KEGG   PATHWAY: ccan04140
Entry
ccan04140                   Pathway                                
Name
Autophagy - animal - Castor canadensis (American beaver)
Description
Autophagy (or macroautophagy) is a cellular catabolic pathway involving in protein degradation, organelle turnover, and non-selective breakdown of cytoplasmic components, which is evolutionarily conserved among eukaryotes and exquisitely regulated. This progress initiates with production of the autophagosome, a double-membrane intracellular structure of reticular origin that engulfs cytoplasmic contents and ultimately fuses with lysosomes for cargo degradation. Autophagy is regulated in response to extra- or intracellular stress and signals such as starvation, growth factor deprivation and ER stress. Constitutive level of autophagy plays an important role in cellular homeostasis and maintains quality control of essential cellular components.
Class
Cellular Processes; Transport and catabolism
Pathway map
ccan04140  Autophagy - animal
ccan04140

Other DBs
GO: 0006914
Organism
Castor canadensis (American beaver) [GN:ccan]
Gene
109689794  insulin [KO:K04526]
109687530  insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor [KO:K05087] [EC:2.7.10.1]
109696750  Irs1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: insulin receptor substrate 1 [KO:K16172]
109700963  Irs2; insulin receptor substrate 2 [KO:K07187]
109698062  insulin receptor substrate 2-like [KO:K17445]
109675517  Irs4; insulin receptor substrate 4 [KO:K17446]
109681900  Pik3cd; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
109689664  Pik3ca; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
109682432  Pik3r3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649]
109694666  Pik3r1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
109682554  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
109689940  Pdpk1; 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06276] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109688536  Akt2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109691810  Akt1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109686235  Akt3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109689440  Pten; phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN [KO:K01110] [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48 3.1.3.67]
109689441  uncharacterized protein LOC109689441 [KO:K01110] [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48 3.1.3.67]
109698042  Hras; GTPase HRas isoform X1 [KO:K02833]
109687060  Kras; GTPase KRas [KO:K07827]
109696062  Nras; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
109693559  Mras; ras-related protein M-Ras [KO:K07831]
109683851  Rras; ras-related protein R-Ras isoform X1 [KO:K07829]
109695442  Rras2; ras-related protein R-Ras2 [KO:K07830]
109694940  Raf1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109687824  Map2k1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
109687808  Map2k2; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
109683259  Mapk3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
109684381  Mapk1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
109682911  Hif1a; hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha isoform X1 [KO:K08268]
109685113  Ddit4; DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 protein [KO:K08270]
109690162  Tsc2; tuberin isoform X1 [KO:K07207]
109691000  Tsc1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: hamartin [KO:K07206]
109698630  Bnip3; BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 [KO:K15464]
109685266  Rheb; GTP-binding protein Rheb [KO:K07208]
109689889  Rptor; regulatory-associated protein of mTOR isoform X1 [KO:K07204]
109690419  Deptor; DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein [KO:K20402]
109689656  Mtor; serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR [KO:K07203] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109683918  Akt1s1; proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1 isoform X1 [KO:K16184]
109690158  Mlst8; target of rapamycin complex subunit LST8 isoform X1 [KO:K08266]
109688624  Rps6kb2; ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-2 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109685124  Rps6kb1; ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109682900  Igbp1; immunoglobulin-binding protein 1 [KO:K17606]
109682902  immunoglobulin-binding protein 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K17606]
109692163  Ppp2cb; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
109689490  Ppp2ca; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
109697545  Ulk1; serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK1 isoform X1 [KO:K21357] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109687740  Ulk2; serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK2 isoform X1 [KO:K08269] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109696258  Atg13; autophagy-related protein 13 isoform X1 [KO:K08331]
109701402  Atg101; autophagy-related protein 101 isoform X1 [KO:K19730]
109690087  Rb1cc1; RB1-inducible coiled-coil protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17589]
109687168  Atg2a; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog A isoform X1 [KO:K17906]
109697559  Atg2b; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog B isoform X1 [KO:K17906]
109687467  WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1 [KO:K17908]
109687468  WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1-like [KO:K17908]
109694858  Wipi2; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K17908]
109681398  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2-like [KO:K17908]
109689326  Wdr45b; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K22991]
109691527  Wdr45; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K22991]
109691072  Atg9a; autophagy-related protein 9A [KO:K17907]
109694436  Atg9b; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: autophagy-related protein 9B [KO:K17907]
109699616  Supt20h; transcription factor SPT20 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K21245]
109688188  Smcr8; Smith-Magenis syndrome chromosomal region candidate gene 8 protein [KO:K23611]
109695376  Wdr41; WD repeat-containing protein 41 isoform X1 [KO:K23610]
109682656  CUNH9orf72; protein C9orf72 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K23609]
109689056  Rab8a; ras-related protein Rab-8A [KO:K07901]
109700437  Rab39b; ras-related protein Rab-39B [KO:K07925]
109686732  Sqstm1; sequestosome-1 isoform X1 [KO:K14381]
109698137  Tbk1; serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
109692593  Tank; TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator isoform X1 [KO:K12650]
109685030  Rab1a; ras-related protein Rab-1A [KO:K07874]
109675462  ras-related GTP-binding protein A-like [KO:K16185]
109695982  ras-related GTP-binding protein A [KO:K16185]
109687732  Rragc; ras-related GTP-binding protein C isoform X1 [KO:K16186]
109692835  Rragd; ras-related GTP-binding protein D [KO:K16186]
109691016  Stk11; serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform X1 [KO:K07298] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109695664  Prkaa1; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
109687258  Prkaa2; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
109688706  cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta-like [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
109681298  Prkaca; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
109688701  cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
109693718  Prkcd; protein kinase C delta type isoform X1 [KO:K06068] [EC:2.7.11.13]
109686728  Mapk9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
109686738  mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
109703004  mitogen-activated protein kinase 10-like [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
109693757  Bcl2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 [KO:K02161]
109691766  Bcl2l1; bcl-2-like protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04570]
109683261  Bad; bcl2-associated agonist of cell death [KO:K02158]
109687340  Becn1; beclin-1 isoform X1 [KO:K08334]
109693432  Becn2; beclin-2 [KO:K08334]
109690447  Nrbf2; nuclear receptor-binding factor 2 isoform X1 [KO:K21246]
109678218  phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 4 [KO:K08333] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109701401  Pik3c3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 [KO:K00914] [EC:2.7.1.137]
109698491  Atg14; beclin 1-associated autophagy-related key regulator [KO:K17889]
109692005  Ambra1; activating molecule in BECN1-regulated autophagy protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17985]
109693564  Traf6; TNF receptor-associated factor 6 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
109685895  Tp53inp2; tumor protein p53-inducible nuclear protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K21247]
109685126  Vmp1; vacuole membrane protein 1 [KO:K21248]
109688502  Stx17; syntaxin-17 [KO:K08491]
109680723  Uvrag; UV radiation resistance-associated gene protein isoform X1 [KO:K21249]
109686516  endophilin-B1 [KO:K11248]
109686517  endophilin-B1-like [KO:K11248]
109699922  Rubcn; run domain Beclin-1-interacting and cysteine-rich domain-containing protein isoform X1 [KO:K19330]
109687748  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2-like isoform X1 [KO:K07359] [EC:2.7.11.17]
109699538  Camkk2; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K07359] [EC:2.7.11.17]
109698497  Map3k7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 isoform X1 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
109674432  serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
109699340  Itpr1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958]
109687921  Dapk1; death-associated protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109676827  Dapk2; death-associated protein kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109676841  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: death-associated protein kinase 1-like [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109687804  Dapk3; death-associated protein kinase 3 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109693708  Hmgb1; high mobility group protein B1 [KO:K10802]
109676201  high mobility group protein B1 [KO:K10802]
109677838  Eif2ak4; eIF-2-alpha kinase GCN2 [KO:K16196] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109699492  Eif2s1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
109697277  Mtmr3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: myotubularin-related protein 3 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
109696559  Mtmr4; myotubularin-related protein 4 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
109686991  Mtmr14; myotubularin-related protein 14 isoform X1 [KO:K18086] [EC:3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
109687107  Zfyve1; zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 1 [KO:K17603]
109691512  Atg12; ubiquitin-like protein ATG12 isoform X1 [KO:K08336]
109701355  Atg5; autophagy protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K08339]
109695961  Atg16l1; autophagy-related protein 16-1 isoform X1 [KO:K17890]
109686554  Atg16l2; autophagy-related protein 16-2 isoform X1 [KO:K20868]
109694948  Atg7; ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7 isoform X1 [KO:K08337]
109695467  Atg10; ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG10 isoform X1 [KO:K17888]
109683338  Atg3; ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG3 [KO:K08343]
109688488  Cflar; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator [KO:K04724]
109691465  Rab33b; ras-related protein Rab-33B isoform X1 [KO:K07920]
109698517  Prkcq; protein kinase C theta type [KO:K18052] [EC:2.7.11.13]
109674552  Gabarap; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein [KO:K08341]
109684019  Gabarapl2; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 2 [KO:K08341]
109689711  Gabarapl1; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 1 [KO:K08341]
109696466  Map1lc3b; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B [KO:K10435]
109685898  Map1lc3a; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3A [KO:K10435]
109682471  Atg4b; cysteine protease ATG4B [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
109686142  Atg4c; cysteine protease ATG4C isoform X1 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
109696110  Atg4d; cysteine protease ATG4D isoform X1 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
109685429  cysteine protease ATG4A isoform X1 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
109687349  Nbr1; next to BRCA1 gene 1 protein isoform X1 [KO:K17987]
109690083  optineurin-like isoform X1 [KO:K19946]
109692964  Calcoco2; calcium-binding and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K21348]
109696790  Tax1bp1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: tax1-binding protein 1 [KO:K21347]
109690817  Wdfy3; WD repeat and FYVE domain-containing protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K22262]
109690806  WD repeat and FYVE domain-containing protein 3-like isoform X1 [KO:K22262]
109676707  Uba52; ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 isoform X1 [KO:K02927]
109677773  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a-like [KO:K02977]
109681758  Rps27a; ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
109692310  Ubb; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: polyubiquitin-B [KO:K04551]
109700514  Ubc; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: polyubiquitin-C [KO:K08770]
109684373  Snap29; synaptosomal-associated protein 29 [KO:K08509]
109686176  Vamp8; vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 [KO:K08512]
109685910  Ykt6; synaptobrevin homolog YKT6 [KO:K08516]
109686900  syntaxin-7 [KO:K08488]
109684306  Epg5; ectopic P granules protein 5 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K23883]
109684307  ectopic P granules protein 5 homolog [KO:K23883]
109687235  ectopic P granules protein 5 homolog [KO:K23883]
109694420  Plekhm1; pleckstrin homology domain-containing family M member 1 isoform X1 [KO:K23282]
109693344  Vps11; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 11 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K20179]
109692897  Vps16; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 16 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K20180]
109694301  Vps18; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 18 homolog [KO:K20181]
109684609  Vps33a; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 33A [KO:K20182]
109682659  Vps39; vam6/Vps39-like protein isoform X1 [KO:K20183]
109701303  Vps41; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 41 homolog [KO:K20184]
109697198  Birc6; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 6 isoform X1 [KO:K10586] [EC:2.3.2.23]
109696752  Gorasp2; Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 2 [KO:K26797]
109695742  Gorasp1; Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K26797]
109696482  Rab7a; ras-related protein Rab-7a [KO:K07897]
109697223  Rab7b; ras-related protein Rab-7b [KO:K07898]
109698510  Lamp2; lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K06528]
109686931  Lamp1; lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 [KO:K06528]
109689769  Ctsd; cathepsin D isoform X1 [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
109696440  cathepsin L1-like [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
109683411  cathepsin L1-like [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
109687922  cathepsin L1-like [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
109687925  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cathepsin L1-like [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
109683413  cathepsin L1-like isoform X1 [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
109682023  Ctsb; cathepsin B isoform X1 [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
Compound
C00035  GDP
C00044  GTP
C00350  Phosphatidylethanolamine
C01194  1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol
C04549  1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:15325584
  Authors
Meijer AJ, Codogno P.
  Title
Regulation and role of autophagy in mammalian cells.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2445-62 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.02.002
Reference
PMID:16099218
  Authors
Deretic V.
  Title
Autophagy in innate and adaptive immunity.
  Journal
Trends Immunol 26:523-8 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2005.08.003
Reference
PMID:16200202
  Authors
Levine B, Yuan J.
  Title
Autophagy in cell death: an innocent convict?
  Journal
J Clin Invest 115:2679-88 (2005)
DOI:10.1172/JCI26390
Reference
PMID:15325588
  Authors
Tanida I, Ueno T, Kominami E.
  Title
LC3 conjugation system in mammalian autophagy.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2503-18 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.05.009
Reference
PMID:15928708
  Authors
Lum JJ, DeBerardinis RJ, Thompson CB.
  Title
Autophagy in metazoans: cell survival in the land of plenty.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:439-48 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nrm1660
Reference
PMID:15978794
  Authors
Reggiori F, Klionsky DJ.
  Title
Autophagosomes: biogenesis from scratch?
  Journal
Curr Opin Cell Biol 17:415-22 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2005.06.007
Reference
PMID:11099404
  Authors
Klionsky DJ, Emr SD.
  Title
Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation.
  Journal
Science 290:1717-21 (2000)
DOI:10.1126/science.290.5497.1717
Reference
PMID:16125113
  Authors
Bechet D, Tassa A, Taillandier D, Combaret L, Attaix D.
  Title
Lysosomal proteolysis in skeletal muscle.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37:2098-114 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2005.02.029
Reference
PMID:19653858
  Authors
He C, Klionsky DJ
  Title
Regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways of autophagy.
  Journal
Annu Rev Genet 43:67-93 (2009)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-genet-102808-114910
Reference
PMID:19802558
  Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
  Title
An overview of the molecular mechanism of autophagy.
  Journal
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 335:1-32 (2009)
DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-00302-8_1
Reference
PMID:20034776
  Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
  Title
Mammalian autophagy: core molecular machinery and signaling regulation.
  Journal
Curr Opin Cell Biol 22:124-31 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2009.11.014
Reference
PMID:21187343
  Authors
Chen Y, Klionsky DJ
  Title
The regulation of autophagy - unanswered questions.
  Journal
J Cell Sci 124:161-70 (2011)
DOI:10.1242/jcs.064576
Reference
PMID:21801009
  Authors
Mizushima N, Yoshimori T, Ohsumi Y
  Title
The role of Atg proteins in autophagosome formation.
  Journal
Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 27:107-32 (2011)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154005
Reference
PMID:24343578
  Authors
Russell RC, Yuan HX, Guan KL
  Title
Autophagy regulation by nutrient signaling.
  Journal
Cell Res 24:42-57 (2014)
DOI:10.1038/cr.2013.166
Reference
PMID:25948417
  Authors
Noda NN, Fujioka Y
  Title
Atg1 family kinases in autophagy initiation.
  Journal
Cell Mol Life Sci 72:3083-96 (2015)
DOI:10.1007/s00018-015-1917-z
Related
pathway
ccan04010  MAPK signaling pathway
ccan04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
ccan04142  Lysosome
ccan04150  mTOR signaling pathway
ccan04152  AMPK signaling pathway
ccan04910  Insulin signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04140   
LinkDB

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