KEGG   PATHWAY: mcal05171
Entry
mcal05171                   Pathway                                
Name
Coronavirus disease - COVID-19 - Mus caroli (Ryukyu mouse)
Description
Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious respiratory infection that is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infects alveolar epithelial cells [mainly alveolar epithelial type 2 (AEC2) cells] through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Upon the occupancy of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2, the increased serum level of free Angiotensin II (Ang II) due to a reduction of ACE2-mediated degradation promotes activation of the NF-kappa B pathway via Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), followed by  interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. SARS-CoV-2 also activates the innate immune system; macrophage stimulation triggers the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, and the "cytokine storm", which results in systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure. The combined effects of complement activation, dysregulated neutrophilia, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability appear to be intertwined to drive the severe features of COVID-19.
Class
Human Diseases; Infectious disease: viral
Pathway map
mcal05171  Coronavirus disease - COVID-19
mcal05171

Organism
Mus caroli (Ryukyu mouse) [GN:mcal]
Gene
110311360  Tmprss2; transmembrane protease serine 2 [KO:K09633] [EC:3.4.21.122]
110286854  Ace2; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 [KO:K09708] [EC:3.4.17.23]
110299546  Nrp1; neuropilin-1 isoform X1 [KO:K06724]
110305195  angiotensin-converting enzyme-like protein Ace3 isoform X1 [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
110304805  Ace; angiotensin-converting enzyme [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
110312159  Mas1; proto-oncogene Mas [KO:K04303]
110307911  type-1A angiotensin II receptor [KO:K04166]
110291663  Agtr1; type-1 angiotensin II receptor [KO:K04166]
110286646  cytochrome b-245 heavy chain [KO:K21421] [EC:1.-.-.-]
110291231  Nfkb1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K02580]
110285703  Rela; transcription factor p65 [KO:K04735]
110284110  Tnf; tumor necrosis factor [KO:K03156]
110295330  Il6; interleukin-6 [KO:K05405]
110290100  Il1b; interleukin-1 beta [KO:K04519]
110291699  Il12a; interleukin-12 subunit alpha [KO:K05406]
110304465  Il12b; interleukin-12 subunit beta [KO:K05425]
110301975  stromelysin-1 [KO:K01394] [EC:3.4.24.17]
110302197  interstitial collagenase A [KO:K01388] [EC:3.4.24.7]
110302562  interstitial collagenase B [KO:K01388] [EC:3.4.24.7]
110305192  C-C motif chemokine 2 [KO:K14624]
110305913  C-C motif chemokine 12 [KO:K14624]
110306467  Adam17; disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17 [KO:K06059] [EC:3.4.24.86]
110296205  Tnfrsf1a; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A [KO:K03158]
110306864  Nfkbia; NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha [KO:K04734]
110297297  Nfkbib; NF-kappa-B inhibitor beta [KO:K02581]
110285141  Hbegf; proheparin-binding EGF-like growth factor [KO:K08523]
110304228  Egfr; epidermal growth factor receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04361] [EC:2.7.10.1]
110291421  Il6r; interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K05055]
110307804  Il6st; interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta [KO:K05060]
110292243  Jak1; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK1 [KO:K11217] [EC:2.7.10.2]
110302481  Tyk2; non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2 [KO:K11219] [EC:2.7.10.2]
110306201  Stat3; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04692]
110291180  Il2; interleukin-2 [KO:K05429]
110306088  Csf3; granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [KO:K05423]
110305989  Csf2; granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [KO:K05427]
110293896  Cxcl10; C-X-C motif chemokine 10 [KO:K12671]
110298868  40S ribosomal protein S2 [KO:K02981]
110305202  40S ribosomal protein S2-like [KO:K02981]
110293684  40S ribosomal protein S2-like [KO:K02981]
110312525  Rps2; 40S ribosomal protein S2 [KO:K02981]
110297488  Rps3; 40S ribosomal protein S3 [KO:K02985]
110290852  Rps3a; 40S ribosomal protein S3a [KO:K02984]
110296639  40S ribosomal protein S4, X isoform-like [KO:K02987]
110286473  Rps4x; 40S ribosomal protein S4, X isoform [KO:K02987]
110297238  Rps5; 40S ribosomal protein S5 [KO:K02989]
110292653  Rps6; 40S ribosomal protein S6 [KO:K02991]
110306863  Rps7; 40S ribosomal protein S7 [KO:K02993]
110292579  Rps8; 40S ribosomal protein S8 [KO:K02995]
110298281  Rps9; 40S ribosomal protein S9 [KO:K02997]
110312712  Rps10; 40S ribosomal protein S10 [KO:K02947]
110300491  40S ribosomal protein S10-like isoform X1 [KO:K02947]
110284938  40S ribosomal protein S11 [KO:K02949]
110307512  40S ribosomal protein S11-like [KO:K02949]
110298178  Rps11; 40S ribosomal protein S11 [KO:K02949]
110303490  Rps12; 40S ribosomal protein S12 [KO:K02951]
110309444  40S ribosomal protein S12 [KO:K02951]
110297790  Rps13; 40S ribosomal protein S13 [KO:K02953]
110284679  Rps14; 40S ribosomal protein S14 [KO:K02955]
110303366  Rps15; 40S ribosomal protein S15 [KO:K02958]
110298465  Rps15a; 40S ribosomal protein S15a [KO:K02957]
110300643  40S ribosomal protein S16-like isoform X1 [KO:K02960]
110305955  40S ribosomal protein S16-like isoform X1 [KO:K02960]
110298273  Rps16; 40S ribosomal protein S16 [KO:K02960]
110304579  40S ribosomal protein S17-like [KO:K02962]
110309830  40S ribosomal protein S17-like [KO:K02962]
110305758  40S ribosomal protein S17 [KO:K02962]
110298290  Rps17; 40S ribosomal protein S17 [KO:K02962]
110308505  40S ribosomal protein S17-like [KO:K02962]
110302500  40S ribosomal protein S17-like [KO:K02962]
110312204  Rps18; 40S ribosomal protein S18 [KO:K02964]
110302030  40S ribosomal protein S18-like [KO:K02964]
110298449  Rps19; 40S ribosomal protein S19 [KO:K02966]
110293453  40S ribosomal protein S19-like [KO:K02966]
110307168  40S ribosomal protein S19-like [KO:K02966]
110292931  Rps20; 40S ribosomal protein S20 [KO:K02969]
110295188  40S ribosomal protein S21 [KO:K02971]
110308031  Rps23; 40S ribosomal protein S23 [KO:K02973]
110309183  Rps24; 40S ribosomal protein S24 isoform X1 [KO:K02974]
110301299  Rps25; 40S ribosomal protein S25 [KO:K02975]
110303393  Rps26; 40S ribosomal protein S26 [KO:K02976]
110300629  40S ribosomal protein S26-like [KO:K02976]
110298496  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
110294810  40S ribosomal protein S27 [KO:K02978]
110291061  Rps27; 40S ribosomal protein S27 [KO:K02978]
110302200  Rps27l; 40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
115030644  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
110293569  ubiquitin-like [KO:K02977]
110305141  Rps27a; ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
110312741  Rps28; 40S ribosomal protein S28 [KO:K02979]
110303960  40S ribosomal protein S29 [KO:K02980]
110290179  40S ribosomal protein S29 [KO:K02980]
110307343  Rps29; 40S ribosomal protein S29 [KO:K02980]
110290257  40S ribosomal protein S29 [KO:K02980]
110286072  Fau; ubiquitin-like protein fubi and ribosomal protein S30 [KO:K02983]
110301548  Rpsa; 40S ribosomal protein SA [KO:K02998]
110309645  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
110300344  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
110312677  Rpl3l; 60S ribosomal protein L3-like isoform X1 [KO:K02925]
110310074  Rpl3; 60S ribosomal protein L3 [KO:K02925]
110301703  Rpl4; 60S ribosomal protein L4 [KO:K02930]
110294186  Rpl5; 60S ribosomal protein L5 isoform X2 [KO:K02932]
110286924  60S ribosomal protein L6-like [KO:K02934]
110309695  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L6-like [KO:K02934]
110294360  Rpl6; 60S ribosomal protein L6 [KO:K02934]
110312582  Rpl7; 60S ribosomal protein L7 [KO:K02937]
110291724  60S ribosomal protein L7a-like [KO:K02936]
110308398  60S ribosomal protein L7a [KO:K02936]
110310175  Rpl8; 60S ribosomal protein L8 [KO:K02938]
110294838  Rpl9; 60S ribosomal protein L9 [KO:K02940]
110302938  60S ribosomal protein L9 [KO:K02940]
110307092  Rpl10l; 60S ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
110286529  Rpl10; 60S ribosomal protein L10 [KO:K02866]
110307489  60S ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
110312691  Rpl10a; 60S ribosomal protein L10a [KO:K02865]
110300879  60S ribosomal protein L11 [KO:K02868]
110293433  Rpl11; 60S ribosomal protein L11 [KO:K02868]
110299276  60S ribosomal protein L11-like [KO:K02868]
110284877  Rpl12; 60S ribosomal protein L12 [KO:K02870]
110299220  60S ribosomal protein L13-like isoform X1 [KO:K02873]
110299830  Rpl13; 60S ribosomal protein L13 [KO:K02873]
110297596  Rpl13a; 60S ribosomal protein L13a [KO:K02872]
110301707  Rpl14; 60S ribosomal protein L14 [KO:K02875]
110308875  Rpl15; 60S ribosomal protein L15 [KO:K02877]
110284563  60S ribosomal protein L17 [KO:K02880]
110301461  60S ribosomal protein L17 [KO:K02880]
110297876  Rpl18; 60S ribosomal protein L18 [KO:K02883]
110300409  Rpl18a; 60S ribosomal protein L18a [KO:K02882]
110297716  60S ribosomal protein L18a-like isoform X1 [KO:K02882]
110304762  Rpl19; 60S ribosomal protein L19 [KO:K02885]
110283625  60S ribosomal protein L21-like [KO:K02889]
110302841  60S ribosomal protein L21 [KO:K02889]
110299535  60S ribosomal protein L21-like [KO:K02889]
110291072  60S ribosomal protein L21-like [KO:K02889]
110291097  Rpl22l1; 60S ribosomal protein L22-like 1 isoform X1 [KO:K02891]
110292502  Rpl22; 60S ribosomal protein L22 [KO:K02891]
110305179  Rpl23; 60S ribosomal protein L23 [KO:K02894]
110303630  60S ribosomal protein L23-like [KO:K02894]
110286408  60S ribosomal protein L23-like [KO:K02894]
110305131  Rpl23a; 60S ribosomal protein L23a [KO:K02893]
110311615  Rpl24; 60S ribosomal protein L24 [KO:K02896]
110301796  Rsl24d1; probable ribosome biogenesis protein RLP24 [KO:K02896]
110305057  Rpl26; 60S ribosomal protein L26 isoform X1 [KO:K02898]
110299143  60S ribosomal protein L26-like [KO:K02898]
110303545  60S ribosomal protein L26-like [KO:K02898]
110294552  60S ribosomal protein L26-like [KO:K02898]
110297769  60S ribosomal protein L27 [KO:K02901]
110305165  Rpl27; 60S ribosomal protein L27 [KO:K02901]
110300917  60S ribosomal protein L27a-like [KO:K02900]
110298237  60S ribosomal protein L27a-like [KO:K02900]
110298279  Rpl27a; 60S ribosomal protein L27a [KO:K02900]
110298928  Rpl28; 60S ribosomal protein L28 [KO:K02903]
110301872  Rpl29; 60S ribosomal protein L29 [KO:K02905]
110302881  60S ribosomal protein L29-like [KO:K02905]
110310477  Rpl30; 60S ribosomal protein L30 [KO:K02908]
110308573  60S ribosomal protein L30-like [KO:K02908]
110310909  60S ribosomal protein L30-like [KO:K02908]
110304202  60S ribosomal protein L30-like [KO:K02908]
110284261  60S ribosomal protein L30-like [KO:K02908]
110308413  60S ribosomal protein L30-like [KO:K02908]
110311744  Rpl31; 60S ribosomal protein L31 [KO:K02910]
110291397  60S ribosomal protein L31 [KO:K02910]
110284368  60S ribosomal protein L32-like [KO:K02912]
110296307  Rpl32; 60S ribosomal protein L32 [KO:K02912]
110300695  60S ribosomal protein L32 [KO:K02912]
110291163  Rpl34; 60S ribosomal protein L34 [KO:K02915]
110290164  Rpl35; 60S ribosomal protein L35 [KO:K02918]
110308502  60S ribosomal protein L35 [KO:K02918]
110311742  Rpl35a; 60S ribosomal protein L35a [KO:K02917]
110307185  60S ribosomal protein L35a-like [KO:K02917]
110284094  Rpl36; 60S ribosomal protein L36 [KO:K02920]
110310578  Rpl37; 60S ribosomal protein L37 [KO:K02922]
110308622  60S ribosomal protein L37a-like [KO:K02921]
110298910  Rpl37a; 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
110301209  putative 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
110299127  putative 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
110302918  putative 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
110298880  putative 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
110299292  putative 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
110305785  Rpl38; 60S ribosomal protein L38 [KO:K02923]
110306219  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L39-like [KO:K02924]
110301393  60S ribosomal protein L39-like [KO:K02924]
110287057  60S ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
110288860  60S ribosomal protein L39-like [KO:K02924]
110311863  60S ribosomal protein L39-like [KO:K02924]
110297088  60S ribosomal protein L39-like [KO:K02924]
110287507  60S ribosomal protein L39-like [KO:K02924]
110299956  Uba52; ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 [KO:K02927]
110304504  ubiquitin-like [KO:K02927]
110303303  Rpl41; 60S ribosomal protein L41 [KO:K02928]
110306695  Rpl36al; 60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
110291183  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
110302665  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
110303937  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
110284561  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
110289580  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
110287070  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
110307256  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
110293962  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
110286798  Rpl36a; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L36a [KO:K02929]
110304076  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
110292922  60S acidic ribosomal protein P0-like [KO:K02941]
110294297  Rplp0; 60S acidic ribosomal protein P0 [KO:K02941]
110301885  Rplp1; 60S acidic ribosomal protein P1 [KO:K02942]
110288281  60S acidic ribosomal protein P1-like isoform X1 [KO:K02942]
110286105  60S acidic ribosomal protein P1-like isoform X1 [KO:K02942]
110288051  60S acidic ribosomal protein P1-like isoform X1 [KO:K02942]
110298395  Rplp2; 60S acidic ribosomal protein P2 isoform X1 [KO:K02943]
110295076  60S acidic ribosomal protein P2 [KO:K02943]
110288995  low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-like isoform X1 [KO:K06472]
110308005  Syk; tyrosine-protein kinase SYK [KO:K05855] [EC:2.7.10.2]
110290798  Pik3ca; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
110292183  Pik3cd; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
110301355  Pik3cb; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
110308009  Pik3r1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
110299855  Pik3r2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
110292624  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649]
110290454  Plcg1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11]
110300336  Plcg2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05859] [EC:3.1.4.11]
110304357  Prkca; protein kinase C alpha type [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
110297826  Prkcb; protein kinase C beta type isoform X1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
110297763  Prkcg; protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
110297836  Mapk3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
110311382  Mapk1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
110312562  Mapk13; mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
110310902  Mapk12; mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
110310903  Mapk11; mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 isoform X2 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
110312437  Mapk14; mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
110291353  Tlr2; toll-like receptor 2 [KO:K10159]
110293229  Tlr4; toll-like receptor 4 [KO:K10160]
110301084  Myd88; myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 [KO:K04729]
110287296  Tlr7; toll-like receptor 7 isoform X1 [KO:K05404]
110287354  Tlr8; toll-like receptor 8 isoform X1 [KO:K10170]
110310638  Irak4; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 [KO:K04733] [EC:2.7.11.1]
110286819  Irak1; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04730] [EC:2.7.11.1]
110290132  Traf6; TNF receptor-associated factor 6 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
110292293  Map3k7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 isoform X1 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
110303600  Tab2; TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 2 [KO:K04404]
110294148  Mapk10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
110308920  Mapk8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
110304169  Mapk9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
110307063  Fos; proto-oncogene c-Fos [KO:K04379]
110292423  Jun; transcription factor AP-1 [KO:K04448]
110285285  Chuk; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
110300158  Ikbkb; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
110287188  Ikbkg; NF-kappa-B essential modulator isoform X4 [KO:K07210]
110305596  Nlrp3; NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 [KO:K12800]
110302061  Casp1; caspase-1 [KO:K01370] [EC:3.4.22.36]
110300361  Tlr3; toll-like receptor 3 [KO:K05401]
110292323  Ddx58; probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX58 [KO:K12646] [EC:5.6.2.6]
110292529  Isg15; ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 [KO:K12159]
110289518  Ifih1; interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing protein 1 [KO:K12647] [EC:5.6.2.6]
110307081  Mavs; mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein [KO:K12648]
110306954  Traf3; TNF receptor-associated factor 3 [KO:K03174]
110301565  Ikbke; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon isoform X1 [KO:K07211] [EC:2.7.11.10]
110303265  Tbk1; serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
110298322  Irf3; interferon regulatory factor 3 [KO:K05411]
110302572  Cgas; cyclic GMP-AMP synthase [KO:K17834] [EC:2.7.7.86]
110284821  Tmem173; stimulator of interferon genes protein [KO:K12654]
110293074  interferon alpha-12 [KO:K05414]
110288626  interferon alpha-7 [KO:K05414]
110288627  interferon alpha-4 [KO:K05414]
110288628  interferon alpha-5-like [KO:K05414]
110292605  interferon alpha-11 [KO:K05414]
110293011  interferon alpha-12-like [KO:K05414]
110293017  interferon alpha-9 [KO:K05414]
110293025  interferon alpha-1-like [KO:K05414]
110292939  interferon alpha-9-like [KO:K05414]
110292945  interferon alpha-1-like [KO:K05414]
110292969  interferon alpha-9-like [KO:K05414]
110292975  interferon alpha-1 [KO:K05414]
110292981  interferon alpha-2-like [KO:K05414]
110293791  Ifnb1; interferon beta [KO:K05415]
110311756  Ifnar1; interferon alpha/beta receptor 1 [KO:K05130]
110311924  Ifnar2; interferon alpha/beta receptor 2 isoform X2 [KO:K05131]
110304843  Stat1; signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-alpha/beta isoform X1 [KO:K11220]
110302854  Stat2; signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 isoform X1 [KO:K11221]
110309049  Irf9; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: interferon regulatory factor 9 [KO:K04693]
110291799  Adar; double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase isoform X1 [KO:K12968] [EC:3.5.4.37]
110294589  Oas3; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
110295017  Oas2; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 2 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
110294376  inactive 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 1D-like isoform X1 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
110293989  inactive 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase 1C isoform X1 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
110293990  inactive 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 1D isoform X1 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
110293991  inactive 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 1B isoform X2 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
110293992  inactive 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase 1C-like isoform X1 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
110293993  inactive 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase 1C-like isoform X1 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
110293994  2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 1A-like [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
110311359  interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 [KO:K14754]
110311566  interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 [KO:K14754]
110312307  Eif2ak2; interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase [KO:K16195] [EC:2.7.11.1]
110299315  C5ar1; C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1 isoform X2 [KO:K04010]
110297056  C3ar1; C3a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor [KO:K04009]
110312494  C3; complement C3 [KO:K03990]
110312388  Cfb; complement factor B isoform X1 [KO:K01335] [EC:3.4.21.47]
110303909  Cfd; complement factor D isoform X1 [KO:K01334] [EC:3.4.21.46]
110285518  C5; complement C5 [KO:K03994]
110310600  C6; complement component C6 [KO:K03995]
110310957  C7; complement component C7 [KO:K03996]
110292511  C8a; complement component C8 alpha chain isoform X1 [KO:K03997]
110292205  C8b; complement component C8 beta chain isoform X2 [KO:K03998]
110284736  C8g; complement component C8 gamma chain [KO:K03999]
110310523  C9; complement component C9 [KO:K04000]
110301311  Selp; P-selectin [KO:K06496]
110295806  Vwf; von Willebrand factor [KO:K03900]
110293043  C1qa; complement C1q subcomponent subunit A [KO:K03986]
110292976  C1qb; complement C1q subcomponent subunit B [KO:K03987]
110293122  C1qc; complement C1q subcomponent subunit C [KO:K03988]
110312387  C2; complement C2 [KO:K01332] [EC:3.4.21.43]
110283979  complement C4-B [KO:K03989]
110309221  mannose-binding protein A [KO:K03991]
110285489  Mbl2; mannose-binding protein C [KO:K03991]
110311194  Masp1; mannan-binding lectin serine protease 1 isoform X1 [KO:K03992] [EC:3.4.21.-]
110292278  Masp2; mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 isoform X1 [KO:K03993] [EC:3.4.21.104]
110311945  F2; prothrombin [KO:K01313] [EC:3.4.21.5]
110308340  F13a1; coagulation factor XIII A chain [KO:K03917] [EC:2.3.2.13]
110292378  F13b; coagulation factor XIII B chain isoform X1 [KO:K03906]
110291187  Fga; fibrinogen alpha chain [KO:K03903]
110291148  Fgb; fibrinogen beta chain [KO:K03904]
110291235  Fgg; fibrinogen gamma chain isoform X1 [KO:K03905]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00046  RNA
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00290  Fibrin
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00704  Superoxide
C00873  Angiotensin I
C02135  Angiotensin II
C15850  Angiotensin (1-7)
C20640  Cyclic GMP-AMP
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PMID:33132005
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Harrison AG, Lin T, Wang P
  Title
Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Pathogenesis.
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Trends Immunol S1471-4906(20)30233-7 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:33077917
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Perico L, Benigni A, Casiraghi F, Ng LFP, Renia L, Remuzzi G
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Immunity, endothelial injury and complement-induced coagulopathy in COVID-19.
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Nat Rev Nephrol 10.1038/s41581-020-00357-4 (2020)
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PMID:32820801
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Unpuzzling COVID-19: tissue-related signaling pathways associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.
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Clin Sci (Lond) 134:2137-2160 (2020)
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PMID:32353634
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COVID-19: Immunology and treatment options.
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Clin Immunol 215:108448 (2020)
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PMID:33014208
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How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality.
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Inflamm Regen 40:37 (2020)
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PMID:32544563
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COVID-19 cytokine storm: The anger of inflammation.
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Cytokine 133:155151 (2020)
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PMID:32635353
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Treatment of Severe COVID-19 with Tocilizumab Mitigates Cytokine Storm and Averts Mechanical Ventilation During Acute Respiratory Distress: A Case Report and Literature Review.
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Trop Med Infect Dis 5:E112 (2020)
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PMID:32376392
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Should we stimulate or suppress immune responses in COVID-19? Cytokine and anti-cytokine interventions.
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Autoimmun Rev 19:102567 (2020)
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PMID:32722596
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Kiselevskiy M, Shubina I, Chikileva I, Sitdikova S, Samoylenko I, Anisimova N, Kirgizov K, Suleimanova A, Gorbunova T, Varfolomeeva S
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Immune Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Intoxication: Storm or Silence?
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Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 13:E166 (2020)
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PMID:32922297
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Curran CS, Rivera DR, Kopp JB
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COVID-19 Usurps Host Regulatory Networks.
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Front Pharmacol 11:1278 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:33055229
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Quan C, Li C, Ma H, Li Y, Zhang H
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Immunopathogenesis of Coronavirus-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Potential Infection-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.
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Clin Microbiol Rev 34:e00074-20 (2020)
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PMID:32973803
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Ahmed-Hassan H, Sisson B, Shukla RK, Wijewantha Y, Funderburg NT, Li Z, Hayes D Jr, Demberg T, Liyanage NPM
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Innate Immune Responses to Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses and Other Significant Respiratory Viral Infections.
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Front Immunol 11:1979 (2020)
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PMID:32346093
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Tay MZ, Poh CM, Renia L, MacAry PA, Ng LFP
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The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention.
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Nat Rev Immunol 20:363-374 (2020)
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PMID:32979938
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Xia H, Cao Z, Xie X, Zhang X, Chen JY, Wang H, Menachery VD, Rajsbaum R, Shi PY
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Evasion of Type I Interferon by SARS-CoV-2.
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Cell Rep 33:108234 (2020)
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PMID:32661197
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Hartenian E, Nandakumar D, Lari A, Ly M, Tucker JM, Glaunsinger BA
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The molecular virology of coronaviruses.
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J Biol Chem 295:12910-12934 (2020)
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Amor S, Fernandez Blanco L, Baker D
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Innate immunity during SARS-CoV-2: evasion strategies and activation trigger hypoxia and vascular damage.
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Clin Exp Immunol 202:193-209 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32467561
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Catanzaro M, Fagiani F, Racchi M, Corsini E, Govoni S, Lanni C
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Immune response in COVID-19: addressing a pharmacological challenge by targeting pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2.
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Signal Transduct Target Ther 5:84 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32687918
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Jafarzadeh A, Chauhan P, Saha B, Jafarzadeh S, Nemati M
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Contribution of monocytes and macrophages to the local tissue inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19: Lessons from SARS and MERS, and potential therapeutic interventions.
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Life Sci 257:118102 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32376901
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Merad M, Martin JC
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Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages.
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Nat Rev Immunol 20:355-362 (2020)
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PMID:32246101
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Controversies of renin-angiotensin system inhibition during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Nat Rev Nephrol 16:305-307 (2020)
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PMID:32433641
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Furuhashi M, Moniwa N, Takizawa H, Ura N, Shimamoto K
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Potential differential effects of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on SARS-CoV-2 infection and lung injury in COVID-19.
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Hypertens Res 43:837-840 (2020)
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PMID:32423094
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Gemmati D, Bramanti B, Serino ML, Secchiero P, Zauli G, Tisato V
  Title
COVID-19 and Individual Genetic Susceptibility/Receptivity: Role of ACE1/ACE2 Genes, Immunity, Inflammation and Coagulation. Might the Double X-chromosome in Females Be Protective against SARS-CoV-2 Compared to the Single X-Chromosome in Males?
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Int J Mol Sci 21:E3474 (2020)
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Enhancing host cell infection by SARS-CoV-2.
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Science 370:765-766 (2020)
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PMID:32327719
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Risitano AM, Mastellos DC, Huber-Lang M, Yancopoulou D, Garlanda C, Ciceri F, Lambris JD
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Complement as a target in COVID-19?
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Nat Rev Immunol 20:343-344 (2020)
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PMID:32461141
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The case of complement activation in COVID-19 multiorgan impact.
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Kidney Int 98:314-322 (2020)
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PMID:32559343
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Polycarpou A, Howard M, Farrar CA, Greenlaw R, Fanelli G, Wallis R, Klavinskis LS, Sacks S
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Rationale for targeting complement in COVID-19.
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EMBO Mol Med 12:e12642 (2020)
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PMID:32439870
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COVID-19: the vasculature unleashed.
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Nat Rev Immunol 20:389-391 (2020)
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PMID:32643798
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Jodele S, Kohl J
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Tackling COVID-19 infection through complement-targeted immunotherapy.
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Br J Pharmacol 178:2832-2848 (2021)
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PMID:32608159
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Chauhan AJ, Wiffen LJ, Brown TP
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COVID-19: A collision of complement, coagulation and inflammatory pathways.
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J Thromb Haemost 18:2110-2117 (2020)
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PMID:32558620
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Colling ME, Kanthi Y
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COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: An exploration of mechanisms.
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Vasc Med 25:471-478 (2020)
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PMID:32586214
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McFadyen JD, Stevens H, Peter K
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The Emerging Threat of (Micro)Thrombosis in COVID-19 and Its Therapeutic Implications.
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Circ Res 127:571-587 (2020)
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PMID:32995777
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Shi M, Wang L, Fontana P, Vora S, Zhang Y, Fu TM, Lieberman J, Wu H
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SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 suppresses host but not viral translation through a bipartite mechanism.
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bioRxiv 2020.09.18.302901 (2020)
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PMID:32693241
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Paniri A, Akhavan-Niaki H
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Emerging role of IL-6 and NLRP3 inflammasome as potential therapeutic targets to combat COVID-19: Role of lncRNAs in cytokine storm modulation.
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Life Sci 257:118114 (2020)
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PMID:32405269
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Targeting T-cell senescence and cytokine storm with rapamycin to prevent severe progression in COVID-19.
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Clin Immunol 216:108464 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32337664
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Zhang S, Li L, Shen A, Chen Y, Qi Z
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Rational Use of Tocilizumab in the Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia.
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Clin Drug Investig 40:511-518 (2020)
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Related
pathway
mcal03015  mRNA surveillance pathway
mcal04144  Endocytosis
mcal04270  Vascular smooth muscle contraction
mcal04610  Complement and coagulation cascades
mcal04611  Platelet activation
mcal04613  Neutrophil extracellular trap formation
mcal04614  Renin-angiotensin system
mcal04620  Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
mcal04621  NOD-like receptor signaling pathway
mcal04622  RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway
mcal04623  Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway
mcal04630  JAK-STAT signaling pathway
mcal04650  Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
mcal04666  Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis
mcal04668  TNF signaling pathway
mcal04670  Leukocyte transendothelial migration
KO pathway
ko05171   
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