KEGG   PATHWAY: xtr04140
Entry
xtr04140                    Pathway                                
Name
Autophagy - animal - Xenopus tropicalis (tropical clawed frog)
Description
Autophagy (or macroautophagy) is a cellular catabolic pathway involving in protein degradation, organelle turnover, and non-selective breakdown of cytoplasmic components, which is evolutionarily conserved among eukaryotes and exquisitely regulated. This progress initiates with production of the autophagosome, a double-membrane intracellular structure of reticular origin that engulfs cytoplasmic contents and ultimately fuses with lysosomes for cargo degradation. Autophagy is regulated in response to extra- or intracellular stress and signals such as starvation, growth factor deprivation and ER stress. Constitutive level of autophagy plays an important role in cellular homeostasis and maintains quality control of essential cellular components.
Class
Cellular Processes; Transport and catabolism
Pathway map
xtr04140  Autophagy - animal
xtr04140

Other DBs
GO: 0006914
Organism
Xenopus tropicalis (tropical clawed frog) [GN:xtr]
Gene
100101718  ins; insulin precursor [KO:K04526]
100329112  igf1r; insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor [KO:K05087] [EC:2.7.10.1]
100495320  irs1; insulin receptor substrate 1 isoform X1 [KO:K16172]
394823  irs2; insulin receptor substrate 1 [KO:K16172]
100196925  irs4; insulin receptor substrate 4 [KO:K07187]
100498409  insulin receptor substrate 2 [KO:K07187]
780390  pik3cb; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
100144924  pik3ca; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
549983  pik3r3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649]
100486835  pik3r1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
100497001  pik3r2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
779524  pdpk1; 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 [KO:K06276] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100144709  akt2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100490038  akt1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X2 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100144716  pten; phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN [KO:K01110] [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48 3.1.3.67]
549757  hras; GTPase HRas [KO:K02833]
493396  kras; Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog [KO:K07827]
100485959  krasl; GTPase KRas isoform X2 [KO:K07827]
549517  nras; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
100496446  mras; ras-related protein M-Ras [KO:K07831]
100135709  rras; ras-related protein R-Ras [KO:K07830]
116410232  rras2; ras-related protein R-Ras2 [KO:K07830]
549871  raf1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
493420  map2k1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
549881  mapk1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
496583  hif1a; hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha [KO:K08268]
394782  ddit4; DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 protein [KO:K08270]
100170546  tsc2; tuberin [KO:K07207]
100380126  tsc1; hamartin isoform X1 [KO:K07206]
548576  bnip3; BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 [KO:K15464]
548676  rheb; GTP-binding protein Rheb [KO:K07208]
100170605  rptor; regulatory-associated protein of mTOR [KO:K07204]
100493830  deptor; DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein [KO:K20402]
100216136  deptorl; DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein isoform X1 [KO:K20402]
100491970  mtor; serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform X1 [KO:K07203] [EC:2.7.11.1]
496515  akt1s1; proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1 [KO:K16184]
496930  mlst8; target of rapamycin complex subunit lst8 [KO:K08266]
394938  rps6kb1; ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
779894  igbp1; immunoglobulin-binding protein 1 [KO:K17606]
394888  ppp2ca; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
448031  ppp2cb; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
100127200  ulk1; serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK1 [KO:K21357] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100487396  ulk2; serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK2 [KO:K08269] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100125026  atg13; autophagy-related protein 13 [KO:K08331]
549574  atg101; autophagy-related protein 101 [KO:K19730]
100127640  rb1cc1; RB1-inducible coiled-coil protein 1 [KO:K17589]
780082  atg2b; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog B [KO:K17906]
780111  atg2a; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog A [KO:K17906]
100497399  wipi2; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2 isoform X2 [KO:K17908]
496656  wipi1; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1 [KO:K17908]
493546  wdr45b; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 3 [KO:K22991]
496788  wdr45; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 4 [KO:K22991]
100486160  atg9b; autophagy-related protein 9B [KO:K17907]
100497686  atg9a; autophagy-related protein 9A [KO:K17907]
100485496  supt20h; transcription factor SPT20 homolog isoform X5 [KO:K21245]
100486182  smcr8; guanine nucleotide exchange protein SMCR8 [KO:K23611]
549283  wdr41; WD repeat-containing protein 41 [KO:K23610]
549016  c9orf72; guanine nucleotide exchange C9orf72 homolog [KO:K23609]
100125217  rab8a; ras-related protein Rab-8A [KO:K07901]
100486510  rab39b; ras-related protein Rab-39B [KO:K07925]
100494491  rab39a; ras-related protein Rab-39B [KO:K07925]
493277  sqstm1; sequestosome-1 [KO:K14381]
100216212  tbk1; serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
100486218  tank; TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator [KO:K12650]
448007  rab1a; ras-related protein Rab-1A [KO:K07874]
448744  rraga; Ras-related GTP binding A [KO:K16185]
549589  rragc; ras-related GTP-binding protein C [KO:K16186]
780358  rragd; ras-related GTP-binding protein D [KO:K16186]
549287  stk11; serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 [KO:K07298] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100145520  prkaa1; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
100216099  prkaa2; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
549157  prkaca; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
100038053  prkacb; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
116407821  putative protein kinase C delta type homolog [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
116407822  putative protein kinase C delta type homolog [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
116407825  protein kinase C delta type-like [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
108648814  protein kinase C delta type [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
100488597  protein kinase C delta type [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
105946713  protein kinase C delta type [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
101731553  serine/threonine-protein kinase N1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
116411737  protein kinase C delta type-like [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
733756  prkcd; protein kinase C delta type [KO:K06068] [EC:2.7.11.13]
116407520  protein kinase C theta type-like [KO:K06068] [EC:2.7.11.13]
116412350  serine/threonine-protein kinase Sgk2-like [KO:K06068] [EC:2.7.11.13]
779515  mapk10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform 2 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
100170194  mapk8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
100485267  bcl2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 [KO:K02161]
447991  bcl2l1; BCL2 like 1 [KO:K04570]
100487418  bad; bcl2-associated agonist of cell death [KO:K02158]
619357  becn1; beclin-1 [KO:K08334]
548937  nrbf2; nuclear receptor-binding factor 2 [KO:K21246]
779618  pik3r4; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 4 [KO:K08333] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100485933  pik3c3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 [KO:K00914] [EC:2.7.1.137]
100158656  atg14; beclin 1-associated autophagy-related key regulator [KO:K17889]
100497158  ambra1; activating molecule in BECN1-regulated autophagy protein 1 isoform X3 [KO:K17985]
493524  traf6; TNF receptor-associated factor 6 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
100497151  tp53inp2; tumor protein p53-inducible nuclear protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K21247]
493262  vmp1; vacuole membrane protein 1 [KO:K21248]
100486296  uvrag; UV radiation resistance-associated gene protein [KO:K21249]
548826  sh3glb1; endophilin-B1 [KO:K11248]
100497647  rubcn; run domain Beclin-1-interacting and cysteine-rich domain-containing protein isoform X2 [KO:K19330]
100135108  camkk2; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K07359] [EC:2.7.11.17]
100101764  map3k7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
779732  ern2; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE2 precursor [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
116407936  ern1; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
100493341  itpr1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X10 [KO:K04958]
407849  nek2; NIMA-related kinase 2 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
549766  dapk3; death-associated protein kinase 3 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100144678  dapk1; death-associated protein kinase 1 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100145135  dapk2; death-associated protein kinase 2 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101732277  uncharacterized protein LOC101732277 isoform X1 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
394834  hmgb1; high mobility group protein B1 [KO:K10802]
100190763  eif2ak3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100216307  eif2ak4; eIF-2-alpha kinase GCN2 [KO:K16196] [EC:2.7.11.1]
448087  eif2s1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
100491668  eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
100151726  mtmr4; myotubularin-related protein 4 isoform X2 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
100494490  mtmr3; myotubularin-related protein 3 isoform X2 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
100036693  mtmr14; myotubularin-related protein 14 [KO:K18086] [EC:3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
100487902  zfyve1l; zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 1 isoform X2 [KO:K17603]
100486687  zfyve1; zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17603]
100493403  atg12; ubiquitin-like protein ATG12 [KO:K08336]
549199  atg5; autophagy protein 5 [KO:K08339]
550097  atg16l1; autophagy-related protein 16 [KO:K17890]
100485143  atg16l2; autophagy-related protein 16-2 isoform X1 [KO:K20868]
100170158  atg7; ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7 [KO:K08337]
100492117  atg10; ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG10 isoform X2 [KO:K17888]
496900  atg3; ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG3 [KO:K08343]
779578  cflar; CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator isoform X2 [KO:K04724]
493471  rab33b; ras-related protein Rab-33B [KO:K07920]
100038268  prkcq; protein kinase C theta type [KO:K18052] [EC:2.7.11.13]
496614  gabarapl1; GABA(A) receptor-associated protein like 1 [KO:K08341]
595040  gabarapl1; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 1 [KO:K08341]
100125141  gabarapl2; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 2 [KO:K08341]
394972  map1lc3b; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B [KO:K10435]
493344  map1lc3a; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3A [KO:K10435]
733779  map1lc3c; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3C [KO:K10435]
100496229  microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3C [KO:K10435]
549373  atg4a; cysteine protease ATG4A [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
493268  atg4c; cysteine protease ATG4C [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
779919  atg4b; cysteine protease ATG4B [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
734111  atg4d; cysteine protease ATG4D [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
100485564  nbr1; next to BRCA1 gene 1 protein isoform X1 [KO:K17987]
100144665  optn; optineurin isoform X3 [KO:K19946]
448562  calcoco2; calcium-binding and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 2 [KO:K21348]
394857  tax1bp1; tax1-binding protein 1 homolog [KO:K21347]
100496744  wdfy3; WD repeat and FYVE domain-containing protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K22262]
448705  uba52; ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 [KO:K02927]
548926  rps27a; ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
448120  ubc; polyubiquitin-C [KO:K08770]
100485835  ubb; polyubiquitin-B isoform X1 [KO:K08770]
394585  snap29; synaptosomal-associated protein 29 [KO:K08509]
549039  vamp8; vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 [KO:K08512]
394619  ykt6; synaptobrevin homolog YKT6 [KO:K08516]
100379927  stx7; syntaxin-7 [KO:K08488]
779599  epg5; ectopic P granules protein 5 homolog [KO:K23883]
100491541  plekhm1; pleckstrin homology domain-containing family M member 1 [KO:K23282]
100101673  vps11; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 11 homolog [KO:K20179]
448414  vps16; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 16 homolog [KO:K20180]
100158548  vps18; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 18 homolog [KO:K20181]
549689  vps33a; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 33A [KO:K20182]
100216188  vps39; vam6/Vps39-like protein [KO:K20183]
100489726  vps41; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 41 homolog isoform X2 [KO:K20184]
100135722  birc6; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 6 isoform X3 [KO:K10586] [EC:2.3.2.23]
448025  gorasp2; Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 2 [KO:K26797]
448042  gorasp1; Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 1 [KO:K26797]
493388  rab7a; ras-related protein Rab-7a [KO:K07897]
394774  MGC75872; uncharacterized protein LOC394774 [KO:K07897]
100124979  rab7b; ras-related protein Rab-7b [KO:K07898]
100216290  lamp1; lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 [KO:K06528]
779509  lamp2; lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2 precursor [KO:K06528]
394561  ctsd; cathepsin D precursor [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
448214  napsa; napsin A aspartic peptidase precursor [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
613063  cathepsin D-like precursor [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
101733630  cathepsin D [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
101735147  cathepsin D [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
116410386  cathepsin D-like [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
448179  ctsv; cathepsin L1 precursor [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
548464  ctsl; cathepsin L precursor [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
100496172  ervatamin-C isoform X1 [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
394833  ctsb; cathepsin B precursor [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
Compound
C00035  GDP
C00044  GTP
C00350  Phosphatidylethanolamine
C01194  1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol
C04549  1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:15325584
  Authors
Meijer AJ, Codogno P.
  Title
Regulation and role of autophagy in mammalian cells.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2445-62 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.02.002
Reference
PMID:16099218
  Authors
Deretic V.
  Title
Autophagy in innate and adaptive immunity.
  Journal
Trends Immunol 26:523-8 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2005.08.003
Reference
PMID:16200202
  Authors
Levine B, Yuan J.
  Title
Autophagy in cell death: an innocent convict?
  Journal
J Clin Invest 115:2679-88 (2005)
DOI:10.1172/JCI26390
Reference
PMID:15325588
  Authors
Tanida I, Ueno T, Kominami E.
  Title
LC3 conjugation system in mammalian autophagy.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2503-18 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.05.009
Reference
PMID:15928708
  Authors
Lum JJ, DeBerardinis RJ, Thompson CB.
  Title
Autophagy in metazoans: cell survival in the land of plenty.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:439-48 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nrm1660
Reference
PMID:15978794
  Authors
Reggiori F, Klionsky DJ.
  Title
Autophagosomes: biogenesis from scratch?
  Journal
Curr Opin Cell Biol 17:415-22 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2005.06.007
Reference
PMID:11099404
  Authors
Klionsky DJ, Emr SD.
  Title
Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation.
  Journal
Science 290:1717-21 (2000)
DOI:10.1126/science.290.5497.1717
Reference
PMID:16125113
  Authors
Bechet D, Tassa A, Taillandier D, Combaret L, Attaix D.
  Title
Lysosomal proteolysis in skeletal muscle.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37:2098-114 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2005.02.029
Reference
PMID:19653858
  Authors
He C, Klionsky DJ
  Title
Regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways of autophagy.
  Journal
Annu Rev Genet 43:67-93 (2009)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-genet-102808-114910
Reference
PMID:19802558
  Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
  Title
An overview of the molecular mechanism of autophagy.
  Journal
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 335:1-32 (2009)
DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-00302-8_1
Reference
PMID:20034776
  Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
  Title
Mammalian autophagy: core molecular machinery and signaling regulation.
  Journal
Curr Opin Cell Biol 22:124-31 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2009.11.014
Reference
PMID:21187343
  Authors
Chen Y, Klionsky DJ
  Title
The regulation of autophagy - unanswered questions.
  Journal
J Cell Sci 124:161-70 (2011)
DOI:10.1242/jcs.064576
Reference
PMID:21801009
  Authors
Mizushima N, Yoshimori T, Ohsumi Y
  Title
The role of Atg proteins in autophagosome formation.
  Journal
Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 27:107-32 (2011)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154005
Reference
PMID:24343578
  Authors
Russell RC, Yuan HX, Guan KL
  Title
Autophagy regulation by nutrient signaling.
  Journal
Cell Res 24:42-57 (2014)
DOI:10.1038/cr.2013.166
Reference
PMID:25948417
  Authors
Noda NN, Fujioka Y
  Title
Atg1 family kinases in autophagy initiation.
  Journal
Cell Mol Life Sci 72:3083-96 (2015)
DOI:10.1007/s00018-015-1917-z
Related
pathway
xtr04010  MAPK signaling pathway
xtr04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
xtr04142  Lysosome
xtr04150  mTOR signaling pathway
xtr04910  Insulin signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04140   
LinkDB

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