KEGG   PATHWAY: gvr05171
Entry
gvr05171                    Pathway                                
Name
Coronavirus disease - COVID-19 - Galeopterus variegatus (Sunda flying lemur)
Description
Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious respiratory infection that is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infects alveolar epithelial cells [mainly alveolar epithelial type 2 (AEC2) cells] through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Upon the occupancy of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2, the increased serum level of free Angiotensin II (Ang II) due to a reduction of ACE2-mediated degradation promotes activation of the NF-kappa B pathway via Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), followed by  interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. SARS-CoV-2 also activates the innate immune system; macrophage stimulation triggers the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, and the "cytokine storm", which results in systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure. The combined effects of complement activation, dysregulated neutrophilia, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability appear to be intertwined to drive the severe features of COVID-19.
Class
Human Diseases; Infectious disease: viral
Pathway map
gvr05171  Coronavirus disease - COVID-19
gvr05171

Organism
Galeopterus variegatus (Sunda flying lemur) [GN:gvr]
Gene
103589282  TMPRSS2; transmembrane protease serine 2 [KO:K09633] [EC:3.4.21.122]
103607293  angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-like [KO:K09708] [EC:3.4.17.23]
103606832  NRP1; neuropilin-1 [KO:K06724]
103589236  ACE; angiotensin-converting enzyme [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
103602344  MAS1; proto-oncogene Mas [KO:K04303]
103597449  AGTR1; type-1 angiotensin II receptor [KO:K04166]
103593579  cytochrome b-245 heavy chain [KO:K21421] [EC:1.-.-.-]
103597025  NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit [KO:K02580]
103595334  RELA; transcription factor p65 [KO:K04735]
103592383  TNF; tumor necrosis factor [KO:K03156]
103585928  IL6; interleukin-6 [KO:K05405]
103595825  IL1B; interleukin-1 beta [KO:K04519]
103605130  IL12A; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: interleukin-12 subunit alpha [KO:K05406]
103607235  IL12B; interleukin-12 subunit beta [KO:K05425]
103600379  MMP3; stromelysin-1 [KO:K01394] [EC:3.4.24.17]
103610223  interstitial collagenase [KO:K01388] [EC:3.4.24.7]
103592069  C-C motif chemokine 7-like [KO:K14624]
103592070  C-C motif chemokine 2-like [KO:K14624]
103591379  CXCL8; interleukin-8 [KO:K10030]
103610686  ADAM17; disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17 [KO:K06059] [EC:3.4.24.86]
103605365  TNFRSF1A; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A [KO:K03158]
103591436  NFKBIA; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha [KO:K04734]
103591464  NFKBIB; NF-kappa-B inhibitor beta [KO:K02581]
103591797  HBEGF; proheparin-binding EGF-like growth factor [KO:K08523]
103595295  EGFR; epidermal growth factor receptor [KO:K04361] [EC:2.7.10.1]
103604776  epidermal growth factor receptor-like [KO:K04361] [EC:2.7.10.1]
103608410  IL6R; interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha [KO:K05055]
103588371  IL6ST; interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K05060]
103591505  JAK1; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK1 [KO:K11217] [EC:2.7.10.2]
103594750  TYK2; non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2 [KO:K11219] [EC:2.7.10.2]
103595356  signal transducer and activator of transcription 3-like [KO:K04692]
103593609  IL2; interleukin-2 [KO:K05429]
103598093  CSF3; granulocyte colony-stimulating factor isoform X1 [KO:K05423]
103590058  CSF2; granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [KO:K05427]
103586139  CXCL10; C-X-C motif chemokine 10 [KO:K12671]
103597770  RPS2; 40S ribosomal protein S2 [KO:K02981]
103598408  RPS3; 40S ribosomal protein S3 [KO:K02985]
103609647  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 40S ribosomal protein S3a-like [KO:K02984]
103589526  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 40S ribosomal protein S3a-like [KO:K02984]
103606182  40S ribosomal protein S3a-like [KO:K02984]
103593589  RPS4X; 40S ribosomal protein S4, X isoform [KO:K02987]
103590071  RPS5; 40S ribosomal protein S5 [KO:K02989]
103610692  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 40S ribosomal protein S6-like [KO:K02991]
103600490  RPS6; 40S ribosomal protein S6 isoform X1 [KO:K02991]
103581274  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 40S ribosomal protein S7-like [KO:K02993]
103581776  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 40S ribosomal protein S7-like [KO:K02993]
103609679  RPS8; 40S ribosomal protein S8 [KO:K02995]
103606865  RPS9; 40S ribosomal protein S9 [KO:K02997]
103595166  RPS10; 40S ribosomal protein S10 [KO:K02947]
103592606  RPS11; 40S ribosomal protein S11 [KO:K02949]
103602546  RPS12; 40S ribosomal protein S12 [KO:K02951]
103590940  RPS13; 40S ribosomal protein S13 [KO:K02953]
103585035  RPS14; 40S ribosomal protein S14 [KO:K02955]
103608968  RPS15; 40S ribosomal protein S15 [KO:K02958]
103593261  RPS15A; 40S ribosomal protein S15a [KO:K02957]
103598196  RPS16; 40S ribosomal protein S16 [KO:K02960]
103598776  RPS17; 40S ribosomal protein S17 [KO:K02962]
103597943  RPS18; 40S ribosomal protein S18 [KO:K02964]
103586088  40S ribosomal protein S19 [KO:K02966]
103586110  40S ribosomal protein S19-like [KO:K02966]
103605962  RPS20; 40S ribosomal protein S20 [KO:K02969]
103600266  RPS21; 40S ribosomal protein S21 isoform X1 [KO:K02971]
103595648  RPS23; 40S ribosomal protein S23 [KO:K02973]
103586953  40S ribosomal protein S24-like isoform X1 [KO:K02974]
103594653  RPS25; 40S ribosomal protein S25 [KO:K02975]
103596823  40S ribosomal protein S26-like [KO:K02976]
103583697  40S ribosomal protein S26 [KO:K02976]
103592047  40S ribosomal protein S26-like [KO:K02976]
103593996  RPS26; 40S ribosomal protein S26 [KO:K02976]
103605088  RPS27L; 40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
103586345  RPS27; 40S ribosomal protein S27 [KO:K02978]
103595441  RPS27A; ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
103586061  RPS29; 40S ribosomal protein S29 [KO:K02980]
103596371  FAU; ubiquitin-like protein fubi and ribosomal protein S30 [KO:K02983]
103596010  RPSA; 40S ribosomal protein SA [KO:K02998]
103597750  RPL3L; 60S ribosomal protein L3-like [KO:K02925]
103600469  RPL3; 60S ribosomal protein L3 [KO:K02925]
103596131  RPL4; 60S ribosomal protein L4 [KO:K02930]
103596656  RPL5; 60S ribosomal protein L5 [KO:K02932]
103596657  60S ribosomal protein L5 [KO:K02932]
103591710  60S ribosomal protein L5-like [KO:K02932]
103593267  RPL6; 60S ribosomal protein L6 isoform X1 [KO:K02934]
103595562  RPL7; 60S ribosomal protein L7 [KO:K02937]
103596901  RPL7A; 60S ribosomal protein L7a [KO:K02936]
103589689  RPL8; 60S ribosomal protein L8 [KO:K02938]
103598071  RPL9; 60S ribosomal protein L9 [KO:K02940]
103582797  60S ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
103582894  RPL10; 60S ribosomal protein L10 [KO:K02866]
103601297  RPL10A; 60S ribosomal protein L10a [KO:K02865]
103590638  RPL11; 60S ribosomal protein L11 isoform X1 [KO:K02868]
103604965  60S ribosomal protein L11-like [KO:K02868]
103581769  RPL13; 60S ribosomal protein L13 [KO:K02873]
103605835  putative 60S ribosomal protein L13a protein RPL13AP3 [KO:K02872]
103592607  RPL13A; 60S ribosomal protein L13a isoform X1 [KO:K02872]
103607435  RPL14; 60S ribosomal protein L14 [KO:K02875]
103602890  60S ribosomal protein L15 [KO:K02877]
103597310  RPL15; 60S ribosomal protein L15 [KO:K02877]
103603529  RPL17; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L17 [KO:K02880]
103607834  60S ribosomal protein L17 [KO:K02880]
103587742  RPL18; 60S ribosomal protein L18 [KO:K02883]
103593676  RPL18A; 60S ribosomal protein L18a [KO:K02882]
103591193  RPL19; 60S ribosomal protein L19 [KO:K02885]
103603189  RPL21; 60S ribosomal protein L21 [KO:K02889]
103584233  60S ribosomal protein L21 [KO:K02889]
103603567  RPL22L1; 60S ribosomal protein L22-like 1 isoform X1 [KO:K02891]
103585901  60S ribosomal protein L22 [KO:K02891]
103585907  60S ribosomal protein L22-like [KO:K02891]
103602314  RPL23; 60S ribosomal protein L23 [KO:K02894]
103610587  60S ribosomal protein L23a-like [KO:K02893]
103598602  RPL23A; 60S ribosomal protein L23a [KO:K02893]
103584933  probable ribosome biogenesis protein RLP24 [KO:K02896]
103585682  RPL24; 60S ribosomal protein L24 [KO:K02896]
103600037  RSL24D1; probable ribosome biogenesis protein RLP24 [KO:K02896]
103595095  60S ribosomal protein L26-like [KO:K02898]
103597857  RPL26; 60S ribosomal protein L26 [KO:K02898]
103600803  60S ribosomal protein L26-like [KO:K02898]
103608629  60S ribosomal protein L26-like 1 isoform X1 [KO:K02898]
103589861  RPL27; 60S ribosomal protein L27 [KO:K02901]
103603383  60S ribosomal protein L27a [KO:K02900]
103586495  RPL27A; 60S ribosomal protein L27a [KO:K02900]
103583244  60S ribosomal protein L28 [KO:K02903]
103606738  RPL28; 60S ribosomal protein L28 [KO:K02903]
103606478  60S ribosomal protein L29-like [KO:K02905]
103600713  RPL29; 60S ribosomal protein L29 [KO:K02905]
103592472  RPL30; 60S ribosomal protein L30 [KO:K02908]
103609033  RPL31; 60S ribosomal protein L31 [KO:K02910]
103602611  RPL32; 60S ribosomal protein L32 [KO:K02912]
103593720  RPL34; 60S ribosomal protein L34 [KO:K02915]
103595272  RPL35; 60S ribosomal protein L35 [KO:K02918]
103582975  60S ribosomal protein L35a [KO:K02917]
103588880  RPL35A; 60S ribosomal protein L35a isoform X1 [KO:K02917]
103590754  RPL36; 60S ribosomal protein L36 [KO:K02920]
103585842  RPL37; 60S ribosomal protein L37 [KO:K02922]
103582851  putative 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
103599357  putative 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
103599558  RPL37A; 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
103601917  RPL38; 60S ribosomal protein L38 [KO:K02923]
103606030  UBA52; ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 [KO:K02927]
103601437  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
103608727  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
103590026  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
103584970  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
103586058  RPL36AL; 60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
103600400  RPL36A; 60S ribosomal protein L36a [KO:K02929]
103608202  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
103599797  RPLP0; 60S acidic ribosomal protein P0 [KO:K02941]
103582355  60S acidic ribosomal protein P1-like [KO:K02942]
103589778  60S acidic ribosomal protein P1-like [KO:K02942]
103603928  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S acidic ribosomal protein P1-like [KO:K02942]
103598257  60S acidic ribosomal protein P1-like [KO:K02942]
103604004  RPLP2; 60S acidic ribosomal protein P2 [KO:K02943]
103609769  uncharacterized protein LOC103609769 [KO:K06856]
103583500  putative V-set and immunoglobulin domain-containing-like protein IGHV4OR15-8 [KO:K06856]
103606671  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: uncharacterized protein LOC103606671 [KO:K06856]
103607357  uncharacterized protein LOC103607357 [KO:K06856]
103582477  FCGR2A; low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor II-a [KO:K06472]
103585244  SYK; tyrosine-protein kinase SYK [KO:K05855] [EC:2.7.10.2]
103586572  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
103586784  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
103587883  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
103585463  PIK3R3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649]
103593683  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
103608454  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
103606318  PLCG1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103591521  PLCG2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 [KO:K05859] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103599847  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103592574  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta type isoform X1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103583388  protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103599669  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103592192  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103600324  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103607428  MAPK13; mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103607442  MAPK14; mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103587477  MAPK12; mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103587478  MAPK11; mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103602848  TLR4; toll-like receptor 4 isoform X1 [KO:K10160]
103602129  MYD88; myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 [KO:K04729]
103589376  TLR7; toll-like receptor 7 [KO:K05404]
103589386  TLR8; toll-like receptor 8 [KO:K10170]
103595699  IRAK4; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 [KO:K04733] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103595100  IRAK1; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 [KO:K04730] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103601167  TRAF6; TNF receptor-associated factor 6 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
103599396  MAP3K7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 isoform X1 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
103593058  TAB2; TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 2 [KO:K04404]
103582610  mitogen-activated protein kinase 9-like isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103603521  mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103585627  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103606635  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103605891  FOS; proto-oncogene c-Fos [KO:K04379]
103592390  JUN; transcription factor AP-1 [KO:K04448]
103588798  CHUK; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
103589266  IKBKB; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
103604367  IKBKG; NF-kappa-B essential modulator [KO:K07210]
103596353  NLRP3; NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K12800]
103595946  CASP1; caspase-1 [KO:K01370] [EC:3.4.22.36]
103581831  TLR3; toll-like receptor 3 [KO:K05401]
103603408  DDX58; probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX58 [KO:K12646] [EC:5.6.2.6]
103588088  ISG15; ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 [KO:K12159]
103598330  IFIH1; interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing protein 1 [KO:K12647] [EC:5.6.2.6]
103604445  MAVS; mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein [KO:K12648]
103609553  TRAF3; TNF receptor-associated factor 3 [KO:K03174]
103590768  IKBKE; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon isoform X1 [KO:K07211] [EC:2.7.11.10]
103590122  TBK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
103592597  IRF3; interferon regulatory factor 3 [KO:K05411]
103595481  MB21D1; cyclic GMP-AMP synthase [KO:K17834] [EC:2.7.7.86]
103584100  stimulator of interferon genes protein-like [KO:K12654]
103587190  TMEM173; stimulator of interferon genes protein [KO:K12654]
103598039  interferon alpha-4-like [KO:K05414]
103598040  interferon alpha-10-like [KO:K05414]
103598043  interferon alpha-10-like [KO:K05414]
103598044  interferon alpha-3-like [KO:K05414]
103609847  interferon beta-like [KO:K05415]
103609850  interferon beta-like [KO:K05415]
103584029  interferon beta-like [KO:K05415]
103585996  IFNAR1; interferon alpha/beta receptor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05130]
103585997  IFNAR2; interferon alpha/beta receptor 2 [KO:K05131]
103588074  STAT1; signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-alpha/beta [KO:K11220]
103594016  STAT2; signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 [KO:K11221]
103590163  IRF9; interferon regulatory factor 9 [KO:K04693]
103608124  ADAR; double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase isoform X1 [KO:K12968] [EC:3.5.4.37]
103610717  OAS1; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 1 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
103607702  OAS3; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 3 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
103607703  OAS2; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 2 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
103589279  MX2; interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 [KO:K14754]
103589281  MX1; interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 [KO:K14754]
103605127  EIF2AK2; interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase [KO:K16195] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103609598  C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1-like [KO:K04010]
103583189  C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1-like [KO:K04010]
103584149  C3AR1; C3a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor [KO:K04009]
103599528  C3; complement C3 [KO:K03990]
103592350  CFB; complement factor B [KO:K01335] [EC:3.4.21.47]
103607668  CFD; complement factor D [KO:K01334] [EC:3.4.21.46]
103591011  C5; complement C5 [KO:K03994]
103597654  C6; complement component C6 [KO:K03995]
103600071  C7; complement component C7 [KO:K03996]
103603589  C8A; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: complement component C8 alpha chain [KO:K03997]
103603579  C8B; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: complement component C8 beta chain [KO:K03998]
103610990  C8G; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: complement component C8 gamma chain [KO:K03999]
103600077  VWF; von Willebrand factor [KO:K03900]
103590492  C1QA; complement C1q subcomponent subunit A [KO:K03986]
103590523  C1QB; complement C1q subcomponent subunit B [KO:K03987]
103590497  C1QC; complement C1q subcomponent subunit C [KO:K03988]
103595775  C1R; complement C1r subcomponent [KO:K01330] [EC:3.4.21.41]
103595776  C1S; complement C1s subcomponent [KO:K01331] [EC:3.4.21.42]
103592349  C2; complement C2 [KO:K01332] [EC:3.4.21.43]
103592343  C4A; complement C4-A isoform X1 [KO:K03989]
103583874  mannose-binding protein C-like [KO:K03991]
103597281  MBL2; mannose-binding protein C [KO:K03991]
103605607  mannose-binding protein A-like [KO:K03991]
103606680  MASP1; mannan-binding lectin serine protease 1 [KO:K03992] [EC:3.4.21.-]
103599995  MASP2; mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 [KO:K03993] [EC:3.4.21.104]
103603381  F2; prothrombin [KO:K01313] [EC:3.4.21.5]
103588297  F13A1; coagulation factor XIII A chain [KO:K03917] [EC:2.3.2.13]
103607430  F13B; coagulation factor XIII B chain [KO:K03906]
103592061  FGA; fibrinogen alpha chain [KO:K03903]
103592060  FGB; fibrinogen beta chain [KO:K03904]
103592062  FGG; fibrinogen gamma chain isoform X1 [KO:K03905]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00046  RNA
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00290  Fibrin
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00704  Superoxide
C00873  Angiotensin I
C02135  Angiotensin II
C15850  Angiotensin (1-7)
C20640  Cyclic GMP-AMP
Reference
PMID:33132005
  Authors
Harrison AG, Lin T, Wang P
  Title
Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Pathogenesis.
  Journal
Trends Immunol S1471-4906(20)30233-7 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2020.10.004
Reference
PMID:33077917
  Authors
Perico L, Benigni A, Casiraghi F, Ng LFP, Renia L, Remuzzi G
  Title
Immunity, endothelial injury and complement-induced coagulopathy in COVID-19.
  Journal
Nat Rev Nephrol 10.1038/s41581-020-00357-4 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41581-020-00357-4
Reference
PMID:32820801
  Authors
Battagello DS, Dragunas G, Klein MO, Ayub ALP, Velloso FJ, Correa RG
  Title
Unpuzzling COVID-19: tissue-related signaling pathways associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.
  Journal
Clin Sci (Lond) 134:2137-2160 (2020)
DOI:10.1042/CS20200904
Reference
PMID:32353634
  Authors
Felsenstein S, Herbert JA, McNamara PS, Hedrich CM
  Title
COVID-19: Immunology and treatment options.
  Journal
Clin Immunol 215:108448 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108448
Reference
PMID:33014208
  Authors
Hojyo S, Uchida M, Tanaka K, Hasebe R, Tanaka Y, Murakami M, Hirano T
  Title
How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality.
  Journal
Inflamm Regen 40:37 (2020)
DOI:10.1186/s41232-020-00146-3
Reference
PMID:32544563
  Authors
Mahmudpour M, Roozbeh J, Keshavarz M, Farrokhi S, Nabipour I
  Title
COVID-19 cytokine storm: The anger of inflammation.
  Journal
Cytokine 133:155151 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155151
Reference
PMID:32635353
  Authors
Farooqi F, Dhawan N, Morgan R, Dinh J, Nedd K, Yatzkan G
  Title
Treatment of Severe COVID-19 with Tocilizumab Mitigates Cytokine Storm and Averts Mechanical Ventilation During Acute Respiratory Distress: A Case Report and Literature Review.
  Journal
Trop Med Infect Dis 5:E112 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/tropicalmed5030112
Reference
PMID:32376392
  Authors
Jamilloux Y, Henry T, Belot A, Viel S, Fauter M, El Jammal T, Walzer T, Francois B, Seve P
  Title
Should we stimulate or suppress immune responses in COVID-19? Cytokine and anti-cytokine interventions.
  Journal
Autoimmun Rev 19:102567 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102567
Reference
PMID:32722596
  Authors
Kiselevskiy M, Shubina I, Chikileva I, Sitdikova S, Samoylenko I, Anisimova N, Kirgizov K, Suleimanova A, Gorbunova T, Varfolomeeva S
  Title
Immune Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Intoxication: Storm or Silence?
  Journal
Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 13:E166 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ph13080166
Reference
PMID:32922297
  Authors
Curran CS, Rivera DR, Kopp JB
  Title
COVID-19 Usurps Host Regulatory Networks.
  Journal
Front Pharmacol 11:1278 (2020)
DOI:10.3389/fphar.2020.01278
Reference
PMID:33055229
  Authors
Quan C, Li C, Ma H, Li Y, Zhang H
  Title
Immunopathogenesis of Coronavirus-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Potential Infection-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.
  Journal
Clin Microbiol Rev 34:e00074-20 (2020)
DOI:10.1128/CMR.00074-20
Reference
PMID:32973803
  Authors
Ahmed-Hassan H, Sisson B, Shukla RK, Wijewantha Y, Funderburg NT, Li Z, Hayes D Jr, Demberg T, Liyanage NPM
  Title
Innate Immune Responses to Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses and Other Significant Respiratory Viral Infections.
  Journal
Front Immunol 11:1979 (2020)
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01979
Reference
PMID:32346093
  Authors
Tay MZ, Poh CM, Renia L, MacAry PA, Ng LFP
  Title
The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:363-374 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8
Reference
PMID:32979938
  Authors
Xia H, Cao Z, Xie X, Zhang X, Chen JY, Wang H, Menachery VD, Rajsbaum R, Shi PY
  Title
Evasion of Type I Interferon by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Cell Rep 33:108234 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108234
Reference
PMID:32661197
  Authors
Hartenian E, Nandakumar D, Lari A, Ly M, Tucker JM, Glaunsinger BA
  Title
The molecular virology of coronaviruses.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 295:12910-12934 (2020)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.REV120.013930
Reference
PMID:32978971
  Authors
Amor S, Fernandez Blanco L, Baker D
  Title
Innate immunity during SARS-CoV-2: evasion strategies and activation trigger hypoxia and vascular damage.
  Journal
Clin Exp Immunol 202:193-209 (2020)
DOI:10.1111/cei.13523
Reference
PMID:32467561
  Authors
Catanzaro M, Fagiani F, Racchi M, Corsini E, Govoni S, Lanni C
  Title
Immune response in COVID-19: addressing a pharmacological challenge by targeting pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Signal Transduct Target Ther 5:84 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41392-020-0191-1
Reference
PMID:32687918
  Authors
Jafarzadeh A, Chauhan P, Saha B, Jafarzadeh S, Nemati M
  Title
Contribution of monocytes and macrophages to the local tissue inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19: Lessons from SARS and MERS, and potential therapeutic interventions.
  Journal
Life Sci 257:118102 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118102
Reference
PMID:32376901
  Authors
Merad M, Martin JC
  Title
Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:355-362 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0331-4
Reference
PMID:32246101
  Authors
South AM, Tomlinson L, Edmonston D, Hiremath S, Sparks MA
  Title
Controversies of renin-angiotensin system inhibition during the COVID-19 pandemic.
  Journal
Nat Rev Nephrol 16:305-307 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41581-020-0279-4
Reference
PMID:32433641
  Authors
Furuhashi M, Moniwa N, Takizawa H, Ura N, Shimamoto K
  Title
Potential differential effects of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on SARS-CoV-2 infection and lung injury in COVID-19.
  Journal
Hypertens Res 43:837-840 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41440-020-0478-1
Reference
PMID:32423094
  Authors
Gemmati D, Bramanti B, Serino ML, Secchiero P, Zauli G, Tisato V
  Title
COVID-19 and Individual Genetic Susceptibility/Receptivity: Role of ACE1/ACE2 Genes, Immunity, Inflammation and Coagulation. Might the Double X-chromosome in Females Be Protective against SARS-CoV-2 Compared to the Single X-Chromosome in Males?
  Journal
Int J Mol Sci 21:E3474 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ijms21103474
Reference
PMID:33184193
  Authors
Kielian M
  Title
Enhancing host cell infection by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Science 370:765-766 (2020)
DOI:10.1126/science.abf0732
Reference
PMID:32327719
  Authors
Risitano AM, Mastellos DC, Huber-Lang M, Yancopoulou D, Garlanda C, Ciceri F, Lambris JD
  Title
Complement as a target in COVID-19?
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:343-344 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0320-7
Reference
PMID:32461141
  Authors
Noris M, Benigni A, Remuzzi G
  Title
The case of complement activation in COVID-19 multiorgan impact.
  Journal
Kidney Int 98:314-322 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.013
Reference
PMID:32559343
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Polycarpou A, Howard M, Farrar CA, Greenlaw R, Fanelli G, Wallis R, Klavinskis LS, Sacks S
  Title
Rationale for targeting complement in COVID-19.
  Journal
EMBO Mol Med 12:e12642 (2020)
DOI:10.15252/emmm.202012642
Reference
PMID:32439870
  Authors
Teuwen LA, Geldhof V, Pasut A, Carmeliet P
  Title
COVID-19: the vasculature unleashed.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:389-391 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0343-0
Reference
PMID:32643798
  Authors
Jodele S, Kohl J
  Title
Tackling COVID-19 infection through complement-targeted immunotherapy.
  Journal
Br J Pharmacol 178:2832-2848 (2021)
DOI:10.1111/bph.15187
Reference
PMID:32608159
  Authors
Chauhan AJ, Wiffen LJ, Brown TP
  Title
COVID-19: A collision of complement, coagulation and inflammatory pathways.
  Journal
J Thromb Haemost 18:2110-2117 (2020)
DOI:10.1111/jth.14981
Reference
PMID:32558620
  Authors
Colling ME, Kanthi Y
  Title
COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: An exploration of mechanisms.
  Journal
Vasc Med 25:471-478 (2020)
DOI:10.1177/1358863X20932640
Reference
PMID:32586214
  Authors
McFadyen JD, Stevens H, Peter K
  Title
The Emerging Threat of (Micro)Thrombosis in COVID-19 and Its Therapeutic Implications.
  Journal
Circ Res 127:571-587 (2020)
DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317447
Reference
PMID:32995777
  Authors
Shi M, Wang L, Fontana P, Vora S, Zhang Y, Fu TM, Lieberman J, Wu H
  Title
SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 suppresses host but not viral translation through a bipartite mechanism.
  Journal
bioRxiv 2020.09.18.302901 (2020)
DOI:10.1101/2020.09.18.302901
Reference
PMID:32693241
  Authors
Paniri A, Akhavan-Niaki H
  Title
Emerging role of IL-6 and NLRP3 inflammasome as potential therapeutic targets to combat COVID-19: Role of lncRNAs in cytokine storm modulation.
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Life Sci 257:118114 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118114
Reference
PMID:32405269
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Omarjee L, Janin A, Perrot F, Laviolle B, Meilhac O, Mahe G
  Title
Targeting T-cell senescence and cytokine storm with rapamycin to prevent severe progression in COVID-19.
  Journal
Clin Immunol 216:108464 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108464
Reference
PMID:32337664
  Authors
Zhang S, Li L, Shen A, Chen Y, Qi Z
  Title
Rational Use of Tocilizumab in the Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia.
  Journal
Clin Drug Investig 40:511-518 (2020)
DOI:10.1007/s40261-020-00917-3
Related
pathway
gvr03015  mRNA surveillance pathway
gvr04144  Endocytosis
gvr04270  Vascular smooth muscle contraction
gvr04610  Complement and coagulation cascades
gvr04611  Platelet activation
gvr04613  Neutrophil extracellular trap formation
gvr04614  Renin-angiotensin system
gvr04620  Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
gvr04621  NOD-like receptor signaling pathway
gvr04622  RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway
gvr04623  Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway
gvr04630  JAK-STAT signaling pathway
gvr04650  Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
gvr04666  Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis
gvr04668  TNF signaling pathway
gvr04670  Leukocyte transendothelial migration
KO pathway
ko05171   
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