cathepsin L1 precursor [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
548464  ctsl; cathepsin L precursor [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
100496172  ervatamin-C isoform X1 [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
448203  ctss; cathepsin S precursor [KO:K01368] [EC:3.4.22.27]
496647  ctss.2; cathepsin S, gene 2 precursor [KO:K01368] [EC:3.4.22.27]
100124852  uncharacterized protein LOC100124852 [KO:K01368] [EC:3.4.22.27]
594890  uncharacterized protein LOC594890 precursor [KO:K01368] [EC:3.4.22.27]
100498084  cathepsin S [KO:K01368] [EC:3.4.22.27]
105945585  cathepsin K isoform X1 [KO:K01368] [EC:3.4.22.27]
105948322  cathepsin S [KO:K01368] [EC:3.4.22.27]
496748  ctsh; pro-cathepsin H [KO:K01368] [EC:3.4.22.27]
116406662  cathepsin S-like [KO:K01368] [EC:3.4.22.27]
100494325  cathepsin S-like [KO:K01368] [EC:3.4.22.27]
100498238  cathepsin S [KO:K01368] [EC:3.4.22.27]
116406764  cathepsin L1-like [KO:K01368] [EC:3.4.22.27]
733785  ctsw; cathepsin W [KO:K08569] [EC:3.4.22.-]
105947118  cathepsin W [KO:K08569] [EC:3.4.22.-]
100127597  ctsz; cathepsin Z precursor [KO:K08568] [EC:3.4.18.1]
448041  birc2; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 2 [KO:K16060]
594971  xiap; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase XIAP [KO:K04725] [EC:2.3.2.27]
733575  birc5l; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5.2 [KO:K08731]
733532  birc5; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5.1 [KO:K08731]
613103  bcl2l11; bcl-2-like protein 11 [KO:K16341]
447991  bcl2l1; BCL2 like 1 [KO:K04570]
100485267  bcl2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 [KO:K02161]
100038126  daxx; death domain-associated protein 6 [KO:K02308]
779958  ripk1; receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 [KO:K02861] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100145038  dab2ip; disabled homolog 2-interacting protein isoform X7 [KO:K19901]
100497692  map3k5; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 isoform X1 [KO:K04426] [EC:2.7.11.25]
779515  mapk10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform 2 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
100170194  mapk8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
100487418  bad; bcl2-associated agonist of cell death [KO:K02158]
100493911  jun; transcription factor AP-1 [KO:K04448]
548954  fos; proto-oncogene c-Fos [KO:K04379]
431679  tp53; cellular tumor antigen p53 [KO:K04451]
100489201  map3k14; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 14 [KO:K04466] [EC:2.7.11.25]
549654  chuk; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
448125  ikbkb; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
100145270  ikbkg; NF-kappa-B essential modulator [KO:K07210]
448138  nfkbia; NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha [KO:K04734]
100486083  nfkb1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K02580]
407869  rela; transcription factor p65 [KO:K04735]
100144727  ptpn13; tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 13 isoform X1 [KO:K02374]
448442  gadd45g; growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma [KO:K04402]
548905  gadd45a; growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 alpha [KO:K04402]
100487013  gadd45b; growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 beta [KO:K04402]
101734662  traf1; TNF receptor-associated factor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K03172]
100490767  atm; serine-protein kinase ATM isoform X1 [KO:K04728] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100488788  pidd1; p53-induced death domain-containing protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K10130]
100486813  casp2; caspase-2 [KO:K02186] [EC:3.4.22.55]
100170161  ngf; beta-nerve growth factor precursor [KO:K02582]
100489637  ntrk1; high affinity nerve growth factor receptor [KO:K03176] [EC:2.7.10.1]
100486221  csf2rb; cytokine receptor common subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04738]
780390  pik3cb; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
100144924  pik3ca; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
549983  pik3r3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649]
100486835  pik3r1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
100497001  pik3r2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
779524  pdpk1; 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 [KO:K06276] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100144709  akt2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100490038  akt1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X2 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
549757  hras; GTPase HRas [KO:K02833]
493396  kras; Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog [KO:K07827]
100485959  krasl; GTPase KRas isoform X2 [KO:K07827]
549517  nras; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
549871  raf1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
493420  map2k1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
549881  mapk1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00076  Calcium cation
C00319  Sphingosine
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:26615431
  Authors
Savitskaya MA, Onishchenko GE
  Title
Mechanisms of Apoptosis.
  Journal
Biochemistry (Mosc) 80:1393-417 (2015)
DOI:10.1134/S0006297915110012
Reference
PMID:23803157
  Authors
Schleich K, Lavrik IN
  Title
Mathematical modeling of apoptosis.
  Journal
Cell Commun Signal 11:44 (2013)
DOI:10.1186/1478-811X-11-44
Reference
PMID:15654015
  Authors
Lavrik I, Golks A, Krammer PH
  Title
Death receptor signaling.
  Journal
J Cell Sci 118:265-7 (2005)
DOI:10.1242/jcs.01610
Reference
PMID:15725726
  Authors
Jin Z, El-Deiry WS
  Title
Overview of cell death signaling pathways.
  Journal
Cancer Biol Ther 4:139-63 (2005)
DOI:10.4161/cbt.4.2.1508
Reference
PMID:15322527
  Authors
Benn SC, Woolf CJ
  Title
Adult neuron survival strategies--slamming on the brakes.
  Journal
Nat Rev Neurosci 5:686-700 (2004)
DOI:10.1038/nrn1477
Reference
PMID:12838338
  Authors
Orrenius S, Zhivotovsky B, Nicotera P
  Title
Regulation of cell death: the calcium-apoptosis link.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 4:552-65 (2003)
DOI:10.1038/nrm1150
Reference
PMID:19148180
  Authors
Clarke P, Tyler KL
  Title
Apoptosis in animal models of virus-induced disease.
  Journal
Nat Rev Microbiol 7:144-55 (2009)
DOI:10.1038/nrmicro2071
Reference
PMID:22429822
  Authors
Wen X, Lin ZQ, Liu B, Wei YQ
  Title
Caspase-mediated programmed cell death pathways as potential therapeutic targets in cancer.
  Journal
Cell Prolif 45:217-24 (2012)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2184.2012.00814.x
Reference
PMID:25526085
  Authors
Shalini S, Dorstyn L, Dawar S, Kumar S
  Title
Old, new and emerging functions of caspases.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 22:526-39 (2015)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2014.216
Reference
PMID:15601572
  Authors
Philchenkov A
  Title
Caspases: potential targets for regulating cell death.
  Journal
J Cell Mol Med 8:432-44 (2004)
DOI:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2004.tb00468.x
Reference
PMID:9894605
  Authors
Stroh C, Schulze-Osthoff K
  Title
Death by a thousand cuts: an ever increasing list of caspase substrates.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 5:997-1000 (1998)
DOI:10.1038/sj.cdd.4400451
Reference
PMID:23070002
  Authors
Safa AR
  Title
c-FLIP, a master anti-apoptotic regulator.
  Journal
Exp Oncol 34:176-84 (2012)
Reference
PMID:18304445
  Authors
Jeong SY, Seol DW
  Title
The role of mitochondria in apoptosis.
  Journal
BMB Rep 41:11-22 (2008)
DOI:10.5483/bmbrep.2008.41.1.011
Reference
PMID:20533903
  Authors
Parsons MJ, Green DR
  Title
Mitochondria in cell death.
  Journal
Essays Biochem 47:99-114 (2010)
DOI:10.1042/bse0470099
Reference
PMID:15719025
  Authors
Strasser A
  Title
The role of BH3-only proteins in the immune system.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 5:189-200 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nri1568
Reference
PMID:24278747
  Authors
Schonthal AH
  Title
Endoplasmic reticulum stress: its role in disease and novel prospects for therapy.
  Journal
Scientifica (Cairo) 2012:857516 (2012)
DOI:10.6064/2012/857516
Reference
PMID:21145844
  Authors
Malhi H, Kaufman RJ
  Title
Endoplasmic reticulum stress in liver disease.
  Journal
J Hepatol 54:795-809 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.11.005
Reference
PMID:18023214
  Authors
Malhotra JD, Kaufman RJ
  Title
The endoplasmic reticulum and the unfolded protein response.
  Journal
Semin Cell Dev Biol 18:716-31 (2007)
DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.09.003
Reference
PMID:16397578
  Authors
Wu J, Kaufman RJ
  Title
From acute ER stress to physiological roles of the Unfolded Protein Response.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 13:374-84 (2006)
DOI:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401840
Reference
PMID:21914490
  Authors
Repnik U, Stoka V, Turk V, Turk B
  Title
Lysosomes and lysosomal cathepsins in cell death.
  Journal
Biochim Biophys Acta 1824:22-33 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.08.016
Reference
PMID:22465226
  Authors
Cesen MH, Pegan K, Spes A, Turk B
  Title
Lysosomal pathways to cell death and their therapeutic applications.
  Journal
Exp Cell Res 318:1245-51 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.03.005
Reference
PMID:26231733
  Authors
Dashzeveg N, Yoshida K
  Title
Cell death decision by p53 via control of the mitochondrial membrane.
  Journal
Cancer Lett 367:108-12 (2015)
DOI:10.1016/j.canlet.2015.07.019
Reference
PMID:22075987
  Authors
Bouchier-Hayes L, Green DR
  Title
Caspase-2: the orphan caspase.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 19:51-7 (2012)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2011.157
Reference
PMID:18238895
  Authors
Baptiste-Okoh N, Barsotti AM, Prives C
  Title
A role for caspase 2 and PIDD in the process of p53-mediated apoptosis.
  Journal
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:1937-42 (2008)
DOI:10.1073/pnas.0711800105
Reference
PMID:12949498
  Authors
Aggarwal BB
  Title
Signalling pathways of the TNF superfamily: a double-edged sword.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 3:745-56 (2003)
DOI:10.1038/nri1184
Reference
PMID:14737178
  Authors
Steelman LS, Pohnert SC, Shelton JG, Franklin RA, Bertrand FE, McCubrey JA.
  Title
JAK/STAT, Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3K/Akt and BCR-ABL in cell cycle progression and leukemogenesis.
  Journal
Leukemia 18:189-218 (2004)
DOI:10.1038/sj.leu.2403241
Reference
PMID:9916983
  Authors
Dragovich T, Rudin CM, Thompson CB
  Title
Signal transduction pathways that regulate cell survival and cell death.
  Journal
Oncogene 17:3207-13 (1998)
DOI:10.1038/sj.onc.1202587
Reference
PMID:11520933
  Authors
Sofroniew MV, Howe CL, Mobley WC
  Title
Nerve growth factor signaling, neuroprotection, and neural repair.
  Journal
Annu Rev Neurosci 24:1217-81 (2001)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.1217
Reference
PMID:24769728
  Authors
Kristiansen M, Ham J
  Title
Programmed cell death during neuronal development: the sympathetic neuron model.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 21:1025-35 (2014)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2014.47
Reference
PMID:18208375
  Authors
Logue SE, Martin SJ
  Title
Caspase activation cascades in apoptosis.
  Journal
Biochem Soc Trans 36:1-9 (2008)
DOI:10.1042/BST0360001
Reference
PMID:19770840
  Authors
Boivin WA, Cooper DM, Hiebert PR, Granville DJ
  Title
Intracellular versus extracellular granzyme B in immunity and disease: challenging the dogma.
  Journal
Lab Invest 89:1195-220 (2009)
DOI:10.1038/labinvest.2009.91
Reference
PMID:20075940
  Authors
Cullen SP, Brunet M, Martin SJ
  Title
Granzymes in cancer and immunity.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 17:616-23 (2010)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2009.206
Related
pathway
xtr04010  MAPK signaling pathway
xtr04020  Calcium signaling pathway
xtr04115  p53 signaling pathway
xtr04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
KO pathway
ko04210   
LinkDB

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