KEGG   PATHWAY: ko05171
Entry
ko05171                     Pathway                                
Name
Coronavirus disease - COVID-19
Description
Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious respiratory infection that is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infects alveolar epithelial cells [mainly alveolar epithelial type 2 (AEC2) cells] through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Upon the occupancy of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2, the increased serum level of free Angiotensin II (Ang II) due to a reduction of ACE2-mediated degradation promotes activation of the NF-kappa B pathway via Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), followed by  interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. SARS-CoV-2 also activates the innate immune system; macrophage stimulation triggers the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, and the "cytokine storm", which results in systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure. The combined effects of complement activation, dysregulated neutrophilia, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability appear to be intertwined to drive the severe features of COVID-19.
Class
Human Diseases; Infectious disease: viral
Pathway map
ko05171  Coronavirus disease - COVID-19
ko05171

Disease
H02398  COVID-19
Drug
D03506  Cinanserin hydrochloride (USAN)
D11472  Remdesivir (JAN/USAN)
D11936  Bamlanivimab (USAN)
D11938  Casirivimab (USAN)
D11939  Imdevimab (USAN)
D11943  Molnupiravir (JAN/USAN)
D11944  Etesevimab (USAN)
D11971  Tozinameran (JAN)
D12014  Sotrovimab (USAN/INN)
D12114  Elasomeran (JAN)
D12115  COVID-19 vaccine (ChAdOx1-S [recombinant])
D12129  COVID-19 vaccine (Ad26.COV2-S [recombinant])
D12142  Casirivimab and imdevimab
D12172  Lufotrelvir (USAN)
D12174  Bebtelovimab (USAN)
D12199  Plutavimab (USAN)
D12241  Regdanvimab (INN)
D12244  Nirmatrelvir (JAN/USAN)
D12254  Amubarvimab (USAN)
D12255  Bemnifosbuvir (USAN)
D12260  Bemnifosbuvir sulfate (USAN)
D12267  Romlusevimab (USAN)
D12302  Beludavimab (USAN)
D12322  Crexavibart (USAN/INN)
D12325  Ogalvibart (USAN/INN)
D12336  SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein vaccine antigen nvx-cov2373
D12353  Ensitrelvir fumarate (USAN)
D12389  Adintrevimab (USAN/INN)
D12406  Ensovibep (INN)
D12470  Gorivitug (USAN/INN)
D12522  Pomotrelvir (USAN/INN)
D12610  Ufrenmeran (JAN/INN)
D12619  Ensitrelvir (USAN/INN)
D12726  Ibuzatrelvir (USAN)
D12738  Zapomeran (JAN/INN)
D12777  Olgotrelvir (USAN)
D12778  Olgotrelvir sodium (USAN)
D12974  Sipavibart (INN)
D13030  Zevotrelvir (USAN/INN)
Orthology
K00922  PIK3CA_B_D; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha/beta/delta [EC:2.7.1.153]
K01116  PLCG1; phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C, gamma-1 [EC:3.1.4.11]
K01283  ACE, CD143; peptidyl-dipeptidase A [EC:3.4.15.1]
K01313  F2; coagulation factor II (thrombin) [EC:3.4.21.5]
K01330  C1R; complement component 1, r subcomponent [EC:3.4.21.41]
K01331  C1S; complement component 1, s subcomponent [EC:3.4.21.42]
K01332  C2; complement component 2 [EC:3.4.21.43]
K01334  CFD; complement factor D [EC:3.4.21.46]
K01335  CFB; complement factor B [EC:3.4.21.47]
K01370  CASP1; caspase 1 [EC:3.4.22.36]
K01388  MMP1; matrix metalloproteinase-1 (interstitial collagenase) [EC:3.4.24.7]
K01394  MMP3; matrix metalloproteinase-3 (stromelysin 1, progelatinase) [EC:3.4.24.17]
K02580  NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit
K02581  NFKBIB; NF-kappa-B inhibitor beta
K02649  PIK3R1_2_3; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha/beta/delta
K02677  PRKCA; classical protein kinase C alpha type [EC:2.7.11.13]
K02865  RP-L10Ae, RPL10A; large subunit ribosomal protein L10Ae
K02866  RP-L10e, RPL10; large subunit ribosomal protein L10e
K02868  RP-L11e, RPL11; large subunit ribosomal protein L11e
K02870  RP-L12e, RPL12; large subunit ribosomal protein L12e
K02872  RP-L13Ae, RPL13A; large subunit ribosomal protein L13Ae
K02873  RP-L13e, RPL13; large subunit ribosomal protein L13e
K02875  RP-L14e, RPL14; large subunit ribosomal protein L14e
K02877  RP-L15e, RPL15; large subunit ribosomal protein L15e
K02880  RP-L17e, RPL17; large subunit ribosomal protein L17e
K02882  RP-L18Ae, RPL18A; large subunit ribosomal protein L18Ae
K02883  RP-L18e, RPL18; large subunit ribosomal protein L18e
K02885  RP-L19e, RPL19; large subunit ribosomal protein L19e
K02889  RP-L21e, RPL21; large subunit ribosomal protein L21e
K02891  RP-L22e, RPL22; large subunit ribosomal protein L22e
K02893  RP-L23Ae, RPL23A; large subunit ribosomal protein L23Ae
K02894  RP-L23e, RPL23; large subunit ribosomal protein L23e
K02896  RP-L24e, RPL24; large subunit ribosomal protein L24e
K02898  RP-L26e, RPL26; large subunit ribosomal protein L26e
K02900  RP-L27Ae, RPL27A; large subunit ribosomal protein L27Ae
K02901  RP-L27e, RPL27; large subunit ribosomal protein L27e
K02903  RP-L28e, RPL28; large subunit ribosomal protein L28e
K02905  RP-L29e, RPL29; large subunit ribosomal protein L29e
K02908  RP-L30e, RPL30; large subunit ribosomal protein L30e
K02910  RP-L31e, RPL31; large subunit ribosomal protein L31e
K02912  RP-L32e, RPL32; large subunit ribosomal protein L32e
K02915  RP-L34e, RPL34; large subunit ribosomal protein L34e
K02917  RP-L35Ae, RPL35A; large subunit ribosomal protein L35Ae
K02918  RP-L35e, RPL35; large subunit ribosomal protein L35e
K02920  RP-L36e, RPL36; large subunit ribosomal protein L36e
K02921  RP-L37Ae, RPL37A; large subunit ribosomal protein L37Ae
K02922  RP-L37e, RPL37; large subunit ribosomal protein L37e
K02923  RP-L38e, RPL38; large subunit ribosomal protein L38e
K02924  RP-L39e, RPL39; large subunit ribosomal protein L39e
K02925  RP-L3e, RPL3; large subunit ribosomal protein L3e
K02927  RP-L40e, RPL40, UBA52; ubiquitin-large subunit ribosomal protein L40e
K02928  RP-L41e, RPL41; large subunit ribosomal protein L41e
K02929  RP-L44e, RPL44; large subunit ribosomal protein L44e
K02930  RP-L4e, RPL4; large subunit ribosomal protein L4e
K02932  RP-L5e, RPL5; large subunit ribosomal protein L5e
K02934  RP-L6e, RPL6; large subunit ribosomal protein L6e
K02936  RP-L7Ae, RPL7A; large subunit ribosomal protein L7Ae
K02937  RP-L7e, RPL7; large subunit ribosomal protein L7e
K02938  RP-L8e, RPL8; large subunit ribosomal protein L8e
K02940  RP-L9e, RPL9; large subunit ribosomal protein L9e
K02941  RP-LP0, RPLP0; large subunit ribosomal protein LP0
K02942  RP-LP1, RPLP1; large subunit ribosomal protein LP1
K02943  RP-LP2, RPLP2; large subunit ribosomal protein LP2
K02947  RP-S10e, RPS10; small subunit ribosomal protein S10e
K02949  RP-S11e, RPS11; small subunit ribosomal protein S11e
K02951  RP-S12e, RPS12; small subunit ribosomal protein S12e
K02953  RP-S13e, RPS13; small subunit ribosomal protein S13e
K02955  RP-S14e, RPS14; small subunit ribosomal protein S14e
K02957  RP-S15Ae, RPS15A; small subunit ribosomal protein S15Ae
K02958  RP-S15e, RPS15; small subunit ribosomal protein S15e
K02960  RP-S16e, RPS16; small subunit ribosomal protein S16e
K02962  RP-S17e, RPS17; small subunit ribosomal protein S17e
K02964  RP-S18e, RPS18; small subunit ribosomal protein S18e
K02966  RP-S19e, RPS19; small subunit ribosomal protein S19e
K02969  RP-S20e, RPS20; small subunit ribosomal protein S20e
K02971  RP-S21e, RPS21; small subunit ribosomal protein S21e
K02973  RP-S23e, RPS23; small subunit ribosomal protein S23e
K02974  RP-S24e, RPS24; small subunit ribosomal protein S24e
K02975  RP-S25e, RPS25; small subunit ribosomal protein S25e
K02976  RP-S26e, RPS26; small subunit ribosomal protein S26e
K02977  RP-S27Ae, RPS27A, UBA80; ubiquitin-small subunit ribosomal protein S27Ae
K02978  RP-S27e, RPS27; small subunit ribosomal protein S27e
K02979  RP-S28e, RPS28; small subunit ribosomal protein S28e
K02980  RP-S29e, RPS29; small subunit ribosomal protein S29e
K02981  RP-S2e, RPS2; small subunit ribosomal protein S2e
K02983  RP-S30e, RPS30; small subunit ribosomal protein S30e
K02984  RP-S3Ae, RPS3A; small subunit ribosomal protein S3Ae
K02985  RP-S3e, RPS3; small subunit ribosomal protein S3e
K02987  RP-S4e, RPS4; small subunit ribosomal protein S4e
K02989  RP-S5e, RPS5; small subunit ribosomal protein S5e
K02991  RP-S6e, RPS6; small subunit ribosomal protein S6e
K02993  RP-S7e, RPS7; small subunit ribosomal protein S7e
K02995  RP-S8e, RPS8; small subunit ribosomal protein S8e
K02997  RP-S9e, RPS9; small subunit ribosomal protein S9e
K02998  RP-SAe, RPSA; small subunit ribosomal protein SAe
K03156  TNF, TNFA; tumor necrosis factor superfamily, member 2
K03158  TNFRSF1A, TNFR1, CD120a; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A
K03174  TRAF3; TNF receptor-associated factor 3
K03175  TRAF6; TNF receptor-associated factor 6 [EC:2.3.2.27]
K03900  VWF; von Willebrand factor
K03903  FGA; fibrinogen alpha chain
K03904  FGB; fibrinogen beta chain
K03905  FGG; fibrinogen gamma chain
K03906  F13B; coagulation factor XIII B polypeptide
K03917  F13A1; coagulation factor XIII A1 polypeptide [EC:2.3.2.13]
K03986  C1QA; complement C1q subcomponent subunit A
K03987  C1QB; complement C1q subcomponent subunit B
K03988  C1QG; complement C1q subcomponent subunit C
K03989  C4; complement component 4
K03990  C3; complement component 3
K03991  MBL; mannose-binding lectin
K03992  MASP1; mannan-binding lectin serine protease 1 [EC:3.4.21.-]
K03993  MASP2; mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 [EC:3.4.21.104]
K03994  C5; complement component 5
K03995  C6; complement component 6
K03996  C7; complement component 7
K03997  C8A; complement component 8 subunit alpha
K03998  C8B; complement component 8 subunit beta
K03999  C8G; complement component 8 subunit gamma
K04000  C9; complement component 9
K04009  C3AR1; C3a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor
K04010  C5AR1, CD88; C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1
K04166  AGTR1; angiotensin II receptor type 1
K04303  MAS1; proto-oncogene Mas
K04361  EGFR, ERBB1; epidermal growth factor receptor [EC:2.7.10.1]
K04371  ERK, MAPK1_3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/3 [EC:2.7.11.24]
K04379  FOS; proto-oncogene protein c-fos
K04404  MAP3K7IP2, TAB2; TAK1-binding protein 2
K04427  MAP3K7, TAK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 [EC:2.7.11.25]
K04440  JNK; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8/9/10 (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) [EC:2.7.11.24]
K04441  P38; p38 MAP kinase [EC:2.7.11.24]
K04448  JUN; transcription factor AP-1
K04467  IKBKA, IKKA, CHUK; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha [EC:2.7.11.10]
K04519  IL1B; interleukin 1 beta
K04692  STAT3; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
K04693  IRF9, ISGF3G, P48; interferon regulatory factor 9
K04729  MYD88; myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88
K04730  IRAK1; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 [EC:2.7.11.1]
K04733  IRAK4; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 [EC:2.7.11.1]
K04734  NFKBIA; NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha
K04735  RELA; transcription factor p65
K05055  IL6R, CD126; interleukin 6 receptor
K05060  IL6ST, GP130, CD130; interleukin 6 signal transducer
K05130  IFNAR1; interferon receptor 1
K05131  IFNAR2; interferon receptor 2
K05401  TLR3, CD283; toll-like receptor 3
K05404  TLR7; toll-like receptor 7
K05405  IL6; interleukin 6
K05406  IL12A; interleukin 12A
K05410  TBK1; TANK-binding kinase 1 [EC:2.7.11.10]
K05411  IRF3; interferon regulatory factor 3
K05414  IFNA; interferon alpha
K05415  IFNB; interferon beta
K05423  CSF3, GCSF; granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
K05425  IL12B; interleukin 12B
K05427  CSF2, GMCSF; granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
K05429  IL2; interleukin 2
K05855  SYK; spleen tyrosine kinase [EC:2.7.10.2]
K05859  PLCG2; phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C, gamma-2 [EC:3.1.4.11]
K06059  ADAM17, TACE, CD156b; disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17 [EC:3.4.24.86]
K06472  FCGR2A, CD32; low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor II-a
K06496  SELP, CD62P; selectin, platelet
K06724  NRP1, CD304; neuropilin 1
K06856  IGH; immunoglobulin heavy chain
K07209  IKBKB, IKKB; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta [EC:2.7.11.10]
K07210  IKBKG, IKKG, NEMO; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit gamma
K07211  IKBKE, IKKE; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon [EC:2.7.11.10]
K08523  HBEGF; heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor
K09633  TMPRSS2; transmembrane protease serine 2 [EC:3.4.21.122]
K09708  ACE2, ACEH; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 [EC:3.4.17.23]
K10030  IL8, CXCL8; interleukin 8
K10159  TLR2, CD282; toll-like receptor 2
K10160  TLR4, CD284; toll-like receptor 4
K10170  TLR8, CD288; toll-like receptor 8
K11217  JAK1; Janus kinase 1 [EC:2.7.10.2]
K11219  TYK2; non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2 [EC:2.7.10.2]
K11220  STAT1; signal transducer and activator of transcription 1
K11221  STAT2; signal transducer and activator of transcription 2
K12159  ISG15; ubiquitin cross-reactive protein
K12646  RIGI, DDX58; ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX58 [EC:5.6.2.6]
K12647  IFIH1, MDA5; interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing protein 1 [EC:5.6.2.6]
K12648  MAVS, IPS1; mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein
K12654  STING1, TMEM173, MITA; stimulator of interferon genes protein
K12671  CXCL10, IP10; C-X-C motif chemokine 10
K12800  NLRP3, PYPAF1; NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3
K12968  ADAR, ADAR1; double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase [EC:3.5.4.37]
K14216  OAS; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase [EC:2.7.7.84]
K14624  CCL2, MCP1; C-C motif chemokine 2
K14754  MX; interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx
K16195  EIF2AK2; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 2 [EC:2.7.11.1]
K17834  CGAS, MB21D1; cyclic GMP-AMP synthase [EC:2.7.7.86]
K19662  PRKCB; classical protein kinase C beta type [EC:2.7.11.13]
K19663  PRKCG; classical protein kinase C gamma type [EC:2.7.11.13]
K21421  NOX2, GP91, CYBB; NADPH oxidase 2 [EC:1.-.-.-]
K24106  N; SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid protein
K24150  M; SARS coronavirus membrane protein
K24151  E; SARS coronavirus envelope small membrane protein
K24152  S; SARS coronavirus spike glycoprotein
K24579  3a; SARS coronavirus accessory protein 3a
K24580  6; SARS coronavirus accessory protein 6
K24581  7a; SARS coronavirus accessory protein 7a
K24582  7b; SARS coronavirus accessory protein 7b
K24583  8; SARS coronavirus accessory protein 8
K24584  10; SARS coronavirus accessory protein 10
K25011  nsp1; SARS coronavirus host translation inhibitor nsp1
K25012  nsp2; SARS coronavirus non-structural protein 2
K25013  nsp3; SARS coronavirus non-structural protein 3
K25014  nsp4; SARS coronavirus non-structural protein 4
K25015  nsp5; SARS coronavirus 3C-like proteinase
K25016  nsp6; SARS coronavirus non-structural protein 6
K25017  nsp7; SARS coronavirus non-structural protein 7
K25018  nsp8; SARS coronavirus non-structural protein 8
K25019  nsp9; SARS coronavirus non-structural protein 9
K25020  nsp10; SARS coronavirus non-structural protein 10
K25021  nsp12; Coronaviridae RNA-directed RNA polymerase
K25022  nsp13; SARS coronavirus helicase
K25023  nsp14; SARS coronavirus proofreading exoribonuclease
K25024  nsp15; SARS coronavirus uridylate-specific endoribonuclease
K25025  nsp16; SARS coronavirus 2'-O-methyltransferase
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00046  RNA
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00290  Fibrin
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00704  Superoxide
C00873  Angiotensin I
C02135  Angiotensin II
C15850  Angiotensin (1-7)
C20640  Cyclic GMP-AMP
Reference
PMID:33132005
  Authors
Harrison AG, Lin T, Wang P
  Title
Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Pathogenesis.
  Journal
Trends Immunol S1471-4906(20)30233-7 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2020.10.004
Reference
PMID:33077917
  Authors
Perico L, Benigni A, Casiraghi F, Ng LFP, Renia L, Remuzzi G
  Title
Immunity, endothelial injury and complement-induced coagulopathy in COVID-19.
  Journal
Nat Rev Nephrol 10.1038/s41581-020-00357-4 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41581-020-00357-4
Reference
PMID:32820801
  Authors
Battagello DS, Dragunas G, Klein MO, Ayub ALP, Velloso FJ, Correa RG
  Title
Unpuzzling COVID-19: tissue-related signaling pathways associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.
  Journal
Clin Sci (Lond) 134:2137-2160 (2020)
DOI:10.1042/CS20200904
Reference
PMID:32353634
  Authors
Felsenstein S, Herbert JA, McNamara PS, Hedrich CM
  Title
COVID-19: Immunology and treatment options.
  Journal
Clin Immunol 215:108448 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108448
Reference
PMID:33014208
  Authors
Hojyo S, Uchida M, Tanaka K, Hasebe R, Tanaka Y, Murakami M, Hirano T
  Title
How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality.
  Journal
Inflamm Regen 40:37 (2020)
DOI:10.1186/s41232-020-00146-3
Reference
PMID:32544563
  Authors
Mahmudpour M, Roozbeh J, Keshavarz M, Farrokhi S, Nabipour I
  Title
COVID-19 cytokine storm: The anger of inflammation.
  Journal
Cytokine 133:155151 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155151
Reference
PMID:32635353
  Authors
Farooqi F, Dhawan N, Morgan R, Dinh J, Nedd K, Yatzkan G
  Title
Treatment of Severe COVID-19 with Tocilizumab Mitigates Cytokine Storm and Averts Mechanical Ventilation During Acute Respiratory Distress: A Case Report and Literature Review.
  Journal
Trop Med Infect Dis 5:E112 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/tropicalmed5030112
Reference
PMID:32376392
  Authors
Jamilloux Y, Henry T, Belot A, Viel S, Fauter M, El Jammal T, Walzer T, Francois B, Seve P
  Title
Should we stimulate or suppress immune responses in COVID-19? Cytokine and anti-cytokine interventions.
  Journal
Autoimmun Rev 19:102567 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102567
Reference
PMID:32722596
  Authors
Kiselevskiy M, Shubina I, Chikileva I, Sitdikova S, Samoylenko I, Anisimova N, Kirgizov K, Suleimanova A, Gorbunova T, Varfolomeeva S
  Title
Immune Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Intoxication: Storm or Silence?
  Journal
Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 13:E166 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ph13080166
Reference
PMID:32922297
  Authors
Curran CS, Rivera DR, Kopp JB
  Title
COVID-19 Usurps Host Regulatory Networks.
  Journal
Front Pharmacol 11:1278 (2020)
DOI:10.3389/fphar.2020.01278
Reference
PMID:33055229
  Authors
Quan C, Li C, Ma H, Li Y, Zhang H
  Title
Immunopathogenesis of Coronavirus-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Potential Infection-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.
  Journal
Clin Microbiol Rev 34:e00074-20 (2020)
DOI:10.1128/CMR.00074-20
Reference
PMID:32973803
  Authors
Ahmed-Hassan H, Sisson B, Shukla RK, Wijewantha Y, Funderburg NT, Li Z, Hayes D Jr, Demberg T, Liyanage NPM
  Title
Innate Immune Responses to Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses and Other Significant Respiratory Viral Infections.
  Journal
Front Immunol 11:1979 (2020)
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01979
Reference
PMID:32346093
  Authors
Tay MZ, Poh CM, Renia L, MacAry PA, Ng LFP
  Title
The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:363-374 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8
Reference
PMID:32979938
  Authors
Xia H, Cao Z, Xie X, Zhang X, Chen JY, Wang H, Menachery VD, Rajsbaum R, Shi PY
  Title
Evasion of Type I Interferon by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Cell Rep 33:108234 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108234
Reference
PMID:32661197
  Authors
Hartenian E, Nandakumar D, Lari A, Ly M, Tucker JM, Glaunsinger BA
  Title
The molecular virology of coronaviruses.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 295:12910-12934 (2020)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.REV120.013930
Reference
PMID:32978971
  Authors
Amor S, Fernandez Blanco L, Baker D
  Title
Innate immunity during SARS-CoV-2: evasion strategies and activation trigger hypoxia and vascular damage.
  Journal
Clin Exp Immunol 202:193-209 (2020)
DOI:10.1111/cei.13523
Reference
PMID:32467561
  Authors
Catanzaro M, Fagiani F, Racchi M, Corsini E, Govoni S, Lanni C
  Title
Immune response in COVID-19: addressing a pharmacological challenge by targeting pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Signal Transduct Target Ther 5:84 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41392-020-0191-1
Reference
PMID:32687918
  Authors
Jafarzadeh A, Chauhan P, Saha B, Jafarzadeh S, Nemati M
  Title
Contribution of monocytes and macrophages to the local tissue inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19: Lessons from SARS and MERS, and potential therapeutic interventions.
  Journal
Life Sci 257:118102 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118102
Reference
PMID:32376901
  Authors
Merad M, Martin JC
  Title
Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:355-362 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0331-4
Reference
PMID:32246101
  Authors
South AM, Tomlinson L, Edmonston D, Hiremath S, Sparks MA
  Title
Controversies of renin-angiotensin system inhibition during the COVID-19 pandemic.
  Journal
Nat Rev Nephrol 16:305-307 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41581-020-0279-4
Reference
PMID:32433641
  Authors
Furuhashi M, Moniwa N, Takizawa H, Ura N, Shimamoto K
  Title
Potential differential effects of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on SARS-CoV-2 infection and lung injury in COVID-19.
  Journal
Hypertens Res 43:837-840 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41440-020-0478-1
Reference
PMID:32423094
  Authors
Gemmati D, Bramanti B, Serino ML, Secchiero P, Zauli G, Tisato V
  Title
COVID-19 and Individual Genetic Susceptibility/Receptivity: Role of ACE1/ACE2 Genes, Immunity, Inflammation and Coagulation. Might the Double X-chromosome in Females Be Protective against SARS-CoV-2 Compared to the Single X-Chromosome in Males?
  Journal
Int J Mol Sci 21:E3474 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ijms21103474
Reference
PMID:33184193
  Authors
Kielian M
  Title
Enhancing host cell infection by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Science 370:765-766 (2020)
DOI:10.1126/science.abf0732
Reference
PMID:32327719
  Authors
Risitano AM, Mastellos DC, Huber-Lang M, Yancopoulou D, Garlanda C, Ciceri F, Lambris JD
  Title
Complement as a target in COVID-19?
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:343-344 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0320-7
Reference
PMID:32461141
  Authors
Noris M, Benigni A, Remuzzi G
  Title
The case of complement activation in COVID-19 multiorgan impact.
  Journal
Kidney Int 98:314-322 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.013
Reference
PMID:32559343
  Authors
Polycarpou A, Howard M, Farrar CA, Greenlaw R, Fanelli G, Wallis R, Klavinskis LS, Sacks S
  Title
Rationale for targeting complement in COVID-19.
  Journal
EMBO Mol Med 12:e12642 (2020)
DOI:10.15252/emmm.202012642
Reference
PMID:32439870
  Authors
Teuwen LA, Geldhof V, Pasut A, Carmeliet P
  Title
COVID-19: the vasculature unleashed.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:389-391 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0343-0
Reference
PMID:32643798
  Authors
Jodele S, Kohl J
  Title
Tackling COVID-19 infection through complement-targeted immunotherapy.
  Journal
Br J Pharmacol 178:2832-2848 (2021)
DOI:10.1111/bph.15187
Reference
PMID:32608159
  Authors
Chauhan AJ, Wiffen LJ, Brown TP
  Title
COVID-19: A collision of complement, coagulation and inflammatory pathways.
  Journal
J Thromb Haemost 18:2110-2117 (2020)
DOI:10.1111/jth.14981
Reference
PMID:32558620
  Authors
Colling ME, Kanthi Y
  Title
COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: An exploration of mechanisms.
  Journal
Vasc Med 25:471-478 (2020)
DOI:10.1177/1358863X20932640
Reference
PMID:32586214
  Authors
McFadyen JD, Stevens H, Peter K
  Title
The Emerging Threat of (Micro)Thrombosis in COVID-19 and Its Therapeutic Implications.
  Journal
Circ Res 127:571-587 (2020)
DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317447
Reference
PMID:32995777
  Authors
Shi M, Wang L, Fontana P, Vora S, Zhang Y, Fu TM, Lieberman J, Wu H
  Title
SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 suppresses host but not viral translation through a bipartite mechanism.
  Journal
bioRxiv 2020.09.18.302901 (2020)
DOI:10.1101/2020.09.18.302901
Reference
PMID:32693241
  Authors
Paniri A, Akhavan-Niaki H
  Title
Emerging role of IL-6 and NLRP3 inflammasome as potential therapeutic targets to combat COVID-19: Role of lncRNAs in cytokine storm modulation.
  Journal
Life Sci 257:118114 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118114
Reference
PMID:32405269
  Authors
Omarjee L, Janin A, Perrot F, Laviolle B, Meilhac O, Mahe G
  Title
Targeting T-cell senescence and cytokine storm with rapamycin to prevent severe progression in COVID-19.
  Journal
Clin Immunol 216:108464 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108464
Reference
PMID:32337664
  Authors
Zhang S, Li L, Shen A, Chen Y, Qi Z
  Title
Rational Use of Tocilizumab in the Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia.
  Journal
Clin Drug Investig 40:511-518 (2020)
DOI:10.1007/s40261-020-00917-3
Related
pathway
ko03015  mRNA surveillance pathway
ko04144  Endocytosis
ko04270  Vascular smooth muscle contraction
ko04610  Complement and coagulation cascades
ko04611  Platelet activation
ko04613  Neutrophil extracellular trap formation
ko04614  Renin-angiotensin system
ko04620  Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
ko04621  NOD-like receptor signaling pathway
ko04622  RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway
ko04623  Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway
ko04630  JAK-STAT signaling pathway
ko04650  Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
ko04666  Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis
ko04668  TNF signaling pathway
ko04670  Leukocyte transendothelial migration

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