Entry
Name
Autophagy - animal - Homo sapiens (human)
Description
Autophagy (or macroautophagy) is a cellular catabolic pathway involving in protein degradation, organelle turnover, and non-selective breakdown of cytoplasmic components, which is evolutionarily conserved among eukaryotes and exquisitely regulated. This progress initiates with production of the autophagosome, a double-membrane intracellular structure of reticular origin that engulfs cytoplasmic contents and ultimately fuses with lysosomes for cargo degradation. Autophagy is regulated in response to extra- or intracellular stress and signals such as starvation, growth factor deprivation and ER stress. Constitutive level of autophagy plays an important role in cellular homeostasis and maintains quality control of essential cellular components.
Class
Cellular Processes; Transport and catabolism
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Ortholog table
Network
Element
N00155 Autophagy-vesicle nucleation/elongation/maturation, mTORC1-PI3KC3-C1
N00156 Autophagy-vesicle nucleation/elongation/maturation, LC3-II formation
N01142 C9orf72-mediated autophagy initiation
N01715 Autophagy-vesicle nucleation/elongation/maturation, PI3P synthesis by PI3KC3-C1
N01716 Autophagy-vesicle nucleation/elongation/maturation, sequestosome-1-like receptor
N01718 Autophagy-vesicle nucleation/elongation/maturation, PACER-RUBCN-PI3KC3-C2
N01720 Autophagosome and lysosome fusion, trans-SNARE
N01721 Autophagosome and lysosome fusion, tethering factor
N01722 Autophagosome and lysosome fusion, tethering factor, GRASP55
Drug
D12778 Olgotrelvir sodium (USAN)
Other DBs
Organism
Homo sapiens (human) [GN:
hsa ]
Gene
3667 IRS1; insulin receptor substrate 1 [KO:K16172 ]
8660 IRS2; insulin receptor substrate 2 [KO:K07187 ]
8471 IRS4; insulin receptor substrate 4 [KO:K17446 ]
5290 PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
5293 PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
5291 PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
5295 PIK3R1; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 [KO:K02649 ]
5296 PIK3R2; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 2 [KO:K02649 ]
8503 PIK3R3; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 3 [KO:K02649 ]
3265 HRAS; HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase [KO:K02833 ]
3845 KRAS; KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase [KO:K07827 ]
4893 NRAS; NRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase [KO:K07828 ]
3091 HIF1A; hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha [KO:K08268 ]
54541 DDIT4; DNA damage inducible transcript 4 [KO:K08270 ]
664 BNIP3; BCL2 interacting protein 3 [KO:K15464 ]
6009 RHEB; Ras homolog, mTORC1 binding [KO:K07208 ]
57521 RPTOR; regulatory associated protein of MTOR complex 1 [KO:K07204 ]
64798 DEPTOR; DEP domain containing MTOR interacting protein [KO:K20402 ]
64223 MLST8; MTOR associated protein, LST8 homolog [KO:K08266 ]
3476 IGBP1; immunoglobulin binding protein 1 [KO:K17606 ]
9821 RB1CC1; RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1 [KO:K17589 ]
26100 WIPI2; WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 2 [KO:K17908 ]
55062 WIPI1; WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 1 [KO:K17908 ]
55578 SUPT20H; SPT20 homolog, SAGA complex component [KO:K21245 ]
4218 RAB8A; RAB8A, member RAS oncogene family [KO:K07901 ]
116442 RAB39B; RAB39B, member RAS oncogene family [KO:K07925 ]
10010 TANK; TRAF family member associated NFKB activator [KO:K12650 ]
5861 RAB1A; RAB1A, member RAS oncogene family [KO:K07874 ]
596 BCL2; BCL2 apoptosis regulator [KO:K02161 ]
572 BAD; BCL2 associated agonist of cell death [KO:K02158 ]
29982 NRBF2; nuclear receptor binding factor 2 [KO:K21246 ]
55626 AMBRA1; autophagy and beclin 1 regulator 1 [KO:K17985 ]
58476 TP53INP2; tumor protein p53 inducible nuclear protein 2 [KO:K21247 ]
7405 UVRAG; UV radiation resistance associated [KO:K21249 ]
51100 SH3GLB1; SH3 domain containing GRB2 like, endophilin B1 [KO:K11248 ]
9711 RUBCN; rubicon autophagy regulator [KO:K19330 ]
2081 ERN1; endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1 [KO:K08852 ] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
3708 ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 [KO:K04958 ]
9451 EIF2AK3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3 [KO:K08860 ] [EC:2.7.11.1 ]
1965 EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha [KO:K03237 ]
53349 ZFYVE1; zinc finger FYVE-type containing 1 [KO:K17603 ]
8837 CFLAR; CASP8 and FADD like apoptosis regulator [KO:K04724 ]
83452 RAB33B; RAB33B, member RAS oncogene family [KO:K07920 ]
11337 GABARAP; GABA type A receptor-associated protein [KO:K08341 ]
23710 GABARAPL1; GABA type A receptor associated protein like 1 [KO:K08341 ]
11345 GABARAPL2; GABA type A receptor associated protein like 2 [KO:K08341 ]
440738 MAP1LC3C; microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 gamma [KO:K10435 ]
81631 MAP1LC3B; microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta [KO:K10435 ]
84557 MAP1LC3A; microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha [KO:K10435 ]
643246 MAP1LC3B2; microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta 2 [KO:K10435 ]
115201 ATG4A; autophagy related 4A cysteine peptidase [KO:K08342 ] [EC:3.4.22.-]
23192 ATG4B; autophagy related 4B cysteine peptidase [KO:K08342 ] [EC:3.4.22.-]
84938 ATG4C; autophagy related 4C cysteine peptidase [KO:K08342 ] [EC:3.4.22.-]
84971 ATG4D; autophagy related 4D cysteine peptidase [KO:K08342 ] [EC:3.4.22.-]
4077 NBR1; NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor [KO:K17987 ]
10241 CALCOCO2; calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2 [KO:K21348 ]
23001 WDFY3; WD repeat and FYVE domain containing 3 [KO:K22262 ]
7311 UBA52; ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 [KO:K02927 ]
9342 SNAP29; synaptosome associated protein 29 [KO:K08509 ]
8673 VAMP8; vesicle associated membrane protein 8 [KO:K08512 ]
57724 EPG5; ectopic P-granules 5 autophagy tethering factor [KO:K23883 ]
9842 PLEKHM1; pleckstrin homology and RUN domain containing M1 [KO:K23282 ]
55823 VPS11; VPS11 core subunit of CORVET and HOPS complexes [KO:K20179 ]
64601 VPS16; VPS16 core subunit of CORVET and HOPS complexes [KO:K20180 ]
57617 VPS18; VPS18 core subunit of CORVET and HOPS complexes [KO:K20181 ]
65082 VPS33A; VPS33A core subunit of CORVET and HOPS complexes [KO:K20182 ]
26003 GORASP2; golgi reassembly stacking protein 2 [KO:K26797 ]
64689 GORASP1; golgi reassembly stacking protein 1 [KO:K26797 ]
7879 RAB7A; RAB7A, member RAS oncogene family [KO:K07897 ]
3916 LAMP1; lysosomal associated membrane protein 1 [KO:K06528 ]
3920 LAMP2; lysosomal associated membrane protein 2 [KO:K06528 ]
Compound
C00350 Phosphatidylethanolamine
C01194 1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol
C04549 1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
C05981 Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
Authors
Meijer AJ, Codogno P.
Title
Regulation and role of autophagy in mammalian cells.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Deretic V.
Title
Autophagy in innate and adaptive immunity.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Levine B, Yuan J.
Title
Autophagy in cell death: an innocent convict?
Journal
Reference
Authors
Tanida I, Ueno T, Kominami E.
Title
LC3 conjugation system in mammalian autophagy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lum JJ, DeBerardinis RJ, Thompson CB.
Title
Autophagy in metazoans: cell survival in the land of plenty.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Reggiori F, Klionsky DJ.
Title
Autophagosomes: biogenesis from scratch?
Journal
Reference
Authors
Klionsky DJ, Emr SD.
Title
Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Bechet D, Tassa A, Taillandier D, Combaret L, Attaix D.
Title
Lysosomal proteolysis in skeletal muscle.
Journal
Reference
Authors
He C, Klionsky DJ
Title
Regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways of autophagy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
Title
An overview of the molecular mechanism of autophagy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
Title
Mammalian autophagy: core molecular machinery and signaling regulation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Chen Y, Klionsky DJ
Title
The regulation of autophagy - unanswered questions.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mizushima N, Yoshimori T, Ohsumi Y
Title
The role of Atg proteins in autophagosome formation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Russell RC, Yuan HX, Guan KL
Title
Autophagy regulation by nutrient signaling.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Noda NN, Fujioka Y
Title
Atg1 family kinases in autophagy initiation.
Journal
Related pathway
hsa04141 Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
KO pathway
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