KEGG   PATHWAY: xtr04140
Entry
xtr04140                    Pathway                                
Name
Autophagy - animal - Xenopus tropicalis (tropical clawed frog)
Description
Autophagy (or macroautophagy) is a cellular catabolic pathway involving in protein degradation, organelle turnover, and non-selective breakdown of cytoplasmic components, which is evolutionarily conserved among eukaryotes and exquisitely regulated. This progress initiates with production of the autophagosome, a double-membrane intracellular structure of reticular origin that engulfs cytoplasmic contents and ultimately fuses with lysosomes for cargo degradation. Autophagy is regulated in response to extra- or intracellular stress and signals such as starvation, growth factor deprivation and ER stress. Constitutive level of autophagy plays an important role in cellular homeostasis and maintains quality control of essential cellular components.
Class
Cellular Processes; Transport and catabolism
Pathway map
xtr04140  Autophagy - animal
xtr04140

Other DBs
GO: 0006914
Organism
Xenopus tropicalis (tropical clawed frog) [GN:xtr]
Gene
100036693  mtmr14; myotubularin-related protein 14 [KO:K18086] [EC:3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
100038053  prkacb; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
100038268  prkcq; protein kinase C theta type [KO:K18052] [EC:2.7.11.13]
100101673  vps11; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 11 homolog [KO:K20179]
100101718  ins; insulin precursor [KO:K04526]
100101764  map3k7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
100124979  rab7b; ras-related protein Rab-7b [KO:K07898]
100125026  atg13; autophagy-related protein 13 [KO:K08331]
100125141  gabarapl2; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 2 [KO:K08341]
100125217  rab8a; ras-related protein Rab-8A [KO:K07901]
100127200  ulk1; serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK1 [KO:K21357] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100127640  rb1cc1; RB1-inducible coiled-coil protein 1 [KO:K17589]
100135108  camkk2; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K07359] [EC:2.7.11.17]
100135709  rras; ras-related protein R-Ras [KO:K07830]
100135722  birc6; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 6 isoform X3 [KO:K10586] [EC:2.3.2.23]
100144665  optn; optineurin isoform X3 [KO:K19946]
100144678  dapk1; death-associated protein kinase 1 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100144709  akt2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100144716  pten; phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN [KO:K01110] [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48 3.1.3.67]
100144924  pik3ca; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
100145135  dapk2; death-associated protein kinase 2 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100145520  prkaa1; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
100151726  mtmr4; myotubularin-related protein 4 isoform X2 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
100158548  vps18; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 18 homolog [KO:K20181]
100158656  atg14; beclin 1-associated autophagy-related key regulator [KO:K17889]
100170158  atg7; ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7 [KO:K08337]
100170194  mapk8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
100170546  tsc2; tuberin [KO:K07207]
100170605  rptor; regulatory-associated protein of mTOR [KO:K07204]
100190763  eif2ak3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100196925  irs4; insulin receptor substrate 4 [KO:K07187]
100216099  prkaa2; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
100216136  deptorl; DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein isoform X1 [KO:K20402]
100216188  vps39; vam6/Vps39-like protein [KO:K20183]
100216212  tbk1; serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
100216290  lamp1; lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 [KO:K06528]
100216307  eif2ak4; eIF-2-alpha kinase GCN2 [KO:K16196] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100329112  igf1r; insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor [KO:K05087] [EC:2.7.10.1]
100379927  stx7; syntaxin-7 [KO:K08488]
100380126  tsc1; hamartin isoform X1 [KO:K07206]
100485143  atg16l2; autophagy-related protein 16-2 isoform X1 [KO:K20868]
100485267  bcl2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 [KO:K02161]
100485496  supt20h; transcription factor SPT20 homolog isoform X5 [KO:K21245]
100485564  nbr1; next to BRCA1 gene 1 protein isoform X1 [KO:K17987]
100485835  ubb; polyubiquitin-B isoform X1 [KO:K08770]
100485933  pik3c3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 [KO:K00914] [EC:2.7.1.137]
100485959  krasl; GTPase KRas isoform X2 [KO:K07827]
100486160  atg9b; autophagy-related protein 9B [KO:K17907]
100486182  smcr8; guanine nucleotide exchange protein SMCR8 [KO:K23611]
100486218  tank; TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator [KO:K12650]
100486296  uvrag; UV radiation resistance-associated gene protein [KO:K21249]
100486510  rab39b; ras-related protein Rab-39B [KO:K07925]
100486687  zfyve1; zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17603]
100486835  pik3r1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
100487396  ulk2; serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK2 [KO:K08269] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100487418  bad; bcl2-associated agonist of cell death [KO:K02158]
100487902  zfyve1l; zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 1 isoform X2 [KO:K17603]
100488597  [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
100489726  vps41; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 41 homolog isoform X2 [KO:K20184]
100490038  akt1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X2 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100491541  plekhm1; pleckstrin homology domain-containing family M member 1 [KO:K23282]
100491668  [KO:K03237]
100491970  mtor; serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform X1 [KO:K07203] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100492117  atg10; ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG10 isoform X2 [KO:K17888]
100493341  itpr1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X10 [KO:K04958]
100493403  atg12; ubiquitin-like protein ATG12 [KO:K08336]
100493830  deptor; DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein [KO:K20402]
100494490  mtmr3; myotubularin-related protein 3 isoform X2 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
100494491  rab39a; ras-related protein Rab-39B [KO:K07925]
100495320  irs1; insulin receptor substrate 1 isoform X1 [KO:K16172]
100496172  [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
100496229  [KO:K10435]
100496446  mras; ras-related protein M-Ras [KO:K07831]
100496744  wdfy3; WD repeat and FYVE domain-containing protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K22262]
100497001  pik3r2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
100497151  tp53inp2; tumor protein p53-inducible nuclear protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K21247]
100497158  ambra1; activating molecule in BECN1-regulated autophagy protein 1 isoform X3 [KO:K17985]
100497399  wipi2; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2 isoform X2 [KO:K17908]
100497647  rubcn; run domain Beclin-1-interacting and cysteine-rich domain-containing protein isoform X2 [KO:K19330]
100497686  atg9a; autophagy-related protein 9A [KO:K17907]
100498409  [KO:K07187]
101731553  [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
101733630  [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
101735147  [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
105946713  [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
108648814  [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
116407520  [KO:K06068] [EC:2.7.11.13]
116407821  [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
116407822  [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
116407825  [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
116407936  ern1; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
116410232  rras2; ras-related protein R-Ras2 [KO:K07830]
116410386  [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
116411737  [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
116412350  [KO:K06068] [EC:2.7.11.13]
394561  ctsd; cathepsin D precursor [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
394585  snap29; synaptosomal-associated protein 29 [KO:K08509]
394619  ykt6; synaptobrevin homolog YKT6 [KO:K08516]
394774  MGC75872; uncharacterized protein LOC394774 [KO:K07897]
394782  ddit4; DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 protein [KO:K08270]
394823  irs2; insulin receptor substrate 1 [KO:K16172]
394833  ctsb; cathepsin B precursor [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
394834  hmgb1; high mobility group protein B1 [KO:K10802]
394857  tax1bp1; tax1-binding protein 1 homolog [KO:K21347]
394888  ppp2ca; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
394938  rps6kb1; ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
394972  map1lc3b; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B [KO:K10435]
407849  nek2; NIMA-related kinase 2 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
447991  bcl2l1; BCL2 like 1 [KO:K04570]
448007  rab1a; ras-related protein Rab-1A [KO:K07874]
448025  gorasp2; Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 2 [KO:K26797]
448031  ppp2cb; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
448042  gorasp1; Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 1 [KO:K26797]
448087  eif2s1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
448120  ubc; polyubiquitin-C [KO:K08770]
448179  ctsv; cathepsin L1 precursor [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
448214  napsa; napsin A aspartic peptidase precursor [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
448414  vps16; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 16 homolog [KO:K20180]
448562  calcoco2; calcium-binding and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 2 [KO:K21348]
448705  uba52; ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 [KO:K02927]
448744  rraga; Ras-related GTP binding A [KO:K16185]
493262  vmp1; vacuole membrane protein 1 [KO:K21248]
493268  atg4c; cysteine protease ATG4C [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
493277  sqstm1; sequestosome-1 [KO:K14381]
493344  map1lc3a; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3A [KO:K10435]
493388  rab7a; ras-related protein Rab-7a [KO:K07897]
493396  kras; Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog [KO:K07827]
493420  map2k1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
493471  rab33b; ras-related protein Rab-33B [KO:K07920]
493524  traf6; TNF receptor-associated factor 6 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
493546  wdr45b; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 3 [KO:K22991]
496515  akt1s1; proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1 [KO:K16184]
496583  hif1a; hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha [KO:K08268]
496614  gabarapl1; GABA(A) receptor-associated protein like 1 [KO:K08341]
496656  wipi1; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1 [KO:K17908]
496788  wdr45; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 4 [KO:K22991]
496900  atg3; ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG3 [KO:K08343]
496930  mlst8; target of rapamycin complex subunit lst8 [KO:K08266]
548464  ctsl; cathepsin L precursor [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
548576  bnip3; BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 [KO:K15464]
548676  rheb; GTP-binding protein Rheb [KO:K07208]
548826  sh3glb1; endophilin-B1 [KO:K11248]
548926  rps27a; ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
548937  nrbf2; nuclear receptor-binding factor 2 [KO:K21246]
549016  c9orf72; guanine nucleotide exchange C9orf72 homolog [KO:K23609]
549039  vamp8; vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 [KO:K08512]
549157  prkaca; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
549199  atg5; autophagy protein 5 [KO:K08339]
549283  wdr41; WD repeat-containing protein 41 [KO:K23610]
549287  stk11; serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 [KO:K07298] [EC:2.7.11.1]
549373  atg4a; cysteine protease ATG4A [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
549517  nras; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
549574  atg101; autophagy-related protein 101 [KO:K19730]
549589  rragc; ras-related GTP-binding protein C [KO:K16186]
549689  vps33a; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 33A [KO:K20182]
549757  hras; GTPase HRas [KO:K02833]
549766  dapk3; death-associated protein kinase 3 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
549871  raf1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
549881  mapk1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
549983  pik3r3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649]
550097  atg16l1; autophagy-related protein 16 [KO:K17890]
595040  gabarapl1; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 1 [KO:K08341]
613063  [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
619357  becn1; beclin-1 [KO:K08334]
733756  prkcd; protein kinase C delta type [KO:K06068] [EC:2.7.11.13]
733779  map1lc3c; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3C [KO:K10435]
734111  atg4d; cysteine protease ATG4D [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
779509  lamp2; lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2 precursor [KO:K06528]
779515  mapk10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform 2 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
779524  pdpk1; 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 [KO:K06276] [EC:2.7.11.1]
779578  cflar; CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator isoform X2 [KO:K04724]
779599  epg5; ectopic P granules protein 5 homolog [KO:K23883]
779618  pik3r4; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 4 [KO:K08333] [EC:2.7.11.1]
779732  ern2; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE2 precursor [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
779894  igbp1; immunoglobulin-binding protein 1 [KO:K17606]
779919  atg4b; cysteine protease ATG4B [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
780082  atg2b; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog B [KO:K17906]
780111  atg2a; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog A [KO:K17906]
780358  rragd; ras-related GTP-binding protein D [KO:K16186]
780390  pik3cb; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
Compound
C00035  GDP
C00044  GTP
C00350  Phosphatidylethanolamine
C01194  1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol
C04549  1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:15325584
  Authors
Meijer AJ, Codogno P.
  Title
Regulation and role of autophagy in mammalian cells.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2445-62 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.02.002
Reference
PMID:16099218
  Authors
Deretic V.
  Title
Autophagy in innate and adaptive immunity.
  Journal
Trends Immunol 26:523-8 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2005.08.003
Reference
PMID:16200202
  Authors
Levine B, Yuan J.
  Title
Autophagy in cell death: an innocent convict?
  Journal
J Clin Invest 115:2679-88 (2005)
DOI:10.1172/JCI26390
Reference
PMID:15325588
  Authors
Tanida I, Ueno T, Kominami E.
  Title
LC3 conjugation system in mammalian autophagy.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2503-18 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.05.009
Reference
PMID:15928708
  Authors
Lum JJ, DeBerardinis RJ, Thompson CB.
  Title
Autophagy in metazoans: cell survival in the land of plenty.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:439-48 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nrm1660
Reference
PMID:15978794
  Authors
Reggiori F, Klionsky DJ.
  Title
Autophagosomes: biogenesis from scratch?
  Journal
Curr Opin Cell Biol 17:415-22 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2005.06.007
Reference
PMID:11099404
  Authors
Klionsky DJ, Emr SD.
  Title
Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation.
  Journal
Science 290:1717-21 (2000)
DOI:10.1126/science.290.5497.1717
Reference
PMID:16125113
  Authors
Bechet D, Tassa A, Taillandier D, Combaret L, Attaix D.
  Title
Lysosomal proteolysis in skeletal muscle.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37:2098-114 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2005.02.029
Reference
PMID:19653858
  Authors
He C, Klionsky DJ
  Title
Regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways of autophagy.
  Journal
Annu Rev Genet 43:67-93 (2009)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-genet-102808-114910
Reference
PMID:19802558
  Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
  Title
An overview of the molecular mechanism of autophagy.
  Journal
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 335:1-32 (2009)
DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-00302-8_1
Reference
PMID:20034776
  Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
  Title
Mammalian autophagy: core molecular machinery and signaling regulation.
  Journal
Curr Opin Cell Biol 22:124-31 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2009.11.014
Reference
PMID:21187343
  Authors
Chen Y, Klionsky DJ
  Title
The regulation of autophagy - unanswered questions.
  Journal
J Cell Sci 124:161-70 (2011)
DOI:10.1242/jcs.064576
Reference
PMID:21801009
  Authors
Mizushima N, Yoshimori T, Ohsumi Y
  Title
The role of Atg proteins in autophagosome formation.
  Journal
Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 27:107-32 (2011)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154005
Reference
PMID:24343578
  Authors
Russell RC, Yuan HX, Guan KL
  Title
Autophagy regulation by nutrient signaling.
  Journal
Cell Res 24:42-57 (2014)
DOI:10.1038/cr.2013.166
Reference
PMID:25948417
  Authors
Noda NN, Fujioka Y
  Title
Atg1 family kinases in autophagy initiation.
  Journal
Cell Mol Life Sci 72:3083-96 (2015)
DOI:10.1007/s00018-015-1917-z
Related
pathway
xtr04010  MAPK signaling pathway
xtr04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
xtr04142  Lysosome
xtr04150  mTOR signaling pathway
xtr04910  Insulin signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04140   

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