Entry
Name
Calcium signaling pathway - Ictidomys tridecemlineatus (thirteen-lined ground squirrel)
Description
Ca2+ that enters the cell from the outside is a principal source of signal Ca2+. Entry of Ca2+ is driven by the presence of a large electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane. Cells use this external source of signal Ca2+ by activating various entry channels with widely different properties. The voltage-operated channels (VOCs) are found in excitable cells and generate the rapid Ca2+ fluxes that control fast cellular processes. There are many other Ca2+-entry channels, such as the receptor-operated channels (ROCs), for example the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors (NMDARs) that respond to glutamate. There also are second-messenger-operated channels (SMOCs) and store-operated channels (SOCs).
The other principal source of Ca2+ for signalling is the internal stores that are located primarily in the endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR), in which inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) or ryanodine receptors (RYRs) regulate the release of Ca2+. The principal activator of these channels is Ca2+ itself and this process of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release is central to the mechanism of Ca2+ signalling. Various second messengers or modulators also control the release of Ca2+. IP3, which is generated by pathways using different isoforms of phospholipase C (PLCbeta, delta, epsilon, gamma and zeta), regulates the IP3Rs. Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) releases Ca2+ via RYRs. Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) may activate a distinct Ca2+ release mechanism on separate acidic Ca2+ stores. Ca2+ release via the NAADP-sensitive mechanism may also feedback onto either RYRs or IP3Rs. cADPR and NAADP are generated by CD38. This enzyme might be sensitive to the cellular metabolism, as ATP and NADH inhibit it.
The influx of Ca2+ from the environment or release from internal stores causes a very rapid and dramatic increase in cytoplasmic calcium concentration, which has been widely exploited for signal transduction. Some proteins, such as troponin C (TnC) involved in muscle contraction, directly bind to and sense Ca2+. However, in other cases Ca2+ is sensed through intermediate calcium sensors such as calmodulin (CALM).
Class
Environmental Information Processing; Signal transduction
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Other DBs
Organism
Ictidomys tridecemlineatus (thirteen-lined ground squirrel) [GN:
iti ]
Gene
101954421 Plcb1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
101954934 Grin2b; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B isoform X1 [KO:K05210 ]
101955326 Hrc; sarcoplasmic reticulum histidine-rich calcium-binding protein [KO:K23450 ]
101956624 Vdac3; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K15041 ]
101956801 Cacna1h; voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1H isoform X3 [KO:K04855 ]
101956898 Cacna1d; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X14 [KO:K04851 ]
101956975 Nfatc1; nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04446 ]
101957148 Plcd3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-3 isoform X2 [KO:K05857 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
101957998 Phkg2; phosphorylase b kinase gamma catalytic chain, liver/testis isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00871 ] [EC:2.7.11.19 ]
101958232 Plcb2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
101958827 Camk2b; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
101959434 Orai1; calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1 isoform X2 [KO:K16056 ]
101959478 Nfatc4; nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 4 isoform X2 [KO:K17334 ]
101959621 Gdnf; glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor isoform X2 [KO:K05452 ]
101960408 Cacna1c; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X1 [KO:K04850 ]
101960788 Plcd4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-4 isoform X5 [KO:K05857 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
101960960 Vdac2; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 [KO:K15040 ]
101961077 Plcb3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
101961488 Phkb; phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit beta isoform X2 [KO:K07190 ]
101962301 Itpr2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04959 ]
101962775 Itpr1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X9 [KO:K04958 ]
101962842 Cacna1i; voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I [KO:K04856 ]
101963322 Camk2a; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
101963720 Cacna1s; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S [KO:K04857 ]
101963872 Pdgfa; platelet-derived growth factor subunit A isoform X2 [KO:K04359 ]
101964680 Gna11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 [KO:K04635 ]
101965203 Nfatc3; nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 3 isoform X1 [KO:K17333 ]
101965601 Pde1c; calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1C isoform X8 [KO:K13755 ] [EC:3.1.4.17 ]
101967513 Cacna1b; voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B isoform X14 [KO:K04849 ]
101967948 Lhcgr; lutropin-choriogonadotropic hormone receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04248 ]
101968366 Vdac1; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 [KO:K05862 ]
101968425 Pde1b; calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B isoform X1 [KO:K13755 ] [EC:3.1.4.17 ]
101968534 Camk2g; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X6 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
101968875 Phka1; phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit alpha, skeletal muscle isoform isoform X2 [KO:K07190 ]
101968983 Adra1d; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: alpha-1D adrenergic receptor [KO:K04137 ]
101969978 Ptger3; prostaglandin E2 receptor EP3 subtype isoform X1 [KO:K04260 ]
101970348 Ppp3cb; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X8 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
101970761 Gna15; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-15 [KO:K04637 ]
101971460 Cacna1e; voltage-dependent R-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1E isoform X1 [KO:K04852 ]
101971550 Plcd1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-1 isoform X2 [KO:K05857 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
101971840 Gnal; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(olf) subunit alpha [KO:K04633 ]
101972961 Phkg1; phosphorylase b kinase gamma catalytic chain, skeletal muscle/heart isoform isoform X2 [KO:K00871 ] [EC:2.7.11.19 ]
101973170 Grin3b; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B isoform X1 [KO:K05214 ]
101973319 Phka2; phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit alpha, liver isoform isoform X1 [KO:K07190 ]
101973345 Ppp3ca; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
101974296 Camk2d; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X9 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
101975116 Pde1a; calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A isoform X5 [KO:K13755 ] [EC:3.1.4.17 ]
101975344 Plce1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase epsilon-1 isoform X4 [KO:K05860 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
101975512 Ppp3cc; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
101975553 Itpr3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 isoform X2 [KO:K04960 ]
101975826 Cacna1f; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F isoform X1 [KO:K04853 ]
101976251 Chrna7; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 [KO:K04809 ]
101976382 Grin1; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 isoform X4 [KO:K05208 ]
101976547 Grin3a; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A isoform X1 [KO:K05213 ]
101977233 Vegfa; vascular endothelial growth factor A isoform X1 [KO:K05448 ]
101977530 Cacna1g; voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G isoform X2 [KO:K04854 ]
Compound
C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C06124 Sphingosine 1-phosphate
C11556 1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate
C13051 Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Reference
Authors
Berridge MJ, Bootman MD, Roderick HL.
Title
Calcium signalling: dynamics, homeostasis and remodelling.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Berridge MJ, Lipp P, Bootman MD.
Title
The versatility and universality of calcium signalling.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Wang MC, Dolphin A, Kitmitto A.
Title
L-type voltage-gated calcium channels: understanding function through structure.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ferrier GR, Howlett SE.
Title
Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling: role of membrane potential in regulation of contraction.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Keef KD, Hume JR, Zhong J.
Title
Regulation of cardiac and smooth muscle Ca(2+) channels (Ca(V)1.2a,b) by protein kinases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hell JW, Appleyard SM, Yokoyama CT, Warner C, Catterall WA.
Title
Differential phosphorylation of two size forms of the N-type calcium channel alpha 1 subunit which have different COOH termini.
Journal
J Biol Chem 269:7390-6 (1994)
Reference
Authors
Yunker AM.
Title
Modulation and pharmacology of low voltage-activated ("T-Type") calcium channels.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Yakel JL.
Title
Calcineurin regulation of synaptic function: from ion channels to transmitter release and gene transcription.
Journal
Reference
Authors
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Title
A working model of CaM kinase II activity in hippocampal long-term potentiation and memory.
Journal
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Title
Ras-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by G protein-coupled receptors. Convergence of Gi- and Gq-mediated pathways on calcium/calmodulin, Pyk2, and Src kinase.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Furuichi T, Mikoshiba K.
Title
Inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptor-mediated Ca2+ signaling in the brain.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Bruce JI, Straub SV, Yule DI.
Title
Crosstalk between cAMP and Ca2+ signaling in non-excitable cells.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lee HC, Munshi C, Graeff R.
Title
Structures and activities of cyclic ADP-ribose, NAADP and their metabolic enzymes.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Crompton M.
Title
Mitochondrial intermembrane junctional complexes and their role in cell death.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Grewal SS, York RD, Stork PJ.
Title
Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase signalling in neurons.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Trushin SA, Pennington KN, Carmona EM, Asin S, Savoy DN, Billadeau DD, Paya CV.
Title
Protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha) acts upstream of PKCtheta to activate IkappaB kinase and NF-kappaB in T lymphocytes.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hutchins JR, Dikovskaya D, Clarke PR.
Title
Regulation of Cdc2/cyclin B activation in Xenopus egg extracts via inhibitory phosphorylation of Cdc25C phosphatase by Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein [corrected] kinase II.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Tornquist K
Title
Sphingosine 1-phosphate, sphingosine kinase and autocrine calcium signalling in thyroid cells.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Feske S
Title
Immunodeficiency due to defects in store-operated calcium entry.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Giachini FR, Lima VV, Hannan JL, Carneiro FS, Webb RC, Tostes RC
Title
STIM1/Orai1-mediated store-operated Ca2+ entry: the tip of the iceberg.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Baba Y, Kurosaki T
Title
[Regulation of store-operated calcium entry by STIM1].
Journal
Seikagaku 80:1123-8 (2008)
Reference
Authors
Galione A, Evans AM, Ma J, Parrington J, Arredouani A, Cheng X, Zhu MX
Title
The acid test: the discovery of two-pore channels (TPCs) as NAADP-gated endolysosomal Ca(2+) release channels.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Beard NA, Wei L, Dulhunty AF
Title
Ca(2+) signaling in striated muscle: the elusive roles of triadin, junctin, and calsequestrin.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Marty I
Title
Triadin regulation of the ryanodine receptor complex.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Arvanitis DA, Vafiadaki E, Sanoudou D, Kranias EG
Title
Histidine-rich calcium binding protein: the new regulator of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium cycling.
Journal
Related pathway
iti04070 Phosphatidylinositol signaling system
KO pathway