KEGG   PATHWAY: afz05171
Entry
afz05171                    Pathway                                
Name
Coronavirus disease - COVID-19 - Antechinus flavipes (yellow-footed antechinus)
Description
Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious respiratory infection that is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infects alveolar epithelial cells [mainly alveolar epithelial type 2 (AEC2) cells] through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Upon the occupancy of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2, the increased serum level of free Angiotensin II (Ang II) due to a reduction of ACE2-mediated degradation promotes activation of the NF-kappa B pathway via Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), followed by  interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. SARS-CoV-2 also activates the innate immune system; macrophage stimulation triggers the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, and the "cytokine storm", which results in systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure. The combined effects of complement activation, dysregulated neutrophilia, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability appear to be intertwined to drive the severe features of COVID-19.
Class
Human Diseases; Infectious disease: viral
Pathway map
afz05171  Coronavirus disease - COVID-19
afz05171

Organism
Antechinus flavipes (yellow-footed antechinus) [GN:afz]
Gene
127553774  transmembrane protease serine 2 [KO:K09633] [EC:3.4.21.122]
127553615  angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 [KO:K09708] [EC:3.4.17.23]
127564562  neuropilin-1 isoform X1 [KO:K06724]
127560404  angiotensin-converting enzyme-like isoform X1 [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
127562387  proto-oncogene Mas [KO:K04303]
127552968  type-1 angiotensin II receptor [KO:K04166]
127553929  cytochrome b-245 heavy chain isoform X1 [KO:K21421] [EC:1.-.-.-]
127541094  nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K02580]
127540746  transcription factor p65 isoform X1 [KO:K04735]
127559172  tumor necrosis factor [KO:K03156]
127547601  interleukin-1 beta [KO:K04519]
127557721  interleukin-12 subunit alpha [KO:K05406]
127546715  interleukin-12 subunit beta [KO:K05425]
127558057  stromelysin-1-like [KO:K01394] [EC:3.4.24.17]
127554925  interstitial collagenase-like [KO:K01388] [EC:3.4.24.7]
127540720  interleukin-8 [KO:K10030]
127548615  disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17 [KO:K06059] [EC:3.4.24.86]
127538963  tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A [KO:K03158]
127549751  NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha [KO:K04734]
127556146  NF-kappa-B inhibitor beta [KO:K02581]
127549994  proheparin-binding EGF-like growth factor [KO:K08523]
127553324  epidermal growth factor receptor [KO:K04361] [EC:2.7.10.1]
127559855  interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha [KO:K05055]
127557536  interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K05060]
127563200  tyrosine-protein kinase JAK1 isoform X1 [KO:K11217] [EC:2.7.10.2]
127544720  non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2 [KO:K11219] [EC:2.7.10.2]
127560120  signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04692]
127541142  interleukin-2-like [KO:K05429]
127558814  granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [KO:K05423]
127542092  C-X-C motif chemokine 10-like [KO:K12671]
127540480  C-X-C motif chemokine 10-like [KO:K12671]
127543408  40S ribosomal protein S2 [KO:K02981]
127561560  uncharacterized protein LOC127561560 [KO:K02981]
127555070  40S ribosomal protein S3 [KO:K02985]
127540844  40S ribosomal protein S3a [KO:K02984]
127542496  40S ribosomal protein S4, X isoform [KO:K02987]
127554492  40S ribosomal protein S4, Y [KO:K02987]
127554833  40S ribosomal protein S4 [KO:K02987]
127556918  40S ribosomal protein S5 [KO:K02989]
127562016  40S ribosomal protein S6 [KO:K02991]
127557807  40S ribosomal protein S6-like [KO:K02991]
127548593  40S ribosomal protein S7 [KO:K02993]
127563429  40S ribosomal protein S8 [KO:K02995]
127553577  40S ribosomal protein S8-like [KO:K02995]
127556510  40S ribosomal protein S9 [KO:K02997]
127561158  40S ribosomal protein S10 [KO:K02947]
127556584  40S ribosomal protein S11 [KO:K02949]
127562225  40S ribosomal protein S12 [KO:K02951]
127557278  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 40S ribosomal protein S12-like [KO:K02951]
127540174  40S ribosomal protein S13 [KO:K02953]
127550096  40S ribosomal protein S14 [KO:K02955]
127545119  40S ribosomal protein S15 [KO:K02958]
127537789  40S ribosomal protein S15a [KO:K02957]
127553882  40S ribosomal protein S15a-like [KO:K02957]
127556126  40S ribosomal protein S16 [KO:K02960]
127551827  40S ribosomal protein S17 [KO:K02962]
127541751  40S ribosomal protein S18 [KO:K02964]
127561132  40S ribosomal protein S18 [KO:K02964]
127556402  40S ribosomal protein S19 [KO:K02966]
127543854  40S ribosomal protein S20 [KO:K02969]
127548995  40S ribosomal protein S21 [KO:K02971]
127559259  40S ribosomal protein S23 [KO:K02973]
127559270  40S ribosomal protein S23 [KO:K02973]
127561938  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 40S ribosomal protein S25 [KO:K02975]
127564954  40S ribosomal protein S26 [KO:K02976]
127557237  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
127551293  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
127559868  40S ribosomal protein S27 [KO:K02978]
127547139  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
127540381  40S ribosomal protein S27 [KO:K02978]
127548095  ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
127545298  40S ribosomal protein S28 [KO:K02979]
127549684  40S ribosomal protein S29 [KO:K02980]
127553372  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 40S ribosomal protein S29-like [KO:K02980]
127540944  FAU ubiquitin-like and ribosomal protein S30 [KO:K02983]
127564293  40S ribosomal protein SA [KO:K02998]
127543406  60S ribosomal protein L3-like [KO:K02925]
127538300  60S ribosomal protein L3 [KO:K02925]
127551240  60S ribosomal protein L4 [KO:K02930]
127563478  60S ribosomal protein L5 isoform X1 [KO:K02932]
127543216  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L6-like [KO:K02934]
127545489  60S ribosomal protein L6 [KO:K02934]
127543767  60S ribosomal protein L7 [KO:K02937]
127550947  60S ribosomal protein L7a [KO:K02936]
127544686  60S ribosomal protein L8 [KO:K02938]
127560567  60S ribosomal protein L9 [KO:K02940]
127540306  60S ribosomal protein L9 [KO:K02940]
127542439  60S ribosomal protein L10 isoform X1 [KO:K02866]
127542632  60S ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
127561182  60S ribosomal protein L10a [KO:K02865]
127555717  60S ribosomal protein L11 [KO:K02868]
127557160  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L11-like [KO:K02868]
127550814  60S ribosomal protein L12 [KO:K02870]
127547057  60S ribosomal protein L12-like [KO:K02870]
127547775  60S ribosomal protein L13 [KO:K02873]
127556580  60S ribosomal protein L13a [KO:K02872]
127564333  60S ribosomal protein L14 [KO:K02875]
127564962  60S ribosomal protein L15 [KO:K02877]
127543508  60S ribosomal protein L17 [KO:K02880]
127553385  60S ribosomal protein L17 [KO:K02880]
127560648  60S ribosomal protein L17-like [KO:K02880]
127556539  60S ribosomal protein L18 [KO:K02883]
127545235  60S ribosomal protein L18a [KO:K02882]
127560226  60S ribosomal protein L19 [KO:K02885]
127554729  60S ribosomal protein L21 [KO:K02889]
127555943  60S ribosomal protein L22 [KO:K02891]
127552872  60S ribosomal protein L22-like 1 [KO:K02891]
127560234  60S ribosomal protein L23 [KO:K02894]
127558923  60S ribosomal protein L23a [KO:K02893]
127554343  60S ribosomal protein L23a-like [KO:K02893]
127551172  probable ribosome biogenesis protein RLP24 [KO:K02896]
127554016  60S ribosomal protein L24 [KO:K02896]
127550207  60S ribosomal protein L26-like 1 [KO:K02898]
127560837  60S ribosomal protein L26 [KO:K02898]
127560090  60S ribosomal protein L27 [KO:K02901]
127540507  60S ribosomal protein L27a [KO:K02900]
127556716  60S ribosomal protein L28 [KO:K02903]
127554136  60S ribosomal protein L29 [KO:K02905]
127544315  60S ribosomal protein L30 [KO:K02908]
127545141  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L30-like [KO:K02908]
127553759  60S ribosomal protein L31 [KO:K02910]
127552193  60S ribosomal protein L32 [KO:K02912]
127541356  60S ribosomal protein L34 isoform X1 [KO:K02915]
127541357  60S ribosomal protein L34 [KO:K02915]
127550437  60S ribosomal protein L34 [KO:K02915]
127547166  60S ribosomal protein L34-like [KO:K02915]
127562768  60S ribosomal protein L35-like [KO:K02918]
127550569  60S ribosomal protein L35 [KO:K02918]
127554178  60S ribosomal protein L35a [KO:K02917]
127544900  60S ribosomal protein L36 [KO:K02920]
127544061  60S ribosomal protein L36-like [KO:K02920]
127556848  60S ribosomal protein L37 [KO:K02922]
127551203  60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
127553128  60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
127546750  60S ribosomal protein L37a-like [KO:K02921]
127553295  60S ribosomal protein L37a-like [KO:K02921]
127547211  60S ribosomal protein L37a-like [KO:K02921]
127560510  60S ribosomal protein L38 [KO:K02923]
127543043  60S ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
127559809  60S ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
127564408  ubiquitin [KO:K02927]
127545209  ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 [KO:K02927]
127543162  60S ribosomal protein L36a [KO:K02929]
127557951  60S ribosomal protein L36a [KO:K02929]
127554270  60S ribosomal protein L36a [KO:K02929]
127554272  60S ribosomal protein L36a [KO:K02929]
127545547  60S acidic ribosomal protein P0 [KO:K02941]
127551216  60S acidic ribosomal protein P1-like [KO:K02942]
127551217  60S acidic ribosomal protein P1 [KO:K02942]
127539612  60S acidic ribosomal protein P2 [KO:K02943]
127538436  tyrosine-protein kinase SYK isoform X1 [KO:K05855] [EC:2.7.10.2]
127555896  phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
127552891  phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
127554245  phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
127563398  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
127558297  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
127545225  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
127550395  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11]
127548673  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 [KO:K05859] [EC:3.1.4.11]
127560569  protein kinase C alpha type [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
127541963  protein kinase C beta type isoform X1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
127556522  protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
127556083  mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
127545795  mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
127538834  mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
127538838  mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
127561225  mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
127561226  mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
127540467  toll-like receptor 2 [KO:K10159]
127550519  toll-like receptor 4 [KO:K10160]
127550351  myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 [KO:K04729]
127553639  toll-like receptor 7 [KO:K05404]
127553640  toll-like receptor 8 [KO:K10170]
127538287  interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 isoform X1 [KO:K04733] [EC:2.7.11.1]
127542305  interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 [KO:K04730] [EC:2.7.11.1]
127542124  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: TNF receptor-associated factor 6 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
127562007  mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 isoform X1 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
127562312  TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 2 [KO:K04404]
127542137  mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
127550306  mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
127551815  mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
127549484  protein c-Fos [KO:K04379]
127563247  transcription factor Jun [KO:K04448]
127548272  inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
127542289  NF-kappa-B essential modulator isoform X1 [KO:K07210]
127556924  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3-like [KO:K12800]
127554938  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: caspase-1-like [KO:K01370] [EC:3.4.22.36]
127540391  toll-like receptor 3 [KO:K05401]
127558184  ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 [KO:K12159]
127554612  interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing protein 1 [KO:K12647] [EC:5.6.2.6]
127547414  mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein [KO:K12648]
127549887  TNF receptor-associated factor 3 [KO:K03174]
127562632  inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon [KO:K07211] [EC:2.7.11.10]
127539419  serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
127556561  interferon regulatory factor 3 [KO:K05411]
127561909  cyclic GMP-AMP synthase [KO:K17834] [EC:2.7.7.86]
127549981  stimulator of interferon genes protein [KO:K12654]
127544839  interferon tau-like [KO:K05414]
127544846  interferon tau-like [KO:K05414]
127552476  interferon alpha-16-like [KO:K05414]
127552756  interferon alpha-1-like [KO:K05414]
127552856  interferon omega-1-like [KO:K05414]
127552925  interferon beta-like [KO:K05415]
127553873  interferon alpha/beta receptor 1 [KO:K05130]
127553875  interferon alpha/beta receptor 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05131]
127554459  signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-alpha/beta isoform X1 [KO:K11220]
127564177  signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 isoform X1 [KO:K11221]
127551086  interferon regulatory factor 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04693]
127559850  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase [KO:K12968] [EC:3.5.4.37]
127548517  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 1 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
127548527  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 3 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
127548539  2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 2 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
127548654  interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase [KO:K16195] [EC:2.7.11.1]
127556252  C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04010]
127564812  C3a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor [KO:K04009]
127544864  complement C3 [KO:K03990]
127561088  complement factor B [KO:K01335] [EC:3.4.21.47]
127545085  complement factor D [KO:K01334] [EC:3.4.21.46]
127550531  complement C5 [KO:K03994]
127544428  complement component C6 [KO:K03995]
127556860  complement component C7 [KO:K03996]
127563254  complement component C8 alpha chain [KO:K03997]
127549122  complement component C8 gamma chain [KO:K03999]
127544403  complement component C9 [KO:K04000]
127562926  P-selectin [KO:K06496]
127539006  von Willebrand factor [KO:K03900]
127564331  complement C1r subcomponent [KO:K01330] [EC:3.4.21.41]
127564067  complement C1s subcomponent [KO:K01331] [EC:3.4.21.42]
127561087  complement C2 [KO:K01332] [EC:3.4.21.43]
127561083  complement C4-like [KO:K03989]
127551848  mannose-binding protein C [KO:K03991]
127551850  pulmonary surfactant-associated protein D-like [KO:K03991]
127551852  pulmonary surfactant-associated protein D-like [KO:K03991]
127556964  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: mannan-binding lectin serine protease 1 [KO:K03992] [EC:3.4.21.-]
127540431  prothrombin [KO:K01313] [EC:3.4.21.5]
127544205  coagulation factor XIII A chain [KO:K03917] [EC:2.3.2.13]
127562764  coagulation factor XIII B chain [KO:K03906]
127541400  fibrinogen alpha chain [KO:K03903]
127540314  fibrinogen beta chain [KO:K03904]
127540392  fibrinogen gamma chain isoform X1 [KO:K03905]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00046  RNA
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00290  Fibrin
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00704  Superoxide
C00873  Angiotensin I
C02135  Angiotensin II
C15850  Angiotensin (1-7)
C20640  Cyclic GMP-AMP
Reference
  Authors
Harrison AG, Lin T, Wang P
  Title
Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Pathogenesis.
  Journal
Trends Immunol S1471-4906(20)30233-7 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2020.10.004
Reference
  Authors
Perico L, Benigni A, Casiraghi F, Ng LFP, Renia L, Remuzzi G
  Title
Immunity, endothelial injury and complement-induced coagulopathy in COVID-19.
  Journal
Nat Rev Nephrol 10.1038/s41581-020-00357-4 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41581-020-00357-4
Reference
  Authors
Battagello DS, Dragunas G, Klein MO, Ayub ALP, Velloso FJ, Correa RG
  Title
Unpuzzling COVID-19: tissue-related signaling pathways associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.
  Journal
Clin Sci (Lond) 134:2137-2160 (2020)
DOI:10.1042/CS20200904
Reference
  Authors
Felsenstein S, Herbert JA, McNamara PS, Hedrich CM
  Title
COVID-19: Immunology and treatment options.
  Journal
Clin Immunol 215:108448 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108448
Reference
  Authors
Hojyo S, Uchida M, Tanaka K, Hasebe R, Tanaka Y, Murakami M, Hirano T
  Title
How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality.
  Journal
Inflamm Regen 40:37 (2020)
DOI:10.1186/s41232-020-00146-3
Reference
  Authors
Mahmudpour M, Roozbeh J, Keshavarz M, Farrokhi S, Nabipour I
  Title
COVID-19 cytokine storm: The anger of inflammation.
  Journal
Cytokine 133:155151 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155151
Reference
  Authors
Farooqi F, Dhawan N, Morgan R, Dinh J, Nedd K, Yatzkan G
  Title
Treatment of Severe COVID-19 with Tocilizumab Mitigates Cytokine Storm and Averts Mechanical Ventilation During Acute Respiratory Distress: A Case Report and Literature Review.
  Journal
Trop Med Infect Dis 5:E112 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/tropicalmed5030112
Reference
  Authors
Jamilloux Y, Henry T, Belot A, Viel S, Fauter M, El Jammal T, Walzer T, Francois B, Seve P
  Title
Should we stimulate or suppress immune responses in COVID-19? Cytokine and anti-cytokine interventions.
  Journal
Autoimmun Rev 19:102567 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102567
Reference
  Authors
Kiselevskiy M, Shubina I, Chikileva I, Sitdikova S, Samoylenko I, Anisimova N, Kirgizov K, Suleimanova A, Gorbunova T, Varfolomeeva S
  Title
Immune Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Intoxication: Storm or Silence?
  Journal
Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 13:E166 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ph13080166
Reference
  Authors
Curran CS, Rivera DR, Kopp JB
  Title
COVID-19 Usurps Host Regulatory Networks.
  Journal
Front Pharmacol 11:1278 (2020)
DOI:10.3389/fphar.2020.01278
Reference
  Authors
Quan C, Li C, Ma H, Li Y, Zhang H
  Title
Immunopathogenesis of Coronavirus-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Potential Infection-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.
  Journal
Clin Microbiol Rev 34:e00074-20 (2020)
DOI:10.1128/CMR.00074-20
Reference
  Authors
Ahmed-Hassan H, Sisson B, Shukla RK, Wijewantha Y, Funderburg NT, Li Z, Hayes D Jr, Demberg T, Liyanage NPM
  Title
Innate Immune Responses to Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses and Other Significant Respiratory Viral Infections.
  Journal
Front Immunol 11:1979 (2020)
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01979
Reference
  Authors
Tay MZ, Poh CM, Renia L, MacAry PA, Ng LFP
  Title
The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:363-374 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8
Reference
  Authors
Xia H, Cao Z, Xie X, Zhang X, Chen JY, Wang H, Menachery VD, Rajsbaum R, Shi PY
  Title
Evasion of Type I Interferon by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Cell Rep 33:108234 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108234
Reference
  Authors
Hartenian E, Nandakumar D, Lari A, Ly M, Tucker JM, Glaunsinger BA
  Title
The molecular virology of coronaviruses.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 295:12910-12934 (2020)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.REV120.013930
Reference
  Authors
Amor S, Fernandez Blanco L, Baker D
  Title
Innate immunity during SARS-CoV-2: evasion strategies and activation trigger hypoxia and vascular damage.
  Journal
Clin Exp Immunol 202:193-209 (2020)
DOI:10.1111/cei.13523
Reference
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Catanzaro M, Fagiani F, Racchi M, Corsini E, Govoni S, Lanni C
  Title
Immune response in COVID-19: addressing a pharmacological challenge by targeting pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2.
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Signal Transduct Target Ther 5:84 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41392-020-0191-1
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Jafarzadeh A, Chauhan P, Saha B, Jafarzadeh S, Nemati M
  Title
Contribution of monocytes and macrophages to the local tissue inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19: Lessons from SARS and MERS, and potential therapeutic interventions.
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Life Sci 257:118102 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118102
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Merad M, Martin JC
  Title
Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages.
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Nat Rev Immunol 20:355-362 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0331-4
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South AM, Tomlinson L, Edmonston D, Hiremath S, Sparks MA
  Title
Controversies of renin-angiotensin system inhibition during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Nat Rev Nephrol 16:305-307 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41581-020-0279-4
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Furuhashi M, Moniwa N, Takizawa H, Ura N, Shimamoto K
  Title
Potential differential effects of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on SARS-CoV-2 infection and lung injury in COVID-19.
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Hypertens Res 43:837-840 (2020)
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COVID-19 and Individual Genetic Susceptibility/Receptivity: Role of ACE1/ACE2 Genes, Immunity, Inflammation and Coagulation. Might the Double X-chromosome in Females Be Protective against SARS-CoV-2 Compared to the Single X-Chromosome in Males?
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Int J Mol Sci 21:E3474 (2020)
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Kielian M
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Enhancing host cell infection by SARS-CoV-2.
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Science 370:765-766 (2020)
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Complement as a target in COVID-19?
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Nat Rev Immunol 20:343-344 (2020)
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The case of complement activation in COVID-19 multiorgan impact.
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Kidney Int 98:314-322 (2020)
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Polycarpou A, Howard M, Farrar CA, Greenlaw R, Fanelli G, Wallis R, Klavinskis LS, Sacks S
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EMBO Mol Med 12:e12642 (2020)
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COVID-19: the vasculature unleashed.
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Nat Rev Immunol 20:389-391 (2020)
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Tackling COVID-19 infection through complement-targeted immunotherapy.
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Br J Pharmacol 178:2832-2848 (2021)
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J Thromb Haemost 18:2110-2117 (2020)
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COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: An exploration of mechanisms.
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Vasc Med 25:471-478 (2020)
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The Emerging Threat of (Micro)Thrombosis in COVID-19 and Its Therapeutic Implications.
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Circ Res 127:571-587 (2020)
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Shi M, Wang L, Fontana P, Vora S, Zhang Y, Fu TM, Lieberman J, Wu H
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SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 suppresses host but not viral translation through a bipartite mechanism.
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bioRxiv 2020.09.18.302901 (2020)
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Emerging role of IL-6 and NLRP3 inflammasome as potential therapeutic targets to combat COVID-19: Role of lncRNAs in cytokine storm modulation.
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Life Sci 257:118114 (2020)
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Omarjee L, Janin A, Perrot F, Laviolle B, Meilhac O, Mahe G
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Targeting T-cell senescence and cytokine storm with rapamycin to prevent severe progression in COVID-19.
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Clin Immunol 216:108464 (2020)
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Zhang S, Li L, Shen A, Chen Y, Qi Z
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Rational Use of Tocilizumab in the Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia.
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Clin Drug Investig 40:511-518 (2020)
DOI:10.1007/s40261-020-00917-3
Related
pathway
afz03015  mRNA surveillance pathway
afz04144  Endocytosis
afz04270  Vascular smooth muscle contraction
afz04610  Complement and coagulation cascades
afz04611  Platelet activation
afz04613  Neutrophil extracellular trap formation
afz04614  Renin-angiotensin system
afz04620  Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
afz04621  NOD-like receptor signaling pathway
afz04622  RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway
afz04623  Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway
afz04630  JAK-STAT signaling pathway
afz04650  Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
afz04666  Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis
afz04668  TNF signaling pathway
afz04670  Leukocyte transendothelial migration
KO pathway
ko05171   
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