KEGG   PATHWAY: mlf04210
Entry
mlf04210                    Pathway                                
Name
Apoptosis - Myotis lucifugus (little brown bat)
Description
Apoptosis is a genetically programmed process for the elimination of damaged or redundant cells by activation of caspases (aspartate-specific cysteine proteases). The onset of apoptosis is controlled by numerous interrelating processes. The 'extrinsic' pathway involves stimulation of members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor subfamily, such as TNFRI, CD95/Fas or TRAILR (death receptors), located at the cell surface, by their specific ligands, such as TNF-alpha, FasL or TRAIL, respectively. The 'intrinsic' pathway is activated mainly by non-receptor stimuli, such as DNA damage, ER stress, metabolic stress, UV radiation or growth-factor deprivation. The central event in the 'intrinsic' pathway is the mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), which leads to the release of cytochrome c. These two pathways converge at the level of effector caspases, such as caspase-3 and caspase-7. The third major pathway is initiated by the constituents of cytotoxic granules (e.g. Perforin and Granzyme B) that are released by CTLs (cytotoxic T-cells) and NK (natural killer) cells. Granzyme B, similarly to the caspases, cleaves its substrates after aspartic acid residues, suggesting that this protease has the ability to activate members of the caspase family directly. It is the balance between the pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signals that eventually determines whether cells will undergo apoptosis, survive or proliferate. TNF family of ligands activates anti-apoptotic or cell-survival signals as well as apoptotic signals. NGF and Interleukin-3 promotes the survival, proliferation and differentiation of neurons or hematopoietic cells, respectively. Withdrawal of these growth factors leads to cell death, as described above.
Class
Cellular Processes; Cell growth and death
Pathway map
mlf04210  Apoptosis
mlf04210

Other DBs
GO: 0006915
Organism
Myotis lucifugus (little brown bat) [GN:mlf]
Gene
102441820  TNFSF10; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 10 isoform X1 [KO:K04721]
102424229  TNFRSF10A; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10A [KO:K04722]
102439228  FASLG; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 [KO:K04389]
102433075  FAS; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 [KO:K04390]
111824600  FADD; FAS-associated death domain protein [KO:K02373]
102437558  TNF; tumor necrosis factor isoform X1 [KO:K03156]
102419664  TNFRSF1A; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A [KO:K03158]
102433190  TRADD; tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated DEATH domain protein isoform X1 [KO:K03171]
102438769  CFLAR; CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator isoform X1 [KO:K04724]
102439369  CASP8; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: caspase-8 [KO:K04398] [EC:3.4.22.61]
102434278  caspase-10-like [KO:K04400] [EC:3.4.22.63]
102439064  CASP10; caspase-10 [KO:K04400] [EC:3.4.22.63]
102428591  CASP6; caspase-6 [KO:K04396] [EC:3.4.22.59]
102438419  CASP3; caspase-3 isoform X3 [KO:K02187] [EC:3.4.22.56]
102430193  CASP7; caspase-7 isoform X1 [KO:K04397] [EC:3.4.22.60]
102423950  BID; BH3-interacting domain death agonist isoform X2 [KO:K04726]
102417074  BAX; apoptosis regulator BAX [KO:K02159]
102437326  BAK1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer [KO:K14021]
102431738  DIABLO; diablo homolog, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K10522]
102435855  SEPT4; septin-4 isoform X2 [KO:K16943]
102430969  HTRA2; serine protease HTRA2, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K08669] [EC:3.4.21.108]
102420929  cytochrome c-like [KO:K08738]
102436841  cytochrome c-like [KO:K08738]
102419640  cytochrome c [KO:K08738]
102424392  cytochrome c [KO:K08738]
102422013  cytochrome c-like [KO:K08738]
102421025  cytochrome c-like [KO:K08738]
102435183  APAF1; apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 [KO:K02084]
102428235  CASP9; caspase-9 isoform X2 [KO:K04399] [EC:3.4.22.62]
102435988  PRF1; perforin-1 [KO:K07818]
102440283  granzyme H-like [KO:K01353] [EC:3.4.21.79]
102440598  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: granzyme H-like [KO:K01353] [EC:3.4.21.79]
102441463  granzyme B-like [KO:K01353] [EC:3.4.21.79]
102441778  granzyme B-like [KO:K01353] [EC:3.4.21.79]
102435479  granzyme H-like isoform X4 [KO:K01353] [EC:3.4.21.79]
102434869  granzyme B-like [KO:K01353] [EC:3.4.21.79]
102442096  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: granzyme B-like [KO:K01353] [EC:3.4.21.79]
111823008  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: granzyme H-like [KO:K01353] [EC:3.4.21.79]
102435171  granzyme B [KO:K01353] [EC:3.4.21.79]
102431002  TUBA4A; tubulin alpha-4A chain [KO:K07374]
102431314  tubulin alpha-1D chain [KO:K07374]
102438700  tubulin alpha-1B chain-like [KO:K07374]
102439244  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: tubulin alpha-1C chain [KO:K07374]
102432058  tubulin alpha-1C chain-like [KO:K07374]
102425627  TUBA8; tubulin alpha-8 chain isoform X1 [KO:K07374]
102420434  TUBAL3; tubulin alpha chain-like 3 [KO:K07374]
102424990  tubulin alpha-1C chain-like [KO:K07374]
102430141  tubulin alpha-1A chain-like [KO:K07374]
102422314  tubulin alpha-3 chain-like [KO:K07374]
102420899  tubulin alpha-3 chain [KO:K07374]
102437803  tubulin alpha-1A chain [KO:K07374]
102438109  TUBA1B; tubulin alpha-1B chain [KO:K07374]
102441536  MCL1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 [KO:K02539]
102425233  actin, cytoplasmic 2 [KO:K05692]
102433374  actin, cytoplasmic 1-like [KO:K05692]
102424974  SPTAN1; spectrin alpha chain, non-erythrocytic 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06114]
102441856  LMNA; lamin [KO:K12641]
102441654  LMNB1; lamin-B1 [KO:K07611]
102437835  LMNB2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lamin-B2 [KO:K07611]
102441916  PARP1; poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 [KO:K24070] [EC:2.4.2.30]
102420541  PARP3; poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 3 [KO:K10798] [EC:2.4.2.30]
102428551  PARP4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 4 [KO:K10798] [EC:2.4.2.30]
102422861  PARP2; poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 2 [KO:K10798] [EC:2.4.2.30]
102428443  DFFA; DNA fragmentation factor subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02310]
102443190  DFFB; DNA fragmentation factor subunit beta [KO:K02311] [EC:3.-.-.-]
102427586  ENDOG; endonuclease G, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K01173]
102426852  AIFM1; apoptosis-inducing factor 1, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K04727] [EC:1.-.-.-]
102419407  ERN1; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 isoform X1 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
102422734  ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04959]
102442861  ITPR3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 [KO:K04960]
102430512  calpain-1 catalytic subunit [KO:K01367] [EC:3.4.22.52]
102438585  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calpain-2 catalytic subunit [KO:K03853] [EC:3.4.22.53]
102431309  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: caspase-12-like [KO:K04741] [EC:3.4.22.-]
102433431  EIF2AK3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102428709  EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
102429560  ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374]
102440614  DDIT3; DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein [KO:K04452]
102423523  CTSB; cathepsin B [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
102431068  CTSC; dipeptidyl peptidase 1 [KO:K01275] [EC:3.4.14.1]
102439367  CTSF; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cathepsin F [KO:K01373] [EC:3.4.22.41]
102440408  CTSK; cathepsin K [KO:K01371] [EC:3.4.22.38]
102429543  CTSL; cathepsin L1 [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
102440001  cathepsin L1-like isoform X1 [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
102426649  cathepsin L1-like [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
102417015  CTSO; cathepsin O [KO:K01374] [EC:3.4.22.42]
102439661  CTSS; cathepsin S isoform X1 [KO:K01368] [EC:3.4.22.27]
102429849  CTSW; cathepsin W isoform X6 [KO:K08569] [EC:3.4.22.-]
102418099  CTSZ; cathepsin Z [KO:K08568] [EC:3.4.18.1]
102424628  BIRC2; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K16060]
102424316  BIRC3; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 3 [KO:K16060]
102436922  XIAP; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase XIAP [KO:K04725] [EC:2.3.2.27]
102439527  BIRC5; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5 [KO:K08731]
102427260  baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5-like [KO:K08731]
102443091  BCL2L1; bcl-2-like protein 1 [KO:K04570]
102432611  BCL2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 [KO:K02161]
102436320  DAXX; death domain-associated protein 6 [KO:K02308]
102425101  RIPK1; receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 [KO:K02861] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102418985  DAB2IP; disabled homolog 2-interacting protein isoform X1 [KO:K19901]
102439932  MAP3K5; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 [KO:K04426] [EC:2.7.11.25]
102430582  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
102437455  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
102418507  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
102437980  BAD; bcl2-associated agonist of cell death [KO:K02158]
102437415  JUN; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: transcription factor AP-1 [KO:K04448]
102417433  FOS; proto-oncogene c-Fos [KO:K04379]
102431418  TP53; cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform X2 [KO:K04451]
102432497  MAP3K14; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 14 [KO:K04466] [EC:2.7.11.25]
102425603  CHUK; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
102417312  IKBKB; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta isoform X4 [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
102436137  IKBKG; NF-kappa-B essential modulator isoform X3 [KO:K07210]
102422347  NFKBIA; NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha [KO:K04734]
102435748  NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K02580]
102424236  RELA; transcription factor p65 [KO:K04735]
102439380  PTPN13; tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 13 isoform X2 [KO:K02374]
102428736  GADD45B; growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 beta [KO:K04402]
102427327  GADD45A; growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04402]
102429644  GADD45G; growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma [KO:K04402]
102441839  TRAF1; TNF receptor-associated factor 1 isoform X3 [KO:K03172]
102441716  BCL2A1; bcl-2-related protein A1 [KO:K02162]
102440135  ATM; serine-protein kinase ATM isoform X1 [KO:K04728] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102430812  BBC3; bcl-2-binding component 3 [KO:K10132]
102427214  PMAIP1; phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1 [KO:K10131]
102430756  CASP2; caspase-2 isoform X5 [KO:K02186] [EC:3.4.22.55]
102427030  NGF; beta-nerve growth factor [KO:K02582]
102431497  NTRK1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: high affinity nerve growth factor receptor [KO:K03176] [EC:2.7.10.1]
106699073  interleukin-3-like [KO:K04736]
102422649  PIK3CD; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
102441064  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
102433534  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
102427890  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X2 [KO:K02649]
102441522  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta-like [KO:K02649]
102429230  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
102426106  PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649]
102419324  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta-like [KO:K02649]
102431196  PDPK1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 [KO:K06276] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102443221  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102439923  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102431999  KRAS; GTPase KRas isoform X1 [KO:K07827]
102430744  NRAS; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
102434453  RAF1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102417411  MAP2K1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 isoform X2 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
102423748  MAP2K2; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
102417755  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
102422236  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00076  Calcium cation
C00319  Sphingosine
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:26615431
  Authors
Savitskaya MA, Onishchenko GE
  Title
Mechanisms of Apoptosis.
  Journal
Biochemistry (Mosc) 80:1393-417 (2015)
DOI:10.1134/S0006297915110012
Reference
PMID:23803157
  Authors
Schleich K, Lavrik IN
  Title
Mathematical modeling of apoptosis.
  Journal
Cell Commun Signal 11:44 (2013)
DOI:10.1186/1478-811X-11-44
Reference
PMID:15654015
  Authors
Lavrik I, Golks A, Krammer PH
  Title
Death receptor signaling.
  Journal
J Cell Sci 118:265-7 (2005)
DOI:10.1242/jcs.01610
Reference
PMID:15725726
  Authors
Jin Z, El-Deiry WS
  Title
Overview of cell death signaling pathways.
  Journal
Cancer Biol Ther 4:139-63 (2005)
DOI:10.4161/cbt.4.2.1508
Reference
PMID:15322527
  Authors
Benn SC, Woolf CJ
  Title
Adult neuron survival strategies--slamming on the brakes.
  Journal
Nat Rev Neurosci 5:686-700 (2004)
DOI:10.1038/nrn1477
Reference
PMID:12838338
  Authors
Orrenius S, Zhivotovsky B, Nicotera P
  Title
Regulation of cell death: the calcium-apoptosis link.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 4:552-65 (2003)
DOI:10.1038/nrm1150
Reference
PMID:19148180
  Authors
Clarke P, Tyler KL
  Title
Apoptosis in animal models of virus-induced disease.
  Journal
Nat Rev Microbiol 7:144-55 (2009)
DOI:10.1038/nrmicro2071
Reference
PMID:22429822
  Authors
Wen X, Lin ZQ, Liu B, Wei YQ
  Title
Caspase-mediated programmed cell death pathways as potential therapeutic targets in cancer.
  Journal
Cell Prolif 45:217-24 (2012)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2184.2012.00814.x
Reference
PMID:25526085
  Authors
Shalini S, Dorstyn L, Dawar S, Kumar S
  Title
Old, new and emerging functions of caspases.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 22:526-39 (2015)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2014.216
Reference
PMID:15601572
  Authors
Philchenkov A
  Title
Caspases: potential targets for regulating cell death.
  Journal
J Cell Mol Med 8:432-44 (2004)
DOI:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2004.tb00468.x
Reference
PMID:9894605
  Authors
Stroh C, Schulze-Osthoff K
  Title
Death by a thousand cuts: an ever increasing list of caspase substrates.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 5:997-1000 (1998)
DOI:10.1038/sj.cdd.4400451
Reference
PMID:23070002
  Authors
Safa AR
  Title
c-FLIP, a master anti-apoptotic regulator.
  Journal
Exp Oncol 34:176-84 (2012)
Reference
PMID:18304445
  Authors
Jeong SY, Seol DW
  Title
The role of mitochondria in apoptosis.
  Journal
BMB Rep 41:11-22 (2008)
DOI:10.5483/bmbrep.2008.41.1.011
Reference
PMID:20533903
  Authors
Parsons MJ, Green DR
  Title
Mitochondria in cell death.
  Journal
Essays Biochem 47:99-114 (2010)
DOI:10.1042/bse0470099
Reference
PMID:15719025
  Authors
Strasser A
  Title
The role of BH3-only proteins in the immune system.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 5:189-200 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nri1568
Reference
PMID:24278747
  Authors
Schonthal AH
  Title
Endoplasmic reticulum stress: its role in disease and novel prospects for therapy.
  Journal
Scientifica (Cairo) 2012:857516 (2012)
DOI:10.6064/2012/857516
Reference
PMID:21145844
  Authors
Malhi H, Kaufman RJ
  Title
Endoplasmic reticulum stress in liver disease.
  Journal
J Hepatol 54:795-809 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.11.005
Reference
PMID:18023214
  Authors
Malhotra JD, Kaufman RJ
  Title
The endoplasmic reticulum and the unfolded protein response.
  Journal
Semin Cell Dev Biol 18:716-31 (2007)
DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.09.003
Reference
PMID:16397578
  Authors
Wu J, Kaufman RJ
  Title
From acute ER stress to physiological roles of the Unfolded Protein Response.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 13:374-84 (2006)
DOI:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401840
Reference
PMID:21914490
  Authors
Repnik U, Stoka V, Turk V, Turk B
  Title
Lysosomes and lysosomal cathepsins in cell death.
  Journal
Biochim Biophys Acta 1824:22-33 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.08.016
Reference
PMID:22465226
  Authors
Cesen MH, Pegan K, Spes A, Turk B
  Title
Lysosomal pathways to cell death and their therapeutic applications.
  Journal
Exp Cell Res 318:1245-51 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.03.005
Reference
PMID:26231733
  Authors
Dashzeveg N, Yoshida K
  Title
Cell death decision by p53 via control of the mitochondrial membrane.
  Journal
Cancer Lett 367:108-12 (2015)
DOI:10.1016/j.canlet.2015.07.019
Reference
PMID:22075987
  Authors
Bouchier-Hayes L, Green DR
  Title
Caspase-2: the orphan caspase.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 19:51-7 (2012)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2011.157
Reference
PMID:18238895
  Authors
Baptiste-Okoh N, Barsotti AM, Prives C
  Title
A role for caspase 2 and PIDD in the process of p53-mediated apoptosis.
  Journal
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:1937-42 (2008)
DOI:10.1073/pnas.0711800105
Reference
PMID:12949498
  Authors
Aggarwal BB
  Title
Signalling pathways of the TNF superfamily: a double-edged sword.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 3:745-56 (2003)
DOI:10.1038/nri1184
Reference
PMID:14737178
  Authors
Steelman LS, Pohnert SC, Shelton JG, Franklin RA, Bertrand FE, McCubrey JA.
  Title
JAK/STAT, Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3K/Akt and BCR-ABL in cell cycle progression and leukemogenesis.
  Journal
Leukemia 18:189-218 (2004)
DOI:10.1038/sj.leu.2403241
Reference
PMID:9916983
  Authors
Dragovich T, Rudin CM, Thompson CB
  Title
Signal transduction pathways that regulate cell survival and cell death.
  Journal
Oncogene 17:3207-13 (1998)
DOI:10.1038/sj.onc.1202587
Reference
PMID:11520933
  Authors
Sofroniew MV, Howe CL, Mobley WC
  Title
Nerve growth factor signaling, neuroprotection, and neural repair.
  Journal
Annu Rev Neurosci 24:1217-81 (2001)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.1217
Reference
PMID:24769728
  Authors
Kristiansen M, Ham J
  Title
Programmed cell death during neuronal development: the sympathetic neuron model.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 21:1025-35 (2014)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2014.47
Reference
PMID:18208375
  Authors
Logue SE, Martin SJ
  Title
Caspase activation cascades in apoptosis.
  Journal
Biochem Soc Trans 36:1-9 (2008)
DOI:10.1042/BST0360001
Reference
PMID:19770840
  Authors
Boivin WA, Cooper DM, Hiebert PR, Granville DJ
  Title
Intracellular versus extracellular granzyme B in immunity and disease: challenging the dogma.
  Journal
Lab Invest 89:1195-220 (2009)
DOI:10.1038/labinvest.2009.91
Reference
PMID:20075940
  Authors
Cullen SP, Brunet M, Martin SJ
  Title
Granzymes in cancer and immunity.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 17:616-23 (2010)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2009.206
Related
pathway
mlf04010  MAPK signaling pathway
mlf04020  Calcium signaling pathway
mlf04064  NF-kappa B signaling pathway
mlf04115  p53 signaling pathway
mlf04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
mlf04151  PI3K-Akt signaling pathway
mlf04650  Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
mlf04668  TNF signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04210   
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