Entry
Name
Alzheimer disease - Macaca thibetana thibetana (Pere David's macaque)
Description
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a chronic disorder that slowly destroys neurons and causes serious cognitive disability. AD is associated with senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Amyloid-beta (Abeta), a major component of senile plaques, has various pathological effects on cell and organelle function. To date genetic studies have revealed four genes that may be linked to autosomal dominant or familial early onset AD (FAD). These four genes include: amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PS1), presenilin 2 (PS2) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE). All mutations associated with APP and PS proteins can lead to an increase in the production of Abeta peptides, specfically the more amyloidogenic form, Abeta42. It was proposed that Abeta form Ca2+ permeable pores and bind to and modulate multiple synaptic proteins, including NMDAR, mGluR5 and VGCC, leading to the overfilling of neurons with calcium ions. Consequently, cellular Ca2+ disruptions will lead to neuronal apoptosis, autophagy deficits, mitochondrial abnormality, defective neurotransmission, impaired synaptic plasticity and neurodegeneration in AD. FAD-linked PS1 mutation downregulates the unfolded protein response and leads to vulnerability to ER stress.
Class
Human Diseases; Neurodegenerative disease
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Ortholog table
Organism
Macaca thibetana thibetana (Pere David's macaque) [GN:
mthb ]
Gene
126945007 NEDD8-activating enzyme E1 regulatory subunit isoform X1 [KO:K04532 ]
126935040 amyloid beta precursor protein binding family B member 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04529 ]
126953300 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: microtubule-associated protein tau-like [KO:K04380 ]
126930135 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 2, mitochondrial-like [KO:K03943 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
126950655 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 3, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03944 ]
126932207 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1-like [KO:K03945 ]
126946139 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03945 ]
126941467 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1-like [KO:K03945 ]
126957346 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2 [KO:K03946 ]
126950258 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2-like [KO:K03946 ]
126942379 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03947 ]
126942872 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3-like [KO:K03947 ]
126943346 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3 isoform X1 [KO:K03947 ]
126944267 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3-like [KO:K03947 ]
126956821 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3-like [KO:K03947 ]
126930414 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4-like 2 [KO:K03948 ]
126949375 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5-like isoform X1 [KO:K03949 ]
126938104 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5-like isoform X1 [KO:K03949 ]
126949807 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5 isoform X1 [KO:K03949 ]
126960621 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5-like [KO:K03949 ]
126953759 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5-like [KO:K03949 ]
126963639 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6 isoform X1 [KO:K03950 ]
126942854 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 7 isoform X1 [KO:K03951 ]
126937961 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8 isoform X1 [KO:K03952 ]
126931739 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 9, mitochondrial [KO:K03953 ]
126932556 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03954 ]
126942837 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11 [KO:K03956 ]
126932729 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11-like [KO:K03956 ]
126930310 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12 [KO:K11352 ]
126942362 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13 [KO:K11353 ]
126959705 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03957 ]
126948765 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1-like [KO:K03957 ]
126949662 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 2, mitochondrial [KO:K03958 ]
126932125 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03959 ]
126934097 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3-like [KO:K03959 ]
126958757 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3-like [KO:K03959 ]
126934260 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3-like [KO:K03959 ]
126949249 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4 [KO:K03960 ]
126939064 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4-like [KO:K03960 ]
126935141 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4-like [KO:K03960 ]
126948391 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03961 ]
126937431 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03962 ]
126942449 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03963 ]
126963088 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial [KO:K03964 ]
126944751 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial [KO:K03964 ]
126939420 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial-like [KO:K03964 ]
126950876 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial-like [KO:K03964 ]
126934694 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial-like [KO:K03964 ]
126961397 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9 isoform X1 [KO:K03965 ]
126944752 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10 [KO:K03966 ]
126930302 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11, mitochondrial-like [KO:K11351 ]
126945660 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11, mitochondrial [KO:K11351 ]
126935729 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03935 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
126935957 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial-like [KO:K03935 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
126956863 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03937 ]
126938277 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5-like [KO:K03938 ]
126963401 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5-like [KO:K03938 ]
126960994 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K03938 ]
126961122 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5-like [KO:K03938 ]
126957428 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 6, mitochondrial [KO:K03939 ]
126942790 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 7, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03940 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
126935402 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 8, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03941 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
126954622 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial [KO:K03967 ]
126956207 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial-like [KO:K00234 ] [EC:1.3.5.1 ]
126961462 succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial-like isoform X1 [KO:K00236 ]
126936808 succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00236 ]
126962850 succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial-like [KO:K00236 ]
126956192 succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial-like [KO:K00236 ]
126950253 succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial-like isoform X1 [KO:K00236 ]
126961220 succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial-like isoform X1 [KO:K00236 ]
126935807 succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00237 ]
126930673 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit Rieske, mitochondrial-like [KO:K00411 ] [EC:7.1.1.8 ]
126960981 cytochrome c1, heme protein, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00413 ]
126961549 cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 6, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00416 ]
126937178 cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 6, mitochondrial-like [KO:K00416 ]
126934429 cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 6, mitochondrial-like [KO:K00416 ]
126944333 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02263 ]
126964308 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 2, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02263 ]
126934981 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02263 ]
126959142 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02264 ]
126934205 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A-related protein, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02270 ]
126946829 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A-related protein, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02270 ]
126952142 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A2, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02270 ]
126942121 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A1, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02270 ]
126951623 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit B1, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02127 ]
126954576 ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C1, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02128 ]
126942840 ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C1, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02128 ]
126930915 ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C1, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02128 ]
126931179 ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C2, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02128 ]
126964152 ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C3, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02128 ]
126940287 ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C1, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02128 ]
126959053 ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C3, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02128 ]
126949063 ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C2, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02128 ]
126930356 prolow-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 [KO:K04550 ]
126963192 tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 isoform X1 [KO:K04390 ]
126930443 tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A isoform X1 [KO:K03158 ]
126962430 serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
126961264 serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
126937577 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634 ]
126930225 voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X1 [KO:K04850 ]
126948779 voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851 ]
126945535 voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F isoform X1 [KO:K04853 ]
126939641 voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S [KO:K04857 ]
126947659 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958 ]
126930046 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04959 ]
126949685 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 4-like [KO:K03062 ]
126948827 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 6 isoform X1 [KO:K03037 ]
126944080 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 7 isoform X1 [KO:K03038 ]
126932170 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 4 isoform X1 [KO:K03029 ]
126942058 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 8 isoform X1 [KO:K03031 ]
126931038 natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K21398 ]
126935940 low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K03068 ]
126939681 segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02353 ]
126951679 segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-1 isoform X1 [KO:K02353 ]
126942456 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: adenomatous polyposis coli protein 2 [KO:K02085 ]
126953221 advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor isoform X1 [KO:K19722 ]
126961422 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
126956531 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
126942202 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
126952893 phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
126935738 activating molecule in BECN1-regulated autophagy protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17985 ]
126938352 WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17908 ]
126950483 WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K17908 ]
Compound
C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C04549 1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
C05981 Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
C16514 Amyloid beta protein 40
C16515 Amyloid beta protein 42
C21011 [Protein]-N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine
C21012 [Protein]-N(epsilon)-(carboxyethyl)lysine
Reference
Authors
Dickson DW
Title
Apoptotic mechanisms in Alzheimer neurofibrillary degeneration: cause or effect?
Journal
Reference
Authors
Takuma K, Yan SS, Stern DM, Yamada K
Title
Mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and apoptosis in Alzheimer's disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Bezprozvanny I, Mattson MP
Title
Neuronal calcium mishandling and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Holscher C
Title
Possible causes of Alzheimer's disease: amyloid fragments, free radicals, and calcium homeostasis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Bojarski L, Herms J, Kuznicki J
Title
Calcium dysregulation in Alzheimer's disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kondratskyi A, Kondratska K, Skryma R, Prevarskaya N
Title
Ion channels in the regulation of apoptosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Popugaeva E, Pchitskaya E, Bezprozvanny I
Title
Dysregulation of Intracellular Calcium Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Tan Y, Deng Y, Qing H
Title
Calcium channel blockers and Alzheimer's disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Small DH, Mok SS, Bornstein JC
Title
Alzheimer's disease and Abeta toxicity: from top to bottom.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Parihar MS, Hemnani T
Title
Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Cowburn RF, Popescu BO, Ankarcrona M, Dehvari N, Cedazo-Minguez A
Title
Presenilin-mediated signal transduction.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Honarnejad K, Herms J
Title
Presenilins: role in calcium homeostasis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Supnet C, Bezprozvanny I
Title
Presenilins function in ER calcium leak and Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hauptmann S, Keil U, Scherping I, Bonert A, Eckert A, Muller WE
Title
Mitochondrial dysfunction in sporadic and genetic Alzheimer's disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Chen Y, Liu W, McPhie DL, Hassinger L, Neve RL
Title
APP-BP1 mediates APP-induced apoptosis and DNA synthesis and is increased in Alzheimer's disease brain.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Eckert A, Nisbet R, Grimm A, Gotz J
Title
March separate, strike together--role of phosphorylated TAU in mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Strickland MR, Holtzman DM
Title
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: ApoE explains opposing effects of neuronal LRP1.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ivins KJ, Thornton PL, Rohn TT, Cotman CW
Title
Neuronal apoptosis induced by beta-amyloid is mediated by caspase-8.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Sushma, Mondal AC
Title
Role of GPCR signaling and calcium dysregulation in Alzheimer's disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Sanz-Blasco S, Valero RA, Rodriguez-Crespo I, Villalobos C, Nunez L
Title
Mitochondrial Ca2+ overload underlies Abeta oligomers neurotoxicity providing an unexpected mechanism of neuroprotection by NSAIDs.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mattson MP
Title
ER calcium and Alzheimer's disease: in a state of flux.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lee SY, Hwang DY, Kim YK, Lee JW, Shin IC, Oh KW, Lee MK, Lim JS, Yoon DY, Hwang SJ, Hong JT
Title
PS2 mutation increases neuronal cell vulnerability to neurotoxicants through activation of caspase-3 by enhancing of ryanodine receptor-mediated calcium release.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Katayama T, Imaizumi K, Honda A, Yoneda T, Kudo T, Takeda M, Mori K, Rozmahel R, Fraser P, George-Hyslop PS, Tohyama M
Title
Disturbed activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress transducers by familial Alzheimer's disease-linked presenilin-1 mutations.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lane-Donovan C, Herz J
Title
ApoE, ApoE Receptors, and the Synapse in Alzheimer's Disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Wasser CR, Herz J
Title
Reelin: Neurodevelopmental Architect and Homeostatic Regulator of Excitatory Synapses.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lilja AM, Porras O, Storelli E, Nordberg A, Marutle A
Title
Functional interactions of fibrillar and oligomeric amyloid-beta with alpha7 nicotinic receptors in Alzheimer's disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Anastasio TJ
Title
Computational identification of potential multitarget treatments for ameliorating the adverse effects of amyloid-beta on synaptic plasticity.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Vargas LM, Cerpa W, Munoz FJ, Zanlungo S, Alvarez AR
Title
Amyloid-beta oligomers synaptotoxicity: The emerging role of EphA4/c-Abl signaling in Alzheimer's disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Tu S, Okamoto S, Lipton SA, Xu H
Title
Oligomeric Abeta-induced synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Palomer E, Buechler J, Salinas PC
Title
Wnt Signaling Deregulation in the Aging and Alzheimer's Brain.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Vallee A, Lecarpentier Y
Title
Alzheimer Disease: Crosstalk between the Canonical Wnt/Beta-Catenin Pathway and PPARs Alpha and Gamma.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Origlia N, Arancio O, Domenici L, Yan SS
Title
MAPK, beta-amyloid and synaptic dysfunction: the role of RAGE.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Srikanth V, Maczurek A, Phan T, Steele M, Westcott B, Juskiw D, Munch G
Title
Advanced glycation endproducts and their receptor RAGE in Alzheimer's disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Pigino G, Morfini G, Pelsman A, Mattson MP, Brady ST, Busciglio J
Title
Alzheimer's presenilin 1 mutations impair kinesin-based axonal transport.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Roy S, Zhang B, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ
Title
Axonal transport defects: a common theme in neurodegenerative diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ferreira ST, Lourenco MV, Oliveira MM, De Felice FG
Title
Soluble amyloid-beta oligomers as synaptotoxins leading to cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
De Felice FG, Lourenco MV, Ferreira ST
Title
How does brain insulin resistance develop in Alzheimer's disease?
Journal
Reference
Authors
Bedse G, Di Domenico F, Serviddio G, Cassano T
Title
Aberrant insulin signaling in Alzheimer's disease: current knowledge.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Funderburk SF, Marcellino BK, Yue Z
Title
Cell "self-eating" (autophagy) mechanism in Alzheimer's disease.
Journal
Related pathway
mthb04141 Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
mthb04933 AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications
KO pathway
LinkDB
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