Enzymatic Reactions

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 1. Oxidoreductase reactions
   1.1  Acting on the CH-OH group of donors
   1.2  Acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors
   1.3  Acting on the CH-CH group of donors
     1.3.1  With NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor
     1.3.2  With a cytochrome as acceptor
     1.3.3  With oxygen as acceptor
     1.3.4  With a disulfide as acceptor
     1.3.5  With a quinone or related compound as acceptor
       1.3.5.1
         R02164  Quinone + Succinate <=> Hydroquinone + Fumarate
         R13223  Ubiquinone + Succinate <=> Ubiquinol + Fumarate
       1.3.5.2
         R01868  (S)-Dihydroorotate + Quinone <=> Orotate + Hydroquinone
       1.3.5.3
         R09489  Protoporphyrinogen IX + 3 Quinone <=> Protoporphyrin + 3 Hydroquinone
       1.3.5.5
         R09652  15-cis-Phytoene + 2 Plastoquinone <=> 9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-Carotene + 2 Plastoquinol
         R09653  15-cis-Phytoene + Plastoquinone <=> 15,9'-dicis-Phytofluene + Plastoquinol
         R09654  15,9'-dicis-Phytofluene + Plastoquinone <=> 9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-Carotene + Plastoquinol
         R04786  all-trans-Phytoene + Acceptor <=> all-trans-Phytofluene + Reduced acceptor
         R04787  all-trans-Phytofluene + Acceptor <=> all-trans-zeta-Carotene + Reduced acceptor
       1.3.5.6
         R07511  9,9'-dicis-zeta-Carotene + 2 Quinone <=> 7,9,7',9'-tetracis-Lycopene + 2 Hydroquinone
         R09656  9,9'-dicis-zeta-Carotene + Quinone <=> 7,9,9'-tricis-Neurosporene + Hydroquinone
         R09658  7,9,9'-tricis-Neurosporene + Quinone <=> 7,9,7',9'-tetracis-Lycopene + Hydroquinone
         R04798  all-trans-zeta-Carotene + Reduced acceptor + Oxygen <=> all-trans-Neurosporene + 2 H2O + Acceptor
         R04800  all-trans-Neurosporene + Reduced acceptor + Oxygen <=> Lycopene + Acceptor + 2 H2O
     1.3.7  With an iron-sulfur protein as acceptor
     1.3.8  With a flavin as acceptor
     1.3.98  With other, known, physiological acceptors
     1.3.99  With unknown physiological acceptors
     1.3.-  Acting on the CH-CH group of donors
   1.4  Acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors
   1.5  Acting on the CH-NH group of donors
   1.6  Acting on NADH or NADPH
   1.7  Acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors
   1.8  Acting on a sulfur group of donors
   1.9  Acting on a heme group of donors
   1.10  Acting on diphenols and related substances as donors
     1.10.1  With NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor
     1.10.3  With oxygen as acceptor
     1.10.5  With a quinone or related compound as acceptor
       1.10.5.1
         R07361  1-(beta-D-Ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide + Quinone <=> Nicotinamide-beta-riboside + Hydroquinone
   1.11  Acting on a peroxide as acceptor
   1.12  Acting on hydrogen as donor
   1.13  Acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases)
   1.14  Acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen
   1.15  Acting on superoxide as acceptor
   1.16  Oxidizing metal ions
   1.17  Acting on CH or CH2 groups
   1.18  Acting on iron-sulfur proteins as donors
   1.19  Acting on reduced flavodoxin as donor
   1.20  Acting on phosphorus or arsenic in donors
   1.21  Catalysing the reaction X-H + Y-H = X-Y
   1.23  Reducing C-O-C group as acceptor
   1.97  Other oxidoreductases
   1.-  
 
 2. Transferase reactions
   2.1  Transferring one-carbon groups
     2.1.1  Methyltransferases
     2.1.2  Hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferases
       2.1.2.1
         R00945  5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate + Glycine + H2O <=> Tetrahydrofolate + L-Serine
         R09099  L-Serine + 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydromethanopterin <=> 5,10-Methylenetetrahydromethanopterin + Glycine + H2O
       2.1.2.2
         R04325  10-Formyltetrahydrofolate + 5'-Phosphoribosylglycinamide <=> Tetrahydrofolate + 5'-Phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide
         R04326  5'-Phosphoribosylglycinamide + 5,10-Methenyltetrahydrofolate + H2O <=> 5'-Phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide + Tetrahydrofolate
       2.1.2.3
         R04560  10-Formyltetrahydrofolate + 1-(5'-Phosphoribosyl)-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide <=> Tetrahydrofolate + 1-(5'-Phosphoribosyl)-5-formamido-4-imidazolecarboxamide
       2.1.2.4
         R02729  5-Formiminotetrahydrofolate + Glycine <=> Tetrahydrofolate + N-Formiminoglycine
       2.1.2.5
         R02287  5-Formiminotetrahydrofolate + L-Glutamate <=> Tetrahydrofolate + N-Formimino-L-glutamate
         R03189  Folinic acid + L-Glutamate <=> Tetrahydrofolate + N-Formyl-L-glutamate
       2.1.2.7
         R01225  5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate + D-Alanine + H2O <=> Tetrahydrofolate + 2-Methylserine
       2.1.2.8
         R01669  5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate + H2O + dCMP <=> Tetrahydrofolate + 5-Hydroxymethyldeoxycytidylate
       2.1.2.9
         R03940  L-Methionyl-tRNA + 10-Formyltetrahydrofolate <=> Tetrahydrofolate + N-Formylmethionyl-tRNA
       2.1.2.10
         R04125  [Protein]-S8-aminomethyldihydrolipoyllysine + Tetrahydrofolate <=> Dihydrolipoylprotein + 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate + Ammonia
         R02300  Folinic acid <=> 5,10-Methenyltetrahydrofolate + H2O
       2.1.2.11
         R01226  5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate + 3-Methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid + H2O <=> Tetrahydrofolate + 2-Dehydropantoate
         R01216  2-Dehydropantoate <=> 3-Methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid + Formaldehyde
       2.1.2.13
         R07660  10-Formyltetrahydrofolate + UDP-L-Ara4N <=> Tetrahydrofolate + UDP-L-Ara4FN
       2.1.2.14
         R12790  10-Formyltetrahydrofolate + GDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-mannose <=> Tetrahydrofolate + GDP-N-formyl-alpha-D-perosamine
     2.1.3  Carboxy- and carbamoyltransferases
     2.1.4  Amidinotransferases
     2.1.5  Methylenetransferases
   2.2  Transferring aldehyde or ketonic groups
   2.3  Acyltransferases
   2.4  Glycosyltransferases
     2.4.1  Hexosyltransferases
       2.4.1.1
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         R13540  UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine + alpha-N-Acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-R <=> UDP + N-Acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)-[alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-R
         R07609  UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine + Sda antigen - related compound <=> UDP + Sda antigen
         R13169  Sialyl-3-paragloboside + UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine <=> IV4GalNAcb-SPG ganglioside + UDP
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       2.4.1.-
     2.4.2  Pentosyltransferases
     2.4.3  Sialyltransferases
     2.4.99  Transferring other glycosyl groups
     2.4.-  Glycosyltransferases
   2.5  Transferring alkyl or aryl groups, other than methyl groups
   2.6  Transferring nitrogenous groups
   2.7  Transferring phosphorus-containing groups
   2.8  Transferring sulfur-containing groups
   2.9  Transferring selenium-containing groups
   2.10  Transferring molybdenum- or tungsten-containing groups
   2.-  
 
 3. Hydrolase reactions
 
 4. Lyase reactions
 
 5. Isomerase reactions
   5.1  Racemases and epimerases
   5.2  cis-trans-Isomerases
   5.3  Intramolecular oxidoreductases
     5.3.1  Interconverting aldoses and ketoses, and related compounds
       5.3.1.1
         R01015  D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate <=> Glycerone phosphate
       5.3.1.3
         R01577  D-Arabinose <=> D-Ribulose
         R03163  L-Fucose <=> L-Fuculose
       5.3.1.4
         R12991  beta-L-Arabinopyranose <=> L-Ribulose
         R01761  L-Arabinose <=> L-Ribulose
         R13545  D-Galactose <=> D-Tagatose
       5.3.1.5
         R12986  alpha-D-Xylose <=> alpha-D-Xylulofuranose
         R00307  alpha-D-Glucose <=> alpha-D-Fructofuranose
         R00878  alpha-D-Glucose <=> D-Fructose
         R01432  D-Xylose <=> D-Xylulose
       5.3.1.6
         R01056  D-Ribose 5-phosphate <=> D-Ribulose 5-phosphate
         R09030  D-Allose 6-phosphate <=> D-Allulose 6-phosphate
       5.3.1.7
         R00877  D-Mannose <=> D-Fructose
       5.3.1.8
         R00772  D-Mannose 6-phosphate <=> D-Fructose 6-phosphate
         R01819  D-Mannose 6-phosphate <=> beta-D-Fructose 6-phosphate
       5.3.1.9
         R02740  alpha-D-Glucose 6-phosphate <=> beta-D-Fructose 6-phosphate
         R00771  D-Glucose 6-phosphate <=> D-Fructose 6-phosphate
         R02739  alpha-D-Glucose 6-phosphate <=> beta-D-Glucose 6-phosphate
         R03321  beta-D-Glucose 6-phosphate <=> beta-D-Fructose 6-phosphate
         R13199  alpha-D-Glucose 6-phosphate <=> D-Fructose 6-phosphate
       5.3.1.12
         R01482  D-Glucuronate <=> D-Fructuronate
         R01983  D-Galacturonate <=> D-Tagaturonate
       5.3.1.13
         R01530  D-Arabinose 5-phosphate <=> D-Ribulose 5-phosphate
       5.3.1.14
         R02437  L-Rhamnose <=> L-Rhamnulose
       5.3.1.15
         R01898  D-Xylulose <=> D-Lyxose
       5.3.1.16
         R04640  5-(5-Phospho-D-ribosylaminoformimino)-1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-imidazole-4-carboxamide <=> N-(5'-Phospho-D-1'-ribulosylformimino)-5-amino-1-(5''-phospho-D-ribosyl)-4-imidazolecarboxamide
       5.3.1.17
         R04383  5-Dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucuronate <=> (4S)-4,6-Dihydroxy-2,5-dioxohexanoate
       5.3.1.20
         R01081  D-Ribose <=> D-Ribulose
       5.3.1.21
         R04165  11-Deoxycorticosterone <=> 20-Hydroxy-3-oxopregn-4-en-21-al
       5.3.1.22
         R01394  Hydroxypyruvate <=> 2-Hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate
       5.3.1.23
         R04420  S-Methyl-5-thio-D-ribose 1-phosphate <=> S-Methyl-5-thio-D-ribulose 1-phosphate
       5.3.1.24
         R03509  N-(5-Phospho-D-ribosyl)anthranilate <=> 1-(2-Carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxy-D-ribulose 5-phosphate
       5.3.1.25
         R03163  L-Fucose <=> L-Fuculose
       5.3.1.26
         R03240  D-Galactose 6-phosphate <=> D-Tagatose 6-phosphate
       5.3.1.27
         R05339  D-arabino-Hex-3-ulose 6-phosphate <=> D-Fructose 6-phosphate
         R09780  D-arabino-Hex-3-ulose 6-phosphate <=> beta-D-Fructose 6-phosphate
       5.3.1.28
         R09768  Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate <=> D-glycero-D-manno-Heptose 7-phosphate
         R05645  Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate <=> D-glycero-beta-D-manno-Heptose 7-phosphate
         R09769  Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate <=> D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-Heptose 7-phosphate
       5.3.1.29
         R10555  D-Ribose 1,5-bisphosphate <=> D-Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate
       5.3.1.30
         R08503  5-Deoxy-D-glucuronate <=> 2-Deoxy-5-keto-D-gluconic acid
       5.3.1.31
         R10765  6-Sulfo-beta-D-quinovose <=> 6-Deoxy-6-sulfo-D-fructose
         R12996  6-Sulfo-beta-D-quinovose <=> 6-Sulfo-D-rhamnose
       5.3.1.32
         R10939  (4S)-4-Hydroxy-5-phosphooxypentane-2,3-dione <=> 3-Hydroxy-5-phosphooxypentane-2,4-dione
       5.3.1.33
         R11332  Erythrulose 1-phosphate <=> D-Erythrulose 4-phosphate
       5.3.1.34
         R11333  D-Erythrulose 4-phosphate <=> D-Erythrose 4-phosphate
       5.3.1.35
         R11721  2-Dehydro-L-erythronate <=> 3-Dehydro-L-erythronate
         R11722  2-Dehydro-D-erythronate <=> 3-Dehydro-L-threonate
       5.3.1.36
         R12665  D-Apiose <=> Apulose
       5.3.1.37
         R13008  4-Deoxy-4-sulfo-D-erythrose <=> 4-Deoxy-4-sulfo-D-erythrulose
       5.3.1.-
         R01906  L-Xylulose <=> L-Lyxose
         R06589  Kanosamine 6-phosphate <=> Aminofructose 6-phosphate
     5.3.2  Interconverting keto- and enol-groups
     5.3.3  Transposing C=C bonds
     5.3.99  Other intramolecular oxidoreductases
   5.4  Intramolecular transferases
   5.5  Intramolecular lyases
   5.99  Other isomerases
 
 6. Ligase reactions
   6.1  Forming carbon-oxygen bonds
     6.1.1  Ligases forming aminoacyl-tRNA and related compounds
       6.1.1.1
         R02918  ATP + L-Tyrosine + tRNA(Tyr) <=> AMP + Diphosphate + L-Tyrosyl-tRNA(Tyr)
       6.1.1.2
         R03664  ATP + L-Tryptophan + tRNA(Trp) <=> AMP + Diphosphate + L-Tryptophanyl-tRNA(Trp)
       6.1.1.3
         R03663  ATP + L-Threonine + tRNA(Thr) <=> AMP + Diphosphate + L-Threonyl-tRNA(Thr)
       6.1.1.4
         R03657  ATP + L-Leucine + tRNA(Leu) <=> AMP + Diphosphate + L-Leucyl-tRNA
       6.1.1.5
         R03656  ATP + L-Isoleucine + tRNA(Ile) <=> AMP + Diphosphate + L-Isoleucyl-tRNA(Ile)
       6.1.1.6
         R03658  ATP + L-Lysine + tRNA(Lys) <=> AMP + Diphosphate + L-Lysyl-tRNA
       6.1.1.7
         R03038  ATP + L-Alanine + tRNA(Ala) <=> AMP + Diphosphate + L-Alanyl-tRNA
       6.1.1.9
         R03665  ATP + L-Valine + tRNA(Val) <=> AMP + Diphosphate + L-Valyl-tRNA(Val)
       6.1.1.10
         R03659  ATP + L-Methionine + tRNA(Met) <=> AMP + Diphosphate + L-Methionyl-tRNA
         R04773  ATP + L-Selenomethionine + tRNA(Met) <=> AMP + Diphosphate + Selenomethionyl-tRNA(Met)
       6.1.1.11
         R03662  ATP + L-Serine + tRNA(Ser) <=> AMP + Diphosphate + L-Seryl-tRNA(Ser)
         R08218  ATP + L-Serine + tRNA(Sec) <=> AMP + Diphosphate + L-Seryl-tRNA(Sec)
       6.1.1.12
         R05577  tRNA(Asp) + L-Aspartate + ATP <=> L-Aspartyl-tRNA(Asp) + Diphosphate + AMP
       6.1.1.13
         R02718  ATP + D-Alanine + Poly(ribitol phosphate) <=> AMP + Diphosphate + O-D-Alanyl-poly(ribitol phosphate)
         R12812  ATP + D-Alanine + G13185 <=> AMP + Diphosphate + G13186
         R12863  ATP + D-Alanine + alpha-Glycosylated WTA <=> AMP + Diphosphate + G13180
         R12867  ATP + D-Alanine + beta-Glycosylated WTA <=> AMP + Diphosphate + G13171
         R12871  ATP + D-Alanine + alpha-O-GlcNAcylated WTA <=> AMP + Diphosphate + G13175
         R12873  ATP + D-Alanine + beta-O-GlcNAcylated WTA <=> AMP + Diphosphate + G13177
         R12875  ATP + D-Alanine + G13178 <=> AMP + Diphosphate + G13179
         R12904  ATP + D-Alanine + G13192 <=> AMP + Diphosphate + G13193
       6.1.1.14
         R03654  ATP + Glycine + tRNA(Gly) <=> AMP + Diphosphate + Glycyl-tRNA(Gly)
       6.1.1.15
         R03661  ATP + L-Proline + tRNA(Pro) <=> AMP + Diphosphate + L-Prolyl-tRNA(Pro)
       6.1.1.16
         R03650  ATP + L-Cysteine + tRNA(Cys) <=> AMP + Diphosphate + L-Cysteinyl-tRNA(Cys)
       6.1.1.17
         R05578  tRNA(Glu) + L-Glutamate + ATP <=> L-Glutamyl-tRNA(Glu) + Diphosphate + AMP
       6.1.1.18
         R03652  ATP + L-Glutamine + tRNA(Gln) <=> AMP + Diphosphate + Glutaminyl-tRNA
       6.1.1.19
         R03646  ATP + L-Arginine + tRNA(Arg) <=> AMP + Diphosphate + L-Arginyl-tRNA(Arg)
       6.1.1.20
         R03660  ATP + L-Phenylalanine + tRNA(Phe) <=> AMP + Diphosphate + L-Phenylalanyl-tRNA(Phe)
       6.1.1.21
         R03655  ATP + L-Histidine + tRNA(His) <=> AMP + Diphosphate + L-Histidyl-tRNA(His)
       6.1.1.22
         R03648  ATP + L-Asparagine + tRNA(Asn) <=> AMP + Diphosphate + L-Asparaginyl-tRNA(Asn)
       6.1.1.23
         R03647  ATP + L-Aspartate + tRNA(Asn) <=> AMP + Diphosphate + L-Aspartyl-tRNA(Asn)
         R05577  tRNA(Asp) + L-Aspartate + ATP <=> L-Aspartyl-tRNA(Asp) + Diphosphate + AMP
       6.1.1.24
         R03651  ATP + L-Glutamate + tRNA(Gln) <=> AMP + Diphosphate + L-Glutamyl-tRNA(Gln)
         R05578  tRNA(Glu) + L-Glutamate + ATP <=> L-Glutamyl-tRNA(Glu) + Diphosphate + AMP
       6.1.1.26
         R08578  ATP + L-Pyrrolysine + tRNA(Pyl) <=> AMP + Diphosphate + L-Pyrrolysyl-tRNA(Pyl)
       6.1.1.27
         R08576  O-Phospho-L-serine + tRNA(Cys) + ATP <=> O-Phosphoseryl-tRNA(Cys) + Diphosphate + AMP
     6.1.2  acid-alcohol ligases (ester synthases)
     6.1.3  Cyclo-ligases
   6.2  Forming carbon-sulfur bonds
   6.3  Forming carbon-nitrogen bonds
   6.4  Forming carbon-carbon bonds
   6.5  Forming phosphoric-ester bonds
   6.6  Forming nitrogen-metal bonds
   6.7  Forming nitrogen-nitrogen bonds
 
 7. Translocase reactions

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Last updated: September 17, 2026
KEGG REACTION identifiers (R numbers) with EC number assignments