KEGG   PATHWAY: hsa04659
Entry
hsa04659                    Pathway                                
Name
Th17 cell differentiation - Homo sapiens (human)
Description
Interleukin (IL)-17-producing helper T (Th17) cells serve as a subset of CD4+ T cells involved in epithelial cell- and neutrophil mediated immune responses against extracellular microbes and in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In vivo, Th17 differentiation requires antigen presentation and co-stimulation, and activation of antigen presenting-cells (APCs) to produce TGF-beta, IL-6, IL-1, IL-23 and IL-21. This initial activation results in the activation and up-regulation of STAT3, ROR(gamma)t and other transcriptional factors in CD4+ T cells, which bind to the promoter regions of the IL-17, IL-21 and IL-22 genes and induce IL-17, IL-21 and IL-22. In contrast, the differentiation of Th17 cells and their IL-17 expression are negatively regulated by IL-2, Th2 cytokine IL-4, IL-27 and Th1 cytokine IFN-gamma through STAT5, STAT6 and STAT1 activation, respectively. Retinoid acid and the combination of IL-2 and TGF-beta upregulate Foxp3, which also downregulates cytokines like IL-17 and IL-21. The inhibition of Th17 differentiation may serve as a protective strategy to 'fine-tune' the expression IL-17 so it does not cause excessive inflammation. Thus, balanced differentiation of Th cells is crucial for immunity and host protection.
Class
Organismal Systems; Immune system
Pathway map
hsa04659  Th17 cell differentiation
hsa04659

Drug
D00094  Tretinoin (JAN/USP/INN)
D00107  Tacrolimus (USP/INN)
D00184  Cyclosporine (USP)
D00316  Etretinate (JAN/USAN/INN)
D00348  Isotretinoin (JAN/USP)
D01112  Adapalene (JAN/USP/INN)
D01132  Tazarotene (JAN/USAN/INN)
D01516  Tretinoin tocoferil (JAN)
D02754  Acitretin (USP/INN)
D02815  Alitretinoin (USAN)
D04636  Isotretinoin anisatil (USAN)
D05092  Muromonab-CD3 (JAN/USAN/INN)
D05480  Pimecrolimus (JAN/USAN/INN)
D08556  Tacrolimus (INN)
D09013  Teplizumab (USAN/INN)
D09033  Voclosporin (JAN/USAN/INN)
D09190  Anti-human thymocyte immunoglobulin, rabbit (JAN)
D10871  Filgotinib (USAN/INN)
D10872  Filgotinib hydrochloride (USAN)
D10902  Afasevikumab (USAN/INN)
D11046  Delgocitinib (JAN/USAN/INN)
D11052  Risankizumab (USAN/INN)
D11106  Filgotinib maleate (JAN/USAN)
D11365  Tapinarof (JAN/USAN)
D11537  Brepocitinib (USAN)
D11538  Brepocitinib tosylate (USAN)
D11817  Deucravacitinib (JAN/USAN)
D11953  Efmarodocokin alfa (USAN/INN)
D12211  Ivarmacitinib (USAN)
D12212  Ivarmacitinib sulfate (USAN)
D12274  Cedirogant (USAN/INN)
D12278  Izokibep (USAN/INN)
D12368  Epcoritamab (USAN/INN)
Other DBs
GO: 0072539
Organism
Homo sapiens (human) [GN:hsa]
Gene
3553  IL1B; interleukin 1 beta [KO:K04519]
3554  IL1R1; interleukin 1 receptor type 1 [KO:K04386]
3556  IL1RAP; interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein [KO:K04723]
5600  MAPK11; mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
6300  MAPK12; mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5603  MAPK13; mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
1432  MAPK14; mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
2475  MTOR; mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase [KO:K07203] [EC:2.7.11.1]
3662  IRF4; interferon regulatory factor 4 [KO:K09445]
7040  TGFB1; transforming growth factor beta 1 [KO:K13375]
7046  TGFBR1; transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 [KO:K04674] [EC:2.7.11.30]
7048  TGFBR2; transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 [KO:K04388] [EC:2.7.11.30]
4087  SMAD2; SMAD family member 2 [KO:K04500]
4088  SMAD3; SMAD family member 3 [KO:K23605]
4089  SMAD4; SMAD family member 4 [KO:K04501]
59067  IL21; interleukin 21 [KO:K05434]
50615  IL21R; interleukin 21 receptor [KO:K05075]
3561  IL2RG; interleukin 2 receptor subunit gamma [KO:K05070]
3716  JAK1; Janus kinase 1 [KO:K11217] [EC:2.7.10.2]
3718  JAK3; Janus kinase 3 [KO:K11218] [EC:2.7.10.2]
3569  IL6; interleukin 6 [KO:K05405]
3570  IL6R; interleukin 6 receptor [KO:K05055]
3572  IL6ST; interleukin 6 cytokine family signal transducer [KO:K05060]
3717  JAK2; Janus kinase 2 [KO:K04447] [EC:2.7.10.2]
51561  IL23A; interleukin 23 subunit alpha [KO:K05426]
149233  IL23R; interleukin 23 receptor [KO:K05065]
3594  IL12RB1; interleukin 12 receptor subunit beta 1 [KO:K05063]
7297  TYK2; tyrosine kinase 2 [KO:K11219] [EC:2.7.10.2]
6774  STAT3; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 [KO:K04692]
6097  RORC; RAR related orphan receptor C [KO:K08534]
6095  RORA; RAR related orphan receptor A [KO:K08532]
3091  HIF1A; hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha [KO:K08268]
3320  HSP90AA1; heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1 [KO:K04079]
3326  HSP90AB1; heat shock protein 90 alpha family class B member 1 [KO:K04079]
196  AHR; aryl hydrocarbon receptor [KO:K09093]
3605  IL17A; interleukin 17A [KO:K05489]
112744  IL17F; interleukin 17F [KO:K05494]
50616  IL22; interleukin 22 [KO:K05445]
3108  HLA-DMA; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DM alpha [KO:K06752]
3109  HLA-DMB; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DM beta [KO:K06752]
3111  HLA-DOA; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DO alpha [KO:K06752]
3112  HLA-DOB; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DO beta [KO:K06752]
3113  HLA-DPA1; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DP alpha 1 [KO:K06752]
3115  HLA-DPB1; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DP beta 1 [KO:K06752]
3117  HLA-DQA1; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ alpha 1 [KO:K06752]
3118  HLA-DQA2; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ alpha 2 [KO:K06752]
3119  HLA-DQB1; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ beta 1 [KO:K06752]
3122  HLA-DRA; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR alpha [KO:K06752]
3123  HLA-DRB1; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 [KO:K06752]
3125  HLA-DRB3; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 3 [KO:K06752]
3126  HLA-DRB4; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 4 [KO:K06752]
3127  HLA-DRB5; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 5 [KO:K06752]
920  CD4; CD4 molecule [KO:K06454]
3932  LCK; LCK proto-oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase [KO:K05856] [EC:2.7.10.2]
916  CD3E; CD3 epsilon subunit of T-cell receptor complex [KO:K06451]
917  CD3G; CD3 gamma subunit of T-cell receptor complex [KO:K06452]
919  CD247; CD247 molecule [KO:K06453]
915  CD3D; CD3 delta subunit of T-cell receptor complex [KO:K06450]
7535  ZAP70; zeta chain of T cell receptor associated protein kinase 70 [KO:K07360] [EC:2.7.10.2]
27040  LAT; linker for activation of T cells [KO:K07362]
5335  PLCG1; phospholipase C gamma 1 [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11]
5530  PPP3CA; protein phosphatase 3 catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04348] [EC:3.1.3.16]
5532  PPP3CB; protein phosphatase 3 catalytic subunit beta [KO:K04348] [EC:3.1.3.16]
5533  PPP3CC; protein phosphatase 3 catalytic subunit gamma [KO:K04348] [EC:3.1.3.16]
5534  PPP3R1; protein phosphatase 3 regulatory subunit B, alpha [KO:K06268]
5535  PPP3R2; protein phosphatase 3 regulatory subunit B, beta [KO:K06268]
4772  NFATC1; nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 [KO:K04446]
4773  NFATC2; nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 [KO:K17332]
4775  NFATC3; nuclear factor of activated T cells 3 [KO:K17333]
5588  PRKCQ; protein kinase C theta [KO:K18052] [EC:2.7.11.13]
1147  CHUK; component of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase complex [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
3551  IKBKB; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit beta [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
8517  IKBKG; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K07210]
4792  NFKBIA; NFKB inhibitor alpha [KO:K04734]
4793  NFKBIB; NFKB inhibitor beta [KO:K02581]
4794  NFKBIE; NFKB inhibitor epsilon [KO:K05872]
4790  NFKB1; nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 [KO:K02580]
5970  RELA; RELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit [KO:K04735]
5594  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5595  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
2353  FOS; Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit [KO:K04379]
5599  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5602  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5601  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
3725  JUN; Jun proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit [KO:K04448]
3565  IL4; interleukin 4 [KO:K05430]
3566  IL4R; interleukin 4 receptor [KO:K05071]
6778  STAT6; signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 [KO:K11225]
2625  GATA3; GATA binding protein 3 [KO:K17895]
861  RUNX1; RUNX family transcription factor 1 [KO:K08367]
246778  IL27; interleukin 27 [KO:K22629]
10148  EBI3; Epstein-Barr virus induced 3 [KO:K24476]
9466  IL27RA; interleukin 27 receptor subunit alpha [KO:K19598]
3458  IFNG; interferon gamma [KO:K04687]
3459  IFNGR1; interferon gamma receptor 1 [KO:K05132]
3460  IFNGR2; interferon gamma receptor 2 [KO:K05133]
6772  STAT1; signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 [KO:K11220]
30009  TBX21; T-box transcription factor 21 [KO:K10166]
3558  IL2; interleukin 2 [KO:K05429]
3559  IL2RA; interleukin 2 receptor subunit alpha [KO:K05068]
3560  IL2RB; interleukin 2 receptor subunit beta [KO:K05069]
6776  STAT5A; signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A [KO:K11223]
6777  STAT5B; signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B [KO:K11224]
50943  FOXP3; forkhead box P3 [KO:K10163]
5914  RARA; retinoic acid receptor alpha [KO:K08527]
6256  RXRA; retinoid X receptor alpha [KO:K08524]
6257  RXRB; retinoid X receptor beta [KO:K08525]
6258  RXRG; retinoid X receptor gamma [KO:K08526]
Compound
C00076  Calcium cation
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00777  Retinoate
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:23325835
  Authors
Muranski P, Restifo NP
  Title
Essentials of Th17 cell commitment and plasticity.
  Journal
Blood 121:2402-14 (2013)
DOI:10.1182/blood-2012-09-378653
Reference
PMID:19379825
  Authors
O'Shea JJ, Steward-Tharp SM, Laurence A, Watford WT, Wei L, Adamson AS, Fan S
  Title
Signal transduction and Th17 cell differentiation.
  Journal
Microbes Infect 11:599-611 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/j.micinf.2009.04.007
Reference
PMID:21084214
  Authors
Hirahara K, Ghoreschi K, Laurence A, Yang XP, Kanno Y, O'Shea JJ
  Title
Signal transduction pathways and transcriptional regulation in Th17 cell differentiation.
  Journal
Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 21:425-34 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.10.006
Reference
PMID:18166487
  Authors
Chen Z, Laurence A, O'Shea JJ
  Title
Signal transduction pathways and transcriptional regulation in the control of Th17 differentiation.
  Journal
Semin Immunol 19:400-8 (2007)
DOI:10.1016/j.smim.2007.10.015
Reference
PMID:22640807
  Authors
Maddur MS, Miossec P, Kaveri SV, Bayry J
  Title
Th17 cells: biology, pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, and therapeutic strategies.
  Journal
Am J Pathol 181:8-18 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.03.044
Reference
PMID:23036716
  Authors
Hemdan NY, Birkenmeier G, Wichmann G
  Title
Key molecules in the differentiation and commitment program of T helper 17 (Th17) cells up-to-date.
  Journal
Immunol Lett 148:97-109 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.imlet.2012.09.007
Reference
PMID:18408735
  Authors
Dong C
  Title
TH17 cells in development: an updated view of their molecular identity and genetic programming.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 8:337-48 (2008)
DOI:10.1038/nri2295
Reference
PMID:20054607
  Authors
Torchinsky MB, Blander JM
  Title
T helper 17 cells: discovery, function, and physiological trigger.
  Journal
Cell Mol Life Sci 67:1407-21 (2010)
DOI:10.1007/s00018-009-0248-3
Reference
PMID:19381306
  Authors
Jetten AM
  Title
Retinoid-related orphan receptors (RORs): critical roles in development, immunity, circadian rhythm, and cellular metabolism.
  Journal
Nucl Recept Signal 7:e003 (2009)
DOI:10.1621/nrs.07003
Reference
PMID:22133865
  Authors
Oestreich KJ, Weinmann AS
  Title
T-bet employs diverse regulatory mechanisms to repress transcription.
  Journal
Trends Immunol 33:78-83 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2011.10.005
Reference
PMID:24325586
  Authors
Manni ML, Robinson KM, Alcorn JF
  Title
A tale of two cytokines: IL-17 and IL-22 in asthma and infection.
  Journal
Expert Rev Respir Med 8:25-42 (2014)
DOI:10.1586/17476348.2014.854167
Reference
PMID:21776333
  Authors
Sha Y, Markovic-Plese S
  Title
A role of IL-1R1 signaling in the differentiation of Th17 cells and the development of autoimmune diseases.
  Journal
Self Nonself 2:35-42 (2011)
DOI:10.4161/self.2.1.15639
Reference
PMID:20488727
  Authors
Nakayama T, Yamashita M
  Title
The TCR-mediated signaling pathways that control the direction of helper T cell differentiation.
  Journal
Semin Immunol 22:303-9 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.smim.2010.04.010
Reference
PMID:21151104
  Authors
Lazarevic V, Chen X, Shim JH, Hwang ES, Jang E, Bolm AN, Oukka M, Kuchroo VK, Glimcher LH
  Title
T-bet represses T(H)17 differentiation by preventing Runx1-mediated activation of the gene encoding RORgammat.
  Journal
Nat Immunol 12:96-104 (2011)
DOI:10.1038/ni.1969
Reference
PMID:22754770
  Authors
Pan F, Barbi J, Pardoll DM
  Title
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1: A link between metabolism and T cell differentiation and a potential therapeutic target.
  Journal
Oncoimmunology 1:510-515 (2012)
DOI:10.4161/onci.19457
Reference
PMID:18362914
  Authors
Veldhoen M, Hirota K, Westendorf AM, Buer J, Dumoutier L, Renauld JC, Stockinger B
  Title
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor links TH17-cell-mediated autoimmunity to environmental toxins.
  Journal
Nature 453:106-9 (2008)
DOI:10.1038/nature06881
Reference
PMID:17768419
  Authors
Deenick EK, Tangye SG
  Title
Autoimmunity: IL-21: a new player in Th17-cell differentiation.
  Journal
Immunol Cell Biol 85:503-5 (2007)
DOI:10.1038/sj.icb.7100114
Reference
PMID:26253381
  Authors
Meka RR, Venkatesha SH, Dudics S, Acharya B, Moudgil KD
  Title
IL-27-induced modulation of autoimmunity and its therapeutic potential.
  Journal
Autoimmun Rev 14:1131-41 (2015)
DOI:10.1016/j.autrev.2015.08.001
Reference
PMID:16200068
  Authors
Park H, Li Z, Yang XO, Chang SH, Nurieva R, Wang YH, Wang Y, Hood L, Zhu Z, Tian Q, Dong C
  Title
A distinct lineage of CD4 T cells regulates tissue inflammation by producing interleukin 17.
  Journal
Nat Immunol 6:1133-41 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/ni1261
Reference
PMID:22324470
  Authors
Zhu S, Qian Y
  Title
IL-17/IL-17 receptor system in autoimmune disease: mechanisms and therapeutic potential.
  Journal
Clin Sci (Lond) 122:487-511 (2012)
DOI:10.1042/CS20110496
Related
pathway
hsa04010  MAPK signaling pathway
hsa04020  Calcium signaling pathway
hsa04064  NF-kappa B signaling pathway
hsa04066  HIF-1 signaling pathway
hsa04350  TGF-beta signaling pathway
hsa04514  Cell adhesion molecules
hsa04620  Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
hsa04630  JAK-STAT signaling pathway
hsa04660  T cell receptor signaling pathway
hsa05321  Inflammatory bowel disease
hsa05323  Rheumatoid arthritis
KO pathway
ko04659   
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