Entry
Name
Calcium signaling pathway - Theropithecus gelada (gelada)
Description
Ca2+ that enters the cell from the outside is a principal source of signal Ca2+. Entry of Ca2+ is driven by the presence of a large electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane. Cells use this external source of signal Ca2+ by activating various entry channels with widely different properties. The voltage-operated channels (VOCs) are found in excitable cells and generate the rapid Ca2+ fluxes that control fast cellular processes. There are many other Ca2+-entry channels, such as the receptor-operated channels (ROCs), for example the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors (NMDARs) that respond to glutamate. There also are second-messenger-operated channels (SMOCs) and store-operated channels (SOCs).
The other principal source of Ca2+ for signalling is the internal stores that are located primarily in the endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR), in which inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) or ryanodine receptors (RYRs) regulate the release of Ca2+. The principal activator of these channels is Ca2+ itself and this process of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release is central to the mechanism of Ca2+ signalling. Various second messengers or modulators also control the release of Ca2+. IP3, which is generated by pathways using different isoforms of phospholipase C (PLCbeta, delta, epsilon, gamma and zeta), regulates the IP3Rs. Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) releases Ca2+ via RYRs. Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) may activate a distinct Ca2+ release mechanism on separate acidic Ca2+ stores. Ca2+ release via the NAADP-sensitive mechanism may also feedback onto either RYRs or IP3Rs. cADPR and NAADP are generated by CD38. This enzyme might be sensitive to the cellular metabolism, as ATP and NADH inhibit it.
The influx of Ca2+ from the environment or release from internal stores causes a very rapid and dramatic increase in cytoplasmic calcium concentration, which has been widely exploited for signal transduction. Some proteins, such as troponin C (TnC) involved in muscle contraction, directly bind to and sense Ca2+. However, in other cases Ca2+ is sensed through intermediate calcium sensors such as calmodulin (CALM).
Class
Environmental Information Processing; Signal transduction
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Other DBs
Organism
Theropithecus gelada (gelada) [GN:
tge ]
Gene
112606555 CCKBR; gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04195 ]
112607256 VEGFB; vascular endothelial growth factor B isoform X1 [KO:K16858 ]
112607332 PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
112607858 GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634 ]
112607972 CACNA1B; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B [KO:K04849 ]
112608036 GNA14; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-14 [KO:K04636 ]
112608876 CACNA1G; voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G isoform X1 [KO:K04854 ]
112610393 PLCD3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K05857 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
112611291 GNAL; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(olf) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04633 ]
112612323 FGF22; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: fibroblast growth factor 22 [KO:K04358 ]
112612428 CACNA1A; voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A isoform X1 [KO:K04344 ]
112612781 GNA15; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-15 [KO:K04637 ]
112612879 GNA11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 isoform X1 [KO:K04635 ]
112612981 HRC; sarcoplasmic reticulum histidine-rich calcium-binding protein [KO:K23450 ]
112613788 PHKG2; phosphorylase b kinase gamma catalytic chain, liver/testis isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00871 ] [EC:2.7.11.19 ]
112614052 CACNA1H; voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1H isoform X1 [KO:K04855 ]
112614067 NFATC3; nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 3 isoform X1 [KO:K17333 ]
112614685 GRIN2A; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A isoform X1 [KO:K05209 ]
112614698 PHKB; phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K07190 ]
112614995 CACNA1F; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F [KO:K04853 ]
112615464 PHKA1; phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit alpha, skeletal muscle isoform isoform X1 [KO:K07190 ]
112615509 PHKA2; phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit alpha, liver isoform [KO:K07190 ]
112617755 PTGER3; prostaglandin E2 receptor EP3 subtype isoform X1 [KO:K04260 ]
112618467 CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851 ]
112619004 PLCD1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05857 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
112620149 PHKG1; phosphorylase b kinase gamma catalytic chain, skeletal muscle/heart isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00871 ] [EC:2.7.11.19 ]
112621278 PDE1C; calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1C isoform X1 [KO:K13755 ] [EC:3.1.4.17 ]
112621751 CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
112622794 VEGFA; vascular endothelial growth factor A isoform X1 [KO:K05448 ]
112624412 CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
112624557 PPP3CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
112624796 CACNA1E; voltage-dependent R-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1E isoform X1 [KO:K04852 ]
112625469 VEGFC; vascular endothelial growth factor C isoform X1 [KO:K05449 ]
112625752 VDAC1; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 [KO:K05862 ]
112625819 CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
112625837 CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S [KO:K04857 ]
112627143 GDNF; glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor isoform X1 [KO:K05452 ]
112627411 CALML4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calmodulin-like protein 4 [KO:K02183 ]
112627584 PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
112627602 CHRNA7; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 isoform X1 [KO:K04809 ]
112628637 NFATC4; nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 4 isoform X1 [KO:K17334 ]
112629914 VDAC3; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K15041 ]
112630416 ADRB3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: beta-3 adrenergic receptor [KO:K04143 ]
112630471 PPP3CC; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
112631163 VDAC2; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K15040 ]
112631191 CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
112631360 MCU; calcium uniporter protein, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K20858 ]
112631367 PLCE1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase epsilon-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05860 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
112631469 PPP3CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
112632629 GNAS; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoforms XLas isoform X1 [KO:K04632 ]
112632883 NFATC2; nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 2 isoform X1 [KO:K17332 ]
112632965 CACNA1I; voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I [KO:K04856 ]
112633067 PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
112633206 PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
112634000 CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X1 [KO:K04850 ]
112634597 ORAI1; calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K16056 ]
112634666 PLCZ1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase zeta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05861 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
112635120 PDE1B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B isoform X1 [KO:K13755 ] [EC:3.1.4.17 ]
112635932 PDE1A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A isoform X1 [KO:K13755 ] [EC:3.1.4.17 ]
112636377 CXCR4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 [KO:K04189 ]
Compound
C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C06124 Sphingosine 1-phosphate
C11556 1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate
C13051 Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Reference
Authors
Berridge MJ, Bootman MD, Roderick HL.
Title
Calcium signalling: dynamics, homeostasis and remodelling.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Berridge MJ, Lipp P, Bootman MD.
Title
The versatility and universality of calcium signalling.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Wang MC, Dolphin A, Kitmitto A.
Title
L-type voltage-gated calcium channels: understanding function through structure.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ferrier GR, Howlett SE.
Title
Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling: role of membrane potential in regulation of contraction.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Keef KD, Hume JR, Zhong J.
Title
Regulation of cardiac and smooth muscle Ca(2+) channels (Ca(V)1.2a,b) by protein kinases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hell JW, Appleyard SM, Yokoyama CT, Warner C, Catterall WA.
Title
Differential phosphorylation of two size forms of the N-type calcium channel alpha 1 subunit which have different COOH termini.
Journal
J Biol Chem 269:7390-6 (1994)
Reference
Authors
Yunker AM.
Title
Modulation and pharmacology of low voltage-activated ("T-Type") calcium channels.
Journal
Reference
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Yakel JL.
Title
Calcineurin regulation of synaptic function: from ion channels to transmitter release and gene transcription.
Journal
Reference
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Fukunaga K, Miyamoto E.
Title
A working model of CaM kinase II activity in hippocampal long-term potentiation and memory.
Journal
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Title
Ras-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by G protein-coupled receptors. Convergence of Gi- and Gq-mediated pathways on calcium/calmodulin, Pyk2, and Src kinase.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Furuichi T, Mikoshiba K.
Title
Inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptor-mediated Ca2+ signaling in the brain.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Bruce JI, Straub SV, Yule DI.
Title
Crosstalk between cAMP and Ca2+ signaling in non-excitable cells.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lee HC, Munshi C, Graeff R.
Title
Structures and activities of cyclic ADP-ribose, NAADP and their metabolic enzymes.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Crompton M.
Title
Mitochondrial intermembrane junctional complexes and their role in cell death.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Grewal SS, York RD, Stork PJ.
Title
Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase signalling in neurons.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Trushin SA, Pennington KN, Carmona EM, Asin S, Savoy DN, Billadeau DD, Paya CV.
Title
Protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha) acts upstream of PKCtheta to activate IkappaB kinase and NF-kappaB in T lymphocytes.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hutchins JR, Dikovskaya D, Clarke PR.
Title
Regulation of Cdc2/cyclin B activation in Xenopus egg extracts via inhibitory phosphorylation of Cdc25C phosphatase by Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein [corrected] kinase II.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Tornquist K
Title
Sphingosine 1-phosphate, sphingosine kinase and autocrine calcium signalling in thyroid cells.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Feske S
Title
Immunodeficiency due to defects in store-operated calcium entry.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Giachini FR, Lima VV, Hannan JL, Carneiro FS, Webb RC, Tostes RC
Title
STIM1/Orai1-mediated store-operated Ca2+ entry: the tip of the iceberg.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Baba Y, Kurosaki T
Title
[Regulation of store-operated calcium entry by STIM1].
Journal
Seikagaku 80:1123-8 (2008)
Reference
Authors
Galione A, Evans AM, Ma J, Parrington J, Arredouani A, Cheng X, Zhu MX
Title
The acid test: the discovery of two-pore channels (TPCs) as NAADP-gated endolysosomal Ca(2+) release channels.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Beard NA, Wei L, Dulhunty AF
Title
Ca(2+) signaling in striated muscle: the elusive roles of triadin, junctin, and calsequestrin.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Marty I
Title
Triadin regulation of the ryanodine receptor complex.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Arvanitis DA, Vafiadaki E, Sanoudou D, Kranias EG
Title
Histidine-rich calcium binding protein: the new regulator of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium cycling.
Journal
Related pathway
tge04070 Phosphatidylinositol signaling system
KO pathway