KEGG   PATHWAY: rno04613
Entry
rno04613                    Pathway                                
Name
Neutrophil extracellular trap formation - Rattus norvegicus (rat)
Description
Neutrophils play a central role in innate immune defense. One of the mechanisms of neutrophil action is the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), the extracellular structures composed of chromatin coated with histones, proteases and granular and cytosolic proteins that help catch and kill microorganisms. NETs are formed by a process known as "NETosis" that can be triggered by microorganisms and endogenous stimuli, such as damage-associated molecular patterns and immune complexes, and involves activation in most cases of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-oxidase, which produces reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recent study has reported that there are two different mechanisms of NETosis, including a lytic NETosis and a vital NETosis. Lytic NETosis begins with nuclear delobulation and the disassembly of the nuclear envelope and continues with loss of cellular polarization, chromatin decondensation and plasma membrane rupture. Vital NETosis can occur independently of cell death and involves the secreted expulsion of nuclear chromatin that is accompanied by the release of granule proteins through degranulation.
Class
Organismal Systems; Immune system
Pathway map
rno04613  Neutrophil extracellular trap formation
rno04613

Organism
Rattus norvegicus (rat) [GN:rno]
Gene
100359421  H3f3l1; histone H3.3A-like [KO:K11253]
100359692  H2bc9; histone H2B [KO:K11252]
100360754  Hist1h2ai; histone cluster 1, H2ai [KO:K11251]
100360950  H4cl3; histone H3.1 [KO:K11253]
100361457  Actg1l1; actin, gamma 1 propeptide-like [KO:K05692]
100361558  H3f3a; H3.3 histone A [KO:K11253]
100363171  H2al2l; uncharacterized protein LOC100363171 [KO:K11251]
100364835  H2bc6; H2B clustered histone 6 [KO:K11252]
100365043  H2bc12l1; histone cluster 1, H2bd-like [KO:K11252]
100910200  H2bcl1; histone H2B type 1-C/E/G-like [KO:K11252]
100910554  [KO:K11251]
100912338  H2bc18; H2B clustered histone 18 [KO:K11252]
102548682  H4cl1; uncharacterized protein H4cl1 [KO:K11253]
102549061  [KO:K11252]
103690190  [KO:K11251]
103690887  H2bw2l; histone H2B-like [KO:K11252]
108348065  Hdac6; histone deacetylase 6 [KO:K11407] [EC:3.5.1.98]
108348989  Hmgb1l1; high mobility group protein B1-like [KO:K10802]
108349189  Hmgb1l2; high mobility group protein B1-like [KO:K10802]
108349691  H3f3bl2; histone H3.3A-like [KO:K11253]
108350839  [KO:K10802]
113959  C5ar1; C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1 [KO:K04010]
114553  Ncf1; neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 [KO:K08011]
114555  Casp4; caspase 4 [KO:K04394] [EC:3.4.22.57 3.4.22.64]
116590  Mapk1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
116591  Fcgr2a; low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III isoform 1 [KO:K06463]
116669  Vwf; von Willebrand factor precursor [KO:K03900]
117056  H3f3b; histone H3.3 [KO:K11253]
120097726  H2ac10; H2A clustered histone 10 [KO:K11251]
120097727  [KO:K11253]
120098222  [KO:K05692]
134478941  [KO:K10802]
134481532  [KO:K06472]
134483981  [KO:K10802]
134484121  [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
134485624  [KO:K10802]
134486889  [KO:K10802]
170851  Map2k1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
170911  Pik3ca; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
24185  Akt1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
24232  C3; complement C3 precursor [KO:K03990]
24366  Fgb; fibrinogen beta chain precursor [KO:K03904]
24367  Fgg; fibrinogen gamma chain precursor [KO:K03905]
24654  Plcb1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
24680  Prkca; protein kinase C alpha type [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
24681  Prkcg; protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
24703  Raf1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
24828  H2ac1; histone H2A type 4 [KO:K11251]
24829  H2bc1; histone H2B type 1-A [KO:K11252]
25021  Itgam; integrin alpha-M precursor [KO:K06461]
25023  Prkcb; protein kinase C beta type isoform 2 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
25031  Plcb4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
25155  Syk; tyrosine-protein kinase SYK [KO:K05855] [EC:2.7.10.2]
25166  Casp1; caspase-1 [KO:K01370] [EC:3.4.22.36]
25176  Slc25a5; ADP/ATP translocase 2 [KO:K05863]
25233  Akt2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
25459  Hmgb1; high mobility group protein B1 [KO:K10802]
25513  Pik3r1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha [KO:K02649]
25651  Selp; P-selectin precursor [KO:K06496]
25738  Plcg1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11]
25749  Clcn5; H(+)/Cl(-) exchange transporter 5 isoform 2 [KO:K05012]
282819  Ppif; peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase F, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K09565] [EC:5.2.1.8]
287876  Actg1; actin, cytoplasmic 2 [KO:K05692]
290257  Ctsg; cathepsin G precursor [KO:K01319] [EC:3.4.21.20]
291152  Hist1h4m; histone H4 [KO:K11254]
291157  Hist1h2bo; histone cluster 1 H2B family member O [KO:K11252]
291159  Hist1h2ail1; histone H3.1 [KO:K11253]
292409  Fpr1; fMet-Leu-Phe receptor [KO:K04172]
292419  Fpr2l1; formyl peptide receptor, related sequence 3 [KO:K04173]
29260  Tlr4; toll-like receptor 4 precursor [KO:K10160]
29302  Itgb3; integrin beta-3 precursor [KO:K06493]
29322  Plcb3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
29337  Plcg2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 [KO:K05859] [EC:3.1.4.11]
29384  Macroh2a1; core histone macro-H2A.1 [KO:K11251]
29414  Akt3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
29512  Padi4; protein-arginine deiminase type-4 [KO:K24669]
29513  Mapk13; mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
295274  Hist2h2be; histone cluster 2 H2B family member E [KO:K11252]
295277  H4c14; histone H4 [KO:K11254]
295279  Fcgr1a; high affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor I precursor [KO:K06498]
296501  Hat1; histone acetyltransferase type B catalytic subunit [KO:K11303] [EC:2.3.1.48]
29741  Pik3r2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
297453  Hdac11; histone deacetylase 11 [KO:K11418] [EC:3.5.1.98]
297893  Hdac1; histone deacetylase 1 [KO:K06067] [EC:3.5.1.98]
299606  Elane; neutrophil elastase precursor [KO:K01327] [EC:3.4.21.37]
302783  H2ab3; H2A.B variant histone 3 [KO:K11251]
303175  Hist3h2ba; histone cluster 3, H2ba [KO:K11252]
303413  Mpo; myeloperoxidase precursor [KO:K10789] [EC:1.11.2.2]
304966  Fcgr3a; low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-A precursor [KO:K06463]
306945  Hist1h2bq; histone cluster 1 H2B family member Q [KO:K11252]
306962  Hist1h2ac; histone cluster 1 H2A family member C [KO:K11251]
306969  H2bc8; histone cluster 1 H2B family member l [KO:K11252]
306970  Hist1h2an; histone cluster 1, H2an [KO:K11251]
308995  Itgal; integrin alpha-L precursor [KO:K05718]
309165  Rela; transcription factor p65 [KO:K04735]
309684  Itgb2; integrin beta-2 precursor [KO:K06464]
310553  Tlr2; toll-like receptor 2 precursor [KO:K10159]
310678  Hist2h3c2; histone cluster 2 H3 family member C2 [KO:K11253]
312647  Atg7; ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7 [KO:K08337]
313121  Map3k7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
315084  Gsdmd; gasdermin-D [KO:K20917]
316010  Camp; cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide precursor [KO:K13916]
317468  Tlr7; toll-like receptor 7 [KO:K05404]
361247  Hist1h2bd; histone cluster 1 H2B family member D [KO:K11252]
361844  Macroh2a2; core histone macro-H2A.2 [KO:K11251]
361969  Fga; fibrinogen alpha chain isoform 1 precursor [KO:K03903]
362119  C5; complement C5 precursor [KO:K03994]
362981  Hdac10; polyamine deacetylase HDAC10 isoform 2 [KO:K18671] [EC:3.5.1.98]
363287  Hdac4; histone deacetylase 4 [KO:K11406] [EC:3.5.1.98]
363481  Hdac8; histone deacetylase 8 [KO:K11405] [EC:3.5.1.98]
363875  Rac1; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 [KO:K04392]
363930  Selplg; P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 precursor [KO:K06544]
364018  Ncf2; neutrophil cytosol factor 2 [KO:K08010]
364723  Hist1h2ao; histone H2A type 1-E [KO:K11254]
365877  H2ac18; histone H2A type 1 [KO:K11251]
366508  Pik3cd; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
366957  Rac2; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2 [KO:K07860]
367254  H3f3al3; histone H3.3A-like [KO:K11253]
497907  Hmgb1l5; high mobility group protein B1-like [KO:K10802]
498276  Fcgr2al1; Fc gamma receptor 2A like 1 [KO:K06472]
498753  Hist1h2af; histone H2a [KO:K11251]
498885  Slc25a6; solute carrier family 25 member 6 [KO:K05863]
498894  H2az2l3; histone H2A.V-like [KO:K11251]
499675  H2ac20; H2A clustered histone 20 [KO:K11251]
500871  Slc25a5l1; ADP/ATP translocase 2-like [KO:K05863]
500882  H3-7l; histone H3.3A-like [KO:K11253]
500904  Ncf4; neutrophil cytosol factor 4 [KO:K08012]
500987  H2ax; H2A.X variant histone [KO:K11251]
502125  Hist1h2ah; histone H2A type 1-E [KO:K11251]
502129  hist1h2ail2; histone cluster 1, H2ai-like2 [KO:K11251]
502902  Clec7a; C-type lectin domain family 7 member A [KO:K10074]
50689  Mapk3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
54243  Cr1l; complement component receptor 1-like protein isoform 2 precursor [KO:K04011]
56718  Mtor; serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR [KO:K07203] [EC:2.7.11.1]
58940  H2az1; histone H2A.Z [KO:K11251]
58960  Map2k2; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
60352  Mapk12; mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
60586  Clcn4; H(+)/Cl(-) exchange transporter 4 [KO:K05012]
60664  Pik3r3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649]
64627  Hist1h4b; histone H4 [KO:K11254]
64646  H2ac25; histone H2A type 3 [KO:K11251]
64647  Hist1h2bg; histone H2B type 1 [KO:K11252]
65054  Aqp9; aquaporin-9 [KO:K09877]
66021  Cybb; cytochrome b-245 beta chain [KO:K21421] [EC:1.-.-.-]
679994  H3c1; histone cluster 3, H3 [KO:K11253]
680312  H2bc12; histone H2B [KO:K11252]
680322  H2ac12; H2A clustered histone 12 [KO:K11251]
680403  Hist1h2bc; histone cluster 1, H2bc [KO:K11252]
680498  Hist1h3b; histone cluster 1, H3b [KO:K11253]
680615  H2ac4; H2A clustered histone 4 [KO:K11251]
684440  Tlr8; toll-like receptor 8 precursor [KO:K10170]
684444  H2bl1; uncharacterized protein LOC684444 [KO:K11252]
684762  H3c13; H3 clustered histone 13 [KO:K11253]
684773  H2ac23; similar to histone 2a [KO:K11251]
684797  H2bcl2; H2B clustered histone like 2 [KO:K11252]
685069  H2az2l1; histone H2A.V-like [KO:K11251]
685269  Itga2b; integrin alpha-IIb precursor [KO:K06476]
685909  H2az2; H2A.Z variant histone 2 [KO:K11251]
687001  Hdac9; histone deacetylase 9 [KO:K11409] [EC:3.5.1.98]
689108  Slc25a31; ADP/ATP translocase 4 [KO:K05863]
689314  Mapk11; mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
689408  H2az2l2; histone H2A.V-like [KO:K11251]
690102  H2ac21; H2A clustered histone 21 [KO:K11251]
690131  Hist2h2aa2; histone H2A type 2-A [KO:K11251]
690158  Fpr2; formyl peptide receptor, related sequence 2 [KO:K04173]
690198  Fpr2l2; formyl peptide receptor-related sequence 4 [KO:K04173]
690230  Fpr2l3; formyl peptide receptor-related sequence 7 [KO:K04173]
690521  Hmgb1l3; high mobility group protein B1-like [KO:K10802]
690795  H2aj; histone H2A.J [KO:K11251]
691488  H2bu1; H2B.U histone 1 [KO:K11252]
691496  H3f4; H3.4 histone [KO:K11253]
691992  Gp1ba; platelet glycoprotein Ib alpha chain precursor [KO:K06261]
79129  Cyba; cytochrome b-245 light chain [KO:K08009]
81649  Mapk14; mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
81722  Ager; advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor precursor [KO:K19722]
81736  Nfkb1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform 2 [KO:K02580]
81822  Actb; actin, cytoplasmic 1 [KO:K05692]
83529  Vdac1; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 [KO:K05862]
83531  Vdac2; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 [KO:K15040]
83532  Vdac3; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 [KO:K15041]
83805  Src; proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src [KO:K05704] [EC:2.7.10.2]
84360  Clcn3; H(+)/Cl(-) exchange transporter 3 isoform 1 [KO:K05012]
84576  Hdac1l; histone deacetylase 1-like [KO:K06067] [EC:3.5.1.98]
84577  Hdac2; histone deacetylase 2 [KO:K06067] [EC:3.5.1.98]
84578  Hdac3; histone deacetylase 3 [KO:K11404] [EC:3.5.1.98]
84580  Hdac5; histone deacetylase 5 [KO:K11406] [EC:3.5.1.98]
84582  Hdac7; histone deacetylase 7 [KO:K11408] [EC:3.5.1.98]
85240  Plcb2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
85243  Pik3cb; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
85333  Slc25a4; ADP/ATP translocase 1 [KO:K05863]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00039  DNA
C00076  Calcium cation
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00338  Lipopolysaccharide
C00464  Mannan
C00518  Hyaluronate
C00551  beta-D-Glucan
C00704  Superoxide
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C05151  12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
C11221  Formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine methyl ester
Reference
PMID:29543328
  Authors
Van Avondt K, Hartl D
  Title
Mechanisms and disease relevance of neutrophil extracellular trap formation.
  Journal
Eur J Clin Invest 48 Suppl 2:e12919 (2018)
DOI:10.1111/eci.12919
Reference
PMID:31518165
  Authors
Sorvillo N, Cherpokova D, Martinod K, Wagner DD
  Title
Extracellular DNA NET-Works With Dire Consequences for Health.
  Journal
Circ Res 125:470-488 (2019)
DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.314581
Reference
PMID:28990587
  Authors
Papayannopoulos V
  Title
Neutrophil extracellular traps in immunity and disease.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 18:134-147 (2018)
DOI:10.1038/nri.2017.105
Reference
PMID:24837201
  Authors
Liu FC, Chuang YH, Tsai YF, Yu HP
  Title
Role of neutrophil extracellular traps following injury.
  Journal
Shock 41:491-8 (2014)
DOI:10.1097/SHK.0000000000000146
Reference
PMID:27570525
  Authors
Yang H, Biermann MH, Brauner JM, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Herrmann M
  Title
New Insights into Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: Mechanisms of Formation and Role in Inflammation.
  Journal
Front Immunol 7:302 (2016)
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2016.00302
Reference
PMID:28983472
  Authors
Zawrotniak M, Bochenska O, Karkowska-Kuleta J, Seweryn-Ozog K, Aoki W, Ueda M, Kozik A, Rapala-Kozik M
  Title
Aspartic Proteases and Major Cell Wall Components in Candida albicans Trigger the Release of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps.
  Journal
Front Cell Infect Microbiol 7:414 (2017)
DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2017.00414
Reference
PMID:29382950
  Authors
Honda M, Kubes P
  Title
Neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps in the liver and gastrointestinal system.
  Journal
Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 15:206-221 (2018)
DOI:10.1038/nrgastro.2017.183
Reference
PMID:31416265
  Authors
Hamam HJ, Palaniyar N
  Title
Post-Translational Modifications in NETosis and NETs-Mediated Diseases.
  Journal
Biomolecules 9:369 (2019)
DOI:10.3390/biom9080369
Reference
PMID:31767647
  Authors
Burgener SS, Schroder K
  Title
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Host Defense.
  Journal
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 12:a037028 (2020)
DOI:10.1101/cshperspect.a037028
Reference
PMID:33202203
  Authors
Vorobjeva NV, Chernyak BV
  Title
NETosis: Molecular Mechanisms, Role in Physiology and Pathology.
  Journal
Biochemistry (Mosc) 85:1178-1190 (2020)
DOI:10.1134/S0006297920100065
Reference
PMID:31416173
  Authors
Ravindran M, Khan MA, Palaniyar N
  Title
Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation: Physiology, Pathology, and Pharmacology.
  Journal
Biomolecules 9:365 (2019)
DOI:10.3390/biom9080365
Reference
PMID:28267716
  Authors
Jorch SK, Kubes P
  Title
An emerging role for neutrophil extracellular traps in noninfectious disease.
  Journal
Nat Med 23:279-287 (2017)
DOI:10.1038/nm.4294
Reference
PMID:31342866
  Authors
Goggs R, Jeffery U, LeVine DN, Li RHL
  Title
Neutrophil-Extracellular Traps, Cell-Free DNA, and Immunothrombosis in Companion Animals: A Review.
  Journal
Vet Pathol 57:6-23 (2020)
DOI:10.1177/0300985819861721
Reference
PMID:27876233
  Authors
Kim SJ, Jenne CN
  Title
Role of platelets in neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) production and tissue injury.
  Journal
Semin Immunol 28:546-554 (2016)
DOI:10.1016/j.smim.2016.10.013
Reference
PMID:29572545
  Authors
de Bont CM, Boelens WC, Pruijn GJM
  Title
NETosis, complement, and coagulation: a triangular relationship.
  Journal
Cell Mol Immunol 16:19-27 (2019)
DOI:10.1038/s41423-018-0024-0
Reference
PMID:31129510
  Authors
Zawrotniak M, Bartnicka D, Rapala-Kozik M
  Title
UVA and UVB radiation induce the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps by human polymorphonuclear cells.
  Journal
J Photochem Photobiol B 196:111511 (2019)
DOI:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111511
Reference
PMID:21293492
  Authors
Remijsen Q, Kuijpers TW, Wirawan E, Lippens S, Vandenabeele P, Vanden Berghe T
  Title
Dying for a cause: NETosis, mechanisms behind an antimicrobial cell death modality.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 18:581-8 (2011)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2011.1
Reference
PMID:23819131
  Authors
Zawrotniak M, Rapala-Kozik M
  Title
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) - formation and implications.
  Journal
Acta Biochim Pol 60:277-84 (2013)
Reference
PMID:28373871
  Authors
Rosales C
  Title
Fcgamma Receptor Heterogeneity in Leukocyte Functional Responses.
  Journal
Front Immunol 8:280 (2017)
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00280
Reference
PMID:25716722
  Authors
Vorobjeva NV, Pinegin BV
  Title
Neutrophil extracellular traps: mechanisms of formation and role in health and disease.
  Journal
Biochemistry (Mosc) 79:1286-96 (2014)
DOI:10.1134/S0006297914120025
Reference
PMID:28220120
  Authors
Delgado-Rizo V, Martinez-Guzman MA, Iniguez-Gutierrez L, Garcia-Orozco A, Alvarado-Navarro A, Fafutis-Morris M
  Title
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Its Implications in Inflammation: An Overview.
  Journal
Front Immunol 8:81 (2017)
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00081
Reference
PMID:30023352
  Authors
Fonseca Z, Diaz-Godinez C, Mora N, Aleman OR, Uribe-Querol E, Carrero JC, Rosales C
  Title
Entamoeba histolytica Induce Signaling via Raf/MEK/ERK for Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) Formation.
  Journal
Front Cell Infect Microbiol 8:226 (2018)
DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2018.00226
Reference
PMID:27923601
  Authors
Agraz-Cibrian JM, Giraldo DM, Mary FM, Urcuqui-Inchima S
  Title
Understanding the molecular mechanisms of NETs and their role in antiviral innate immunity.
  Journal
Virus Res 228:124-133 (2017)
DOI:10.1016/j.virusres.2016.11.033
Reference
PMID:27698656
  Authors
Schonrich G, Raftery MJ
  Title
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Go Viral.
  Journal
Front Immunol 7:366 (2016)
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2016.00366
Reference
PMID:22817992
  Authors
Saitoh T, Komano J, Saitoh Y, Misawa T, Takahama M, Kozaki T, Uehata T, Iwasaki H, Omori H, Yamaoka S, Yamamoto N, Akira S
  Title
Neutrophil extracellular traps mediate a host defense response to human immunodeficiency virus-1.
  Journal
Cell Host Microbe 12:109-16 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.chom.2012.05.015
Reference
PMID:29908538
  Authors
Kumar S, Gupta E, Kaushik S, Jyoti A
  Title
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: Formation and Involvement in Disease Progression.
  Journal
Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 17:208-220 (2018)
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pathway
rno04010  MAPK signaling pathway
rno04020  Calcium signaling pathway
rno04140  Autophagy - animal
rno04151  PI3K-Akt signaling pathway
rno04610  Complement and coagulation cascades
rno04611  Platelet activation
rno04620  Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
rno04621  NOD-like receptor signaling pathway
rno04666  Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis
KO pathway
ko04613   

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