KEGG   PATHWAY: dle05171
Entry
dle05171                    Pathway                                
Name
Coronavirus disease - COVID-19 - Delphinapterus leucas (beluga whale)
Description
Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious respiratory infection that is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infects alveolar epithelial cells [mainly alveolar epithelial type 2 (AEC2) cells] through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Upon the occupancy of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2, the increased serum level of free Angiotensin II (Ang II) due to a reduction of ACE2-mediated degradation promotes activation of the NF-kappa B pathway via Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), followed by  interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. SARS-CoV-2 also activates the innate immune system; macrophage stimulation triggers the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, and the "cytokine storm", which results in systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure. The combined effects of complement activation, dysregulated neutrophilia, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability appear to be intertwined to drive the severe features of COVID-19.
Class
Human Diseases; Infectious disease: viral
Pathway map
dle05171  Coronavirus disease - COVID-19
dle05171

Disease
H02398  COVID-19
Organism
Delphinapterus leucas (beluga whale) [GN:dle]
Gene
111162647  [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
111162741  RPL6; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L6 [KO:K02934]
111162779  RPLP0; 60S acidic ribosomal protein P0 [KO:K02941]
111162846  [KO:K02978]
111162987  [KO:K02978]
111163022  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
111163101  [KO:K05414]
111163130  [KO:K05414]
111163307  [KO:K02868]
111163327  C1QB; complement C1q subcomponent subunit B [KO:K03987]
111163328  C1QA; complement C1q subcomponent subunit A [KO:K03986]
111163329  C1QC; complement C1q subcomponent subunit C [KO:K03988]
111163335  RPL11; 60S ribosomal protein L11 isoform X1 [KO:K02868]
111163544  RPS15A; 40S ribosomal protein S15a isoform X3 [KO:K02957]
111163761  MAP3K7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 isoform X1 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
111163780  IFNAR1; interferon alpha/beta receptor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05130]
111163861  [KO:K14754]
111163868  TMPRSS2; transmembrane protease serine 2 isoform X1 [KO:K09633] [EC:3.4.21.122]
111163874  IFNAR2; interferon alpha/beta receptor 2 isoform X3 [KO:K05131]
111164096  RPL5; 60S ribosomal protein L5 isoform X1 [KO:K02932]
111164116  IRF9; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: interferon regulatory factor 9 [KO:K04693]
111164283  [KO:K02978]
111164306  RPS25; 40S ribosomal protein S25 [KO:K02975]
111164350  MYD88; myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 isoform X1 [KO:K04729]
111164496  ADAM17; disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17 isoform X1 [KO:K06059] [EC:3.4.24.86]
111164718  RPS17; 40S ribosomal protein S17 [KO:K02962]
111164782  RPL15; 60S ribosomal protein L15 [KO:K02877]
111164825  [KO:K02930]
111165130  RPL8; 60S ribosomal protein L8 [KO:K02938]
111165272  RPS13; 40S ribosomal protein S13 [KO:K02953]
111165866  RPS20; 40S ribosomal protein S20 [KO:K02969]
111165885  [KO:K02951]
111165964  RPL36; 60S ribosomal protein L36 [KO:K02920]
111166017  TYK2; non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2 isoform X1 [KO:K11219] [EC:2.7.10.2]
111166019  C3; complement C3 isoform X1 [KO:K03990]
111166056  [KO:K02940]
111166085  [KO:K02976]
111166123  RPS28; 40S ribosomal protein S28 [KO:K02979]
111166387  [KO:K02978]
111166395  RPL23; 60S ribosomal protein L23 [KO:K02894]
111166402  RPL19; 60S ribosomal protein L19 [KO:K02885]
111166403  CSF3; granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [KO:K05423]
111166417  RPL27; 60S ribosomal protein L27 [KO:K02901]
111166491  STAT3; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04692]
111166592  RPL18A; 60S ribosomal protein L18a [KO:K02882]
111166602  UBA52; ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 [KO:K02927]
111166652  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
111166657  NLRP3; NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K12800]
111166813  TAB2; TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04404]
111166942  [KO:K02942]
111166955  ADAR; double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase isoform X1 [KO:K12968] [EC:3.5.4.37]
111167075  IL6R; interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K05055]
111167159  RPS27; 40S ribosomal protein S27 [KO:K02978]
111167211  TLR7; toll-like receptor 7 isoform X1 [KO:K05404]
111167212  TLR8; toll-like receptor 8 [KO:K10170]
111167319  SELP; P-selectin isoform X1 [KO:K06496]
111167568  MMP1; interstitial collagenase isoform X1 [KO:K01388] [EC:3.4.24.7]
111167570  [KO:K01394] [EC:3.4.24.17]
111167579  CASP1; caspase-1 [KO:K01370] [EC:3.4.22.36]
111167662  SYK; tyrosine-protein kinase SYK isoform X1 [KO:K05855] [EC:2.7.10.2]
111167994  RPS7; 40S ribosomal protein S7 [KO:K02993]
111168108  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
111168127  [KO:K02877]
111168887  ACE2; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 [KO:K09708] [EC:3.4.17.23]
111168944  RPL32; 60S ribosomal protein L32 [KO:K02912]
111168968  [KO:K02978]
111169049  [KO:K02989]
111169058  MAS1; proto-oncogene Mas [KO:K04303]
111169062  RPL39; 60S ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
111169107  [KO:K02929]
111169156  RPL27A; 60S ribosomal protein L27a [KO:K02900]
111169265  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
111169451  RPSA; 40S ribosomal protein SA [KO:K02998]
111169459  RPL14; 60S ribosomal protein L14 [KO:K02875]
111169895  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
111169915  [KO:K02908]
111170062  RPS5; 40S ribosomal protein S5 [KO:K02989]
111170303  RPLP2; 60S acidic ribosomal protein P2 [KO:K02943]
111170388  [KO:K02866]
111170441  RPS4X; 40S ribosomal protein S4, X isoform [KO:K02987]
111170450  [KO:K21421] [EC:1.-.-.-]
111170499  CFD; complement factor D [KO:K01334] [EC:3.4.21.46]
111170505  RPS15; 40S ribosomal protein S15 [KO:K02958]
111170542  RPL9; 60S ribosomal protein L9 [KO:K02940]
111170605  IRAK1; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 [KO:K04730] [EC:2.7.11.1]
111170635  IL12B; interleukin-12 subunit beta [KO:K05425]
111170657  TNF; tumor necrosis factor [KO:K03156]
111170700  [KO:K03989]
111170703  CFB; complement factor B isoform X1 [KO:K01335] [EC:3.4.21.47]
111170704  C2; complement C2 isoform X1 [KO:K01332] [EC:3.4.21.43]
111170958  RPL10; 60S ribosomal protein L10 isoform X1 [KO:K02866]
111170969  IKBKG; NF-kappa-B essential modulator isoform X1 [KO:K07210]
111171121  [KO:K05414]
111171122  [KO:K05414]
111171325  [KO:K02893]
111171492  RPL34; 60S ribosomal protein L34 [KO:K02915]
111171663  STAT1; signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-alpha/beta isoform X1 [KO:K11220]
111171664  [KO:K02978]
111171810  RPL37A; 60S ribosomal protein L37a isoform X1 [KO:K02921]
111171896  RPL35A; 60S ribosomal protein L35a [KO:K02917]
111172141  [KO:K02877]
111172396  CHUK; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
111172414  [KO:K02922]
111172485  [KO:K02929]
111172676  MBL2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: mannose-binding protein C [KO:K03991]
111172796  MASP1; mannan-binding lectin serine protease 1 isoform X1 [KO:K03992] [EC:3.4.21.-]
111172800  IFIH1; interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing protein 1 [KO:K12647] [EC:3.6.4.13]
111173189  RPL36AL; 60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
111173191  RPS29; 40S ribosomal protein S29 [KO:K02980]
111173225  NFKBIA; NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha [KO:K04734]
111173292  RPL10L; 60S ribosomal protein L10-like isoform X1 [KO:K02866]
111173425  TLR3; toll-like receptor 3 [KO:K05401]
111173552  IKBKB; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
111173698  [KO:K02976]
111173795  TBK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
111173839  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
111173869  STAT2; signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 isoform X1 [KO:K11221]
111173889  RPS26; 40S ribosomal protein S26 [KO:K02976]
111174094  RPL22L1; 60S ribosomal protein L22-like 1 [KO:K02891]
111174096  IRAK4; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 isoform X1 [KO:K04733] [EC:2.7.11.1]
111174132  [KO:K02870]
111174211  [KO:K02976]
111174331  RPL29; 60S ribosomal protein L29 isoform X1 [KO:K02905]
111174517  IL12A; interleukin-12 subunit alpha [KO:K05406]
111174560  IFNB1; interferon beta [KO:K05415]
111174698  RPS6; 40S ribosomal protein S6 isoform X1 [KO:K02991]
111174878  EIF2AK2; interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K16195] [EC:2.7.11.1]
111174901  [KO:K02976]
111175178  RPL21; 60S ribosomal protein L21 [KO:K02889]
111175709  [KO:K02978]
111175728  RPS8; 40S ribosomal protein S8 [KO:K02995]
111175760  [KO:K02649]
111175863  C8A; complement component C8 alpha chain isoform X1 [KO:K03997]
111175865  C8B; complement component C8 beta chain isoform X1 [KO:K03998]
111175871  JUN; transcription factor AP-1 [KO:K04448]
111176023  [KO:K02934]
111176049  TRAF3; TNF receptor-associated factor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K03174]
111176238  FOS; proto-oncogene c-Fos [KO:K04379]
111176505  [KO:K02866]
111176508  [KO:K02929]
111176605  [KO:K02978]
111176651  VWF; von Willebrand factor [KO:K03900]
111176656  TNFRSF1A; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A [KO:K03158]
111176708  C1S; complement C1s subcomponent [KO:K01331] [EC:3.4.21.42]
111176709  C1R; complement C1r subcomponent isoform X1 [KO:K01330] [EC:3.4.21.41]
111176718  C3AR1; C3a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04009]
111176891  [KO:K02957]
111176919  [KO:K02908]
111176998  [KO:K02921]
111177008  C8G; complement component C8 gamma chain isoform X2 [KO:K03999]
111177052  RPL7A; 60S ribosomal protein L7a [KO:K02936]
111177206  RPL12; 60S ribosomal protein L12 [KO:K02870]
111177224  RPL35; 60S ribosomal protein L35 [KO:K02918]
111177265  C5; complement C5 isoform X1 [KO:K03994]
111177277  TLR4; toll-like receptor 4 isoform X1 [KO:K10160]
111177320  [KO:K02983]
111177444  F13B; coagulation factor XIII B chain isoform X1 [KO:K03906]
111177635  RSL24D1; probable ribosome biogenesis protein RLP24 [KO:K02896]
111177690  RPS27L; 40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
111177744  RPL4; 60S ribosomal protein L4 [KO:K02930]
111177771  RPLP1; 60S acidic ribosomal protein P1 [KO:K02942]
111177936  [KO:K02908]
111178035  NRP1; neuropilin-1 isoform X1 [KO:K06724]
111178109  [KO:K02976]
111178176  [KO:K02976]
111178232  [KO:K02929]
111178321  [KO:K02898]
111178461  JAK1; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK1 [KO:K11217] [EC:2.7.10.2]
111178676  RPS18; 40S ribosomal protein S18 [KO:K02964]
111178700  RPS10; 40S ribosomal protein S10 [KO:K02947]
111178736  MAPK14; mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
111178738  MAPK13; mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 isoform X2 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
111179087  [KO:K02976]
111179110  NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K02580]
111179235  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
111179290  AGTR1; type-1 angiotensin II receptor [KO:K04166]
111179375  [KO:K02924]
111179379  RPL13; 60S ribosomal protein L13 [KO:K02873]
111179463  PLCG2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 [KO:K05859] [EC:3.1.4.11]
111179745  [KO:K02949]
111179772  TRAF6; TNF receptor-associated factor 6 isoform X1 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
111179889  [KO:K02872]
111180267  RPL17; 60S ribosomal protein L17 isoform X1 [KO:K02880]
111180609  IRF3; interferon regulatory factor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05411]
111180620  RPS11; 40S ribosomal protein S11 [KO:K02949]
111180621  RPL13A; 60S ribosomal protein L13a [KO:K02872]
111180661  RPL18; 60S ribosomal protein L18 [KO:K02883]
111180688  C5AR1; C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04010]
111180798  RPS19; 40S ribosomal protein S19 [KO:K02966]
111180870  RPS16; 40S ribosomal protein S16 [KO:K02960]
111180882  NFKBIB; NF-kappa-B inhibitor beta [KO:K02581]
111180981  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type isoform X1 [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
111181030  RPS9; 40S ribosomal protein S9 [KO:K02997]
111181034  RPL28; 60S ribosomal protein L28 isoform X1 [KO:K02903]
111181263  [KO:K02978]
111181334  F13A1; coagulation factor XIII A chain [KO:K03917] [EC:2.3.2.13]
111181889  [KO:K02891]
111181978  IL6; interleukin-6 [KO:K05405]
111182066  [KO:K02976]
111182181  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
111182232  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta type isoform X1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
111182406  CSF2; granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [KO:K05427]
111182516  STING1; stimulator of interferon genes protein [KO:K12654]
111182530  HBEGF; proheparin-binding EGF-like growth factor isoform X2 [KO:K08523]
111182554  [KO:K02894]
111182600  [KO:K02942]
111182603  ACE; angiotensin-converting enzyme isoform X1 [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
111182806  [KO:K02942]
111182874  RPL38; 60S ribosomal protein L38 [KO:K02923]
111182917  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type isoform X1 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
111183095  RPS14; 40S ribosomal protein S14 [KO:K02955]
111183209  [KO:K02891]
111183240  CGAS; cyclic GMP-AMP synthase [KO:K17834] [EC:2.7.7.86]
111183294  [KO:K02929]
111183547  RPS24; 40S ribosomal protein S24 isoform X1 [KO:K02974]
111183561  [KO:K03991]
111183745  RELA; transcription factor p65 isoform X1 [KO:K04735]
111183778  FAU; ubiquitin-like protein fubi and ribosomal protein S30 [KO:K02983]
111183841  [KO:K02987]
111183976  F2; prothrombin [KO:K01313] [EC:3.4.21.5]
111184170  PLCG1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11]
111184404  MAVS; mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein isoform X1 [KO:K12648]
111184548  EGFR; epidermal growth factor receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04361] [EC:2.7.10.1]
111184591  RPL24; 60S ribosomal protein L24 [KO:K02896]
111184687  RPS23; 40S ribosomal protein S23 [KO:K02973]
111184753  IKBKE; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon isoform X1 [KO:K07211] [EC:2.7.11.10]
111184870  RPS3; 40S ribosomal protein S3 [KO:K02985]
111185163  RPL3L; 60S ribosomal protein L3-like [KO:K02925]
111185165  RPS2; 40S ribosomal protein S2 [KO:K02981]
111185281  [KO:K02966]
111185470  RPL26L1; 60S ribosomal protein L26-like 1 [KO:K02898]
111185640  RPL7; 60S ribosomal protein L7 [KO:K02937]
111185731  [KO:K14624]
111185845  RPL23A; 60S ribosomal protein L23a [KO:K02893]
111185861  RPL26; 60S ribosomal protein L26 [KO:K02898]
111185880  [KO:K02978]
111185984  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
111186150  IL2; interleukin-2 [KO:K05429]
111186164  [KO:K02976]
111186361  MAPK12; mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
111186363  RPL3; 60S ribosomal protein L3 [KO:K02925]
111186364  MAPK11; mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
111186557  RPS27A; ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
111186561  [KO:K02987]
111186578  IL6ST; interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K05060]
111186767  RPS21; 40S ribosomal protein S21 [KO:K02971]
111187114  MASP2; mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 isoform X1 [KO:K03993] [EC:3.4.21.104]
111187127  C6; complement component C6 isoform X1 [KO:K03995]
111187150  C7; complement component C7 [KO:K03996]
111187164  [KO:K02987]
111187173  RPL37; 60S ribosomal protein L37 [KO:K02922]
111187178  ISG15; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 [KO:K12159]
111187262  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
111187275  C9; complement component C9 [KO:K04000]
111187298  RPL22; 60S ribosomal protein L22 [KO:K02891]
111187434  RPL31; 60S ribosomal protein L31 [KO:K02910]
111187492  IL1B; interleukin-1 beta [KO:K04519]
111187597  CXCL10; C-X-C motif chemokine 10 [KO:K12671]
111187634  CXCL8; interleukin-8 isoform X1 [KO:K10030]
111187714  TLR2; toll-like receptor 2 [KO:K10159]
111187742  FGG; fibrinogen gamma chain isoform X1 [KO:K03905]
111187743  RPS3A; 40S ribosomal protein S3a [KO:K02984]
111187747  FGB; fibrinogen beta chain isoform X1 [KO:K03904]
111187748  FGA; fibrinogen alpha chain [KO:K03903]
115803912  [KO:K02978]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00046  RNA
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00290  Fibrin
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00704  Superoxide
C00873  Angiotensin I
C02135  Angiotensin II
C15850  Angiotensin (1-7)
C20640  Cyclic GMP-AMP
Reference
PMID:33132005
  Authors
Harrison AG, Lin T, Wang P
  Title
Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Pathogenesis.
  Journal
Trends Immunol S1471-4906(20)30233-7 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2020.10.004
Reference
PMID:33077917
  Authors
Perico L, Benigni A, Casiraghi F, Ng LFP, Renia L, Remuzzi G
  Title
Immunity, endothelial injury and complement-induced coagulopathy in COVID-19.
  Journal
Nat Rev Nephrol 10.1038/s41581-020-00357-4 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41581-020-00357-4
Reference
PMID:32820801
  Authors
Battagello DS, Dragunas G, Klein MO, Ayub ALP, Velloso FJ, Correa RG
  Title
Unpuzzling COVID-19: tissue-related signaling pathways associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.
  Journal
Clin Sci (Lond) 134:2137-2160 (2020)
DOI:10.1042/CS20200904
Reference
PMID:32353634
  Authors
Felsenstein S, Herbert JA, McNamara PS, Hedrich CM
  Title
COVID-19: Immunology and treatment options.
  Journal
Clin Immunol 215:108448 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108448
Reference
PMID:33014208
  Authors
Hojyo S, Uchida M, Tanaka K, Hasebe R, Tanaka Y, Murakami M, Hirano T
  Title
How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality.
  Journal
Inflamm Regen 40:37 (2020)
DOI:10.1186/s41232-020-00146-3
Reference
PMID:32544563
  Authors
Mahmudpour M, Roozbeh J, Keshavarz M, Farrokhi S, Nabipour I
  Title
COVID-19 cytokine storm: The anger of inflammation.
  Journal
Cytokine 133:155151 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155151
Reference
PMID:32635353
  Authors
Farooqi F, Dhawan N, Morgan R, Dinh J, Nedd K, Yatzkan G
  Title
Treatment of Severe COVID-19 with Tocilizumab Mitigates Cytokine Storm and Averts Mechanical Ventilation During Acute Respiratory Distress: A Case Report and Literature Review.
  Journal
Trop Med Infect Dis 5:E112 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/tropicalmed5030112
Reference
PMID:32376392
  Authors
Jamilloux Y, Henry T, Belot A, Viel S, Fauter M, El Jammal T, Walzer T, Francois B, Seve P
  Title
Should we stimulate or suppress immune responses in COVID-19? Cytokine and anti-cytokine interventions.
  Journal
Autoimmun Rev 19:102567 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102567
Reference
PMID:32722596
  Authors
Kiselevskiy M, Shubina I, Chikileva I, Sitdikova S, Samoylenko I, Anisimova N, Kirgizov K, Suleimanova A, Gorbunova T, Varfolomeeva S
  Title
Immune Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Intoxication: Storm or Silence?
  Journal
Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 13:E166 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ph13080166
Reference
PMID:32922297
  Authors
Curran CS, Rivera DR, Kopp JB
  Title
COVID-19 Usurps Host Regulatory Networks.
  Journal
Front Pharmacol 11:1278 (2020)
DOI:10.3389/fphar.2020.01278
Reference
PMID:33055229
  Authors
Quan C, Li C, Ma H, Li Y, Zhang H
  Title
Immunopathogenesis of Coronavirus-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Potential Infection-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.
  Journal
Clin Microbiol Rev 34:e00074-20 (2020)
DOI:10.1128/CMR.00074-20
Reference
PMID:32973803
  Authors
Ahmed-Hassan H, Sisson B, Shukla RK, Wijewantha Y, Funderburg NT, Li Z, Hayes D Jr, Demberg T, Liyanage NPM
  Title
Innate Immune Responses to Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses and Other Significant Respiratory Viral Infections.
  Journal
Front Immunol 11:1979 (2020)
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01979
Reference
PMID:32346093
  Authors
Tay MZ, Poh CM, Renia L, MacAry PA, Ng LFP
  Title
The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:363-374 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8
Reference
PMID:32979938
  Authors
Xia H, Cao Z, Xie X, Zhang X, Chen JY, Wang H, Menachery VD, Rajsbaum R, Shi PY
  Title
Evasion of Type I Interferon by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Cell Rep 33:108234 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108234
Reference
PMID:32661197
  Authors
Hartenian E, Nandakumar D, Lari A, Ly M, Tucker JM, Glaunsinger BA
  Title
The molecular virology of coronaviruses.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 295:12910-12934 (2020)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.REV120.013930
Reference
PMID:32978971
  Authors
Amor S, Fernandez Blanco L, Baker D
  Title
Innate immunity during SARS-CoV-2: evasion strategies and activation trigger hypoxia and vascular damage.
  Journal
Clin Exp Immunol 202:193-209 (2020)
DOI:10.1111/cei.13523
Reference
PMID:32467561
  Authors
Catanzaro M, Fagiani F, Racchi M, Corsini E, Govoni S, Lanni C
  Title
Immune response in COVID-19: addressing a pharmacological challenge by targeting pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Signal Transduct Target Ther 5:84 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41392-020-0191-1
Reference
PMID:32687918
  Authors
Jafarzadeh A, Chauhan P, Saha B, Jafarzadeh S, Nemati M
  Title
Contribution of monocytes and macrophages to the local tissue inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19: Lessons from SARS and MERS, and potential therapeutic interventions.
  Journal
Life Sci 257:118102 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118102
Reference
PMID:32376901
  Authors
Merad M, Martin JC
  Title
Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:355-362 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0331-4
Reference
PMID:32246101
  Authors
South AM, Tomlinson L, Edmonston D, Hiremath S, Sparks MA
  Title
Controversies of renin-angiotensin system inhibition during the COVID-19 pandemic.
  Journal
Nat Rev Nephrol 16:305-307 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41581-020-0279-4
Reference
PMID:32433641
  Authors
Furuhashi M, Moniwa N, Takizawa H, Ura N, Shimamoto K
  Title
Potential differential effects of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on SARS-CoV-2 infection and lung injury in COVID-19.
  Journal
Hypertens Res 43:837-840 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41440-020-0478-1
Reference
PMID:32423094
  Authors
Gemmati D, Bramanti B, Serino ML, Secchiero P, Zauli G, Tisato V
  Title
COVID-19 and Individual Genetic Susceptibility/Receptivity: Role of ACE1/ACE2 Genes, Immunity, Inflammation and Coagulation. Might the Double X-chromosome in Females Be Protective against SARS-CoV-2 Compared to the Single X-Chromosome in Males?
  Journal
Int J Mol Sci 21:E3474 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ijms21103474
Reference
PMID:33184193
  Authors
Kielian M
  Title
Enhancing host cell infection by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Science 370:765-766 (2020)
DOI:10.1126/science.abf0732
Reference
PMID:32327719
  Authors
Risitano AM, Mastellos DC, Huber-Lang M, Yancopoulou D, Garlanda C, Ciceri F, Lambris JD
  Title
Complement as a target in COVID-19?
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:343-344 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0320-7
Reference
PMID:32461141
  Authors
Noris M, Benigni A, Remuzzi G
  Title
The case of complement activation in COVID-19 multiorgan impact.
  Journal
Kidney Int 98:314-322 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.013
Reference
PMID:32559343
  Authors
Polycarpou A, Howard M, Farrar CA, Greenlaw R, Fanelli G, Wallis R, Klavinskis LS, Sacks S
  Title
Rationale for targeting complement in COVID-19.
  Journal
EMBO Mol Med 12:e12642 (2020)
DOI:10.15252/emmm.202012642
Reference
PMID:32439870
  Authors
Teuwen LA, Geldhof V, Pasut A, Carmeliet P
  Title
COVID-19: the vasculature unleashed.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:389-391 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0343-0
Reference
PMID:32643798
  Authors
Jodele S, Kohl J
  Title
Tackling COVID-19 infection through complement-targeted immunotherapy.
  Journal
Br J Pharmacol 178:2832-2848 (2021)
DOI:10.1111/bph.15187
Reference
PMID:32608159
  Authors
Chauhan AJ, Wiffen LJ, Brown TP
  Title
COVID-19: A collision of complement, coagulation and inflammatory pathways.
  Journal
J Thromb Haemost 18:2110-2117 (2020)
DOI:10.1111/jth.14981
Reference
PMID:32558620
  Authors
Colling ME, Kanthi Y
  Title
COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: An exploration of mechanisms.
  Journal
Vasc Med 25:471-478 (2020)
DOI:10.1177/1358863X20932640
Reference
PMID:32586214
  Authors
McFadyen JD, Stevens H, Peter K
  Title
The Emerging Threat of (Micro)Thrombosis in COVID-19 and Its Therapeutic Implications.
  Journal
Circ Res 127:571-587 (2020)
DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317447
Reference
PMID:32995777
  Authors
Shi M, Wang L, Fontana P, Vora S, Zhang Y, Fu TM, Lieberman J, Wu H
  Title
SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 suppresses host but not viral translation through a bipartite mechanism.
  Journal
bioRxiv 2020.09.18.302901 (2020)
DOI:10.1101/2020.09.18.302901
Reference
PMID:32693241
  Authors
Paniri A, Akhavan-Niaki H
  Title
Emerging role of IL-6 and NLRP3 inflammasome as potential therapeutic targets to combat COVID-19: Role of lncRNAs in cytokine storm modulation.
  Journal
Life Sci 257:118114 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118114
Reference
PMID:32405269
  Authors
Omarjee L, Janin A, Perrot F, Laviolle B, Meilhac O, Mahe G
  Title
Targeting T-cell senescence and cytokine storm with rapamycin to prevent severe progression in COVID-19.
  Journal
Clin Immunol 216:108464 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108464
Reference
PMID:32337664
  Authors
Zhang S, Li L, Shen A, Chen Y, Qi Z
  Title
Rational Use of Tocilizumab in the Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia.
  Journal
Clin Drug Investig 40:511-518 (2020)
DOI:10.1007/s40261-020-00917-3
Related
pathway
dle03015  mRNA surveillance pathway
dle04144  Endocytosis
dle04270  Vascular smooth muscle contraction
dle04610  Complement and coagulation cascades
dle04611  Platelet activation
dle04613  Neutrophil extracellular trap formation
dle04614  Renin-angiotensin system
dle04620  Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
dle04621  NOD-like receptor signaling pathway
dle04622  RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway
dle04623  Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway
dle04630  JAK-STAT signaling pathway
dle04650  Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
dle04666  Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis
dle04668  TNF signaling pathway
dle04670  Leukocyte transendothelial migration
KO pathway
ko05171   

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