KEGG   PATHWAY: nle05171
Entry
nle05171                    Pathway                                
Name
Coronavirus disease - COVID-19 - Nomascus leucogenys (northern white-cheeked gibbon)
Description
Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious respiratory infection that is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infects alveolar epithelial cells [mainly alveolar epithelial type 2 (AEC2) cells] through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Upon the occupancy of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2, the increased serum level of free Angiotensin II (Ang II) due to a reduction of ACE2-mediated degradation promotes activation of the NF-kappa B pathway via Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), followed by  interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. SARS-CoV-2 also activates the innate immune system; macrophage stimulation triggers the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, and the "cytokine storm", which results in systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure. The combined effects of complement activation, dysregulated neutrophilia, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability appear to be intertwined to drive the severe features of COVID-19.
Class
Human Diseases; Infectious disease: viral
Pathway map
nle05171  Coronavirus disease - COVID-19
nle05171

Organism
Nomascus leucogenys (northern white-cheeked gibbon) [GN:nle]
Gene
100597416  TMPRSS2; transmembrane protease serine 2 isoform X1 [KO:K09633] [EC:3.4.21.122]
100602708  ACE2; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 [KO:K09708] [EC:3.4.17.23]
100597267  NRP1; neuropilin-1 isoform X1 [KO:K06724]
100592115  angiotensin-converting enzyme [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
105737894  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: angiotensin-converting enzyme-like protein Ace3 [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
100601294  MAS1; proto-oncogene Mas [KO:K04303]
100603931  AGTR1; type-1 angiotensin II receptor isoform X3 [KO:K04166]
100605123  cytochrome b-245 heavy chain [KO:K21421] [EC:1.-.-.-]
100581655  NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K02580]
100588439  RELA; transcription factor p65 [KO:K04735]
100583968  TNF; tumor necrosis factor [KO:K03156]
100586527  IL6; interleukin-6 isoform X2 [KO:K05405]
100587357  IL1B; interleukin-1 beta [KO:K04519]
100603245  IL12A; interleukin-12 subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K05406]
100579267  interleukin-12 subunit beta [KO:K05425]
115837257  interleukin-12 subunit beta-like [KO:K05425]
100583082  MMP3; stromelysin-1 [KO:K01394] [EC:3.4.24.17]
100582292  MMP1; interstitial collagenase isoform X1 [KO:K01388] [EC:3.4.24.7]
100586157  CXCL8; interleukin-8 [KO:K10030]
100605134  ADAM17; disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17 isoform X1 [KO:K06059] [EC:3.4.24.86]
100581749  TNFRSF1A; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A isoform X4 [KO:K03158]
100599351  NFKBIA; NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha [KO:K04734]
100592560  NFKBIB; NF-kappa-B inhibitor beta [KO:K02581]
100600047  HBEGF; proheparin-binding EGF-like growth factor [KO:K08523]
100597255  EGFR; epidermal growth factor receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04361] [EC:2.7.10.1]
100604063  IL6R; interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K05055]
100581824  IL6ST; interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K05060]
100588162  JAK1; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK1 isoform X1 [KO:K11217] [EC:2.7.10.2]
100595901  TYK2; non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2 isoform X1 [KO:K11219] [EC:2.7.10.2]
100598877  STAT3; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04692]
100591126  IL2; interleukin-2 [KO:K05429]
100582005  CSF3; granulocyte colony-stimulating factor isoform X1 [KO:K05423]
100593532  CSF2; granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [KO:K05427]
100599244  CXCL10; C-X-C motif chemokine 10 [KO:K12671]
100601284  RPS2; 40S ribosomal protein S2 [KO:K02981]
100603389  40S ribosomal protein S3 [KO:K02985]
100591007  RPS3; 40S ribosomal protein S3 [KO:K02985]
100583572  40S ribosomal protein S3a-like [KO:K02984]
100587218  RPS3A; 40S ribosomal protein S3a [KO:K02984]
115832353  40S ribosomal protein S3a-like [KO:K02984]
105737713  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 40S ribosomal protein S4, X isoform-like [KO:K02987]
100584470  RPS4X; 40S ribosomal protein S4, X isoform [KO:K02987]
100599239  40S ribosomal protein S4, Y-like [KO:K02987]
101177482  40S ribosomal protein S5 [KO:K02989]
100581885  RPS5; 40S ribosomal protein S5 [KO:K02989]
100601574  RPS6; 40S ribosomal protein S6 [KO:K02991]
100600765  40S ribosomal protein S6-like [KO:K02991]
100598181  RPS7; 40S ribosomal protein S7 [KO:K02993]
100602706  RPS8; 40S ribosomal protein S8 [KO:K02995]
100607210  RPS9; 40S ribosomal protein S9 isoform X1 [KO:K02997]
100604627  RPS10; 40S ribosomal protein S10 [KO:K02947]
100600311  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: putative 40S ribosomal protein S10-like [KO:K02947]
115835970  40S ribosomal protein S10-like [KO:K02947]
115834171  40S ribosomal protein S10-like [KO:K02947]
100599550  40S ribosomal protein S11 [KO:K02949]
100590825  40S ribosomal protein S11-like [KO:K02949]
100580707  40S ribosomal protein S11-like [KO:K02949]
100581093  RPS12; 40S ribosomal protein S12 [KO:K02951]
100598153  RPS13; 40S ribosomal protein S13 [KO:K02953]
115835387  40S ribosomal protein S13-like [KO:K02953]
100601957  RPS14; 40S ribosomal protein S14 [KO:K02955]
101177997  40S ribosomal protein S14 [KO:K02955]
100604509  RPS15; 40S ribosomal protein S15 isoform X2 [KO:K02958]
115830365  RPS15A; 40S ribosomal protein S15a [KO:K02957]
100595680  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 40S ribosomal protein S16 [KO:K02960]
100590202  RPS16; 40S ribosomal protein S16 [KO:K02960]
100588337  40S ribosomal protein S16-like isoform X1 [KO:K02960]
100585672  40S ribosomal protein S17 [KO:K02962]
100601301  40S ribosomal protein S17-like [KO:K02962]
100582959  RPS17; 40S ribosomal protein S17 [KO:K02962]
100598984  40S ribosomal protein S17-like [KO:K02962]
100580186  RPS18; 40S ribosomal protein S18 [KO:K02964]
100606560  40S ribosomal protein S19 [KO:K02966]
105737766  RPS19; 40S ribosomal protein S19 [KO:K02966]
100582782  40S ribosomal protein S20 [KO:K02969]
100595213  RPS20; 40S ribosomal protein S20 [KO:K02969]
100581472  RPS21; 40S ribosomal protein S21 [KO:K02971]
100599792  RPS23; 40S ribosomal protein S23 [KO:K02973]
100584316  RPS24; 40S ribosomal protein S24 isoform X4 [KO:K02974]
115833210  40S ribosomal protein S24-like [KO:K02974]
100591894  RPS25; 40S ribosomal protein S25 [KO:K02975]
100600982  40S ribosomal protein S26-like [KO:K02976]
100601648  40S ribosomal protein S26-like [KO:K02976]
100598271  40S ribosomal protein S26-like [KO:K02976]
100603119  40S ribosomal protein S26-like [KO:K02976]
100596198  40S ribosomal protein S26-like [KO:K02976]
100584854  40S ribosomal protein S26-like [KO:K02976]
100592108  40S ribosomal protein S26-like [KO:K02976]
100604156  40S ribosomal protein S26-like [KO:K02976]
100591334  RPS26; 40S ribosomal protein S26 [KO:K02976]
100599065  putative 40S ribosomal protein S26-like 1 [KO:K02976]
115830935  40S ribosomal protein S26-like [KO:K02976]
115831673  40S ribosomal protein S26-like [KO:K02976]
115833898  40S ribosomal protein S26-like [KO:K02976]
115834722  putative 40S ribosomal protein S26-like 1 [KO:K02976]
115837337  putative 40S ribosomal protein S26-like 1 [KO:K02976]
100588440  40S ribosomal protein S27 [KO:K02978]
105738971  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
100600520  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
105737827  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
100583012  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
100600008  RPS27; 40S ribosomal protein S27 isoform X1 [KO:K02978]
100587245  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
100587026  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
100587683  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
100594032  RPS27L; 40S ribosomal protein S27-like isoform X2 [KO:K02978]
100599580  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
100606329  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
100586282  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
115832911  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
115838634  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
100598666  RPS27A; ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
100602422  40S ribosomal protein S28 [KO:K02979]
100589152  RPS28; 40S ribosomal protein S28 [KO:K02979]
115830357  RPS29; 40S ribosomal protein S29 isoform X1 [KO:K02980]
100582420  FAU; ubiquitin-like protein fubi and ribosomal protein S30 [KO:K02983]
105737826  putative ubiquitin-like protein FUBI-like protein ENSP00000310146 [KO:K02983]
100596010  ubiquitin-like protein FUBI [KO:K02983]
100606527  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
100605377  RPSA; 40S ribosomal protein SA [KO:K02998]
100584171  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
100607320  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
100606520  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
100606820  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
115832337  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
115833355  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
100589902  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
100581499  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
105738083  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
100586152  RPL3; 60S ribosomal protein L3 [KO:K02925]
100600956  RPL3L; 60S ribosomal protein L3-like [KO:K02925]
100592774  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L3-like [KO:K02925]
115833306  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L3-like [KO:K02925]
100580398  RPL4; 60S ribosomal protein L4 [KO:K02930]
100589908  RPL5; 60S ribosomal protein L5 isoform X1 [KO:K02932]
100607337  60S ribosomal protein L6 [KO:K02934]
100602334  RPL6; 60S ribosomal protein L6 isoform X1 [KO:K02934]
100593115  RPL7; 60S ribosomal protein L7 [KO:K02937]
101176604  60S ribosomal protein L7a [KO:K02936]
100590701  RPL7A; 60S ribosomal protein L7a [KO:K02936]
100601938  RPL8; 60S ribosomal protein L8 [KO:K02938]
100580123  RPL9; 60S ribosomal protein L9 isoform X2 [KO:K02940]
100585361  RPL10L; 60S ribosomal protein L10-like isoform X1 [KO:K02866]
100598425  RPL10; 60S ribosomal protein L10 [KO:K02866]
101177119  60S ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
100589419  60S ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
100580316  60S ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
100598006  60S ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
100586122  RPL10A; 60S ribosomal protein L10a [KO:K02865]
115830380  RPL11; 60S ribosomal protein L11 [KO:K02868]
100601401  60S ribosomal protein L12 [KO:K02870]
100596412  RPL12; 60S ribosomal protein L12 isoform X1 [KO:K02870]
100604597  60S ribosomal protein L12 [KO:K02870]
100604425  RPL13; 60S ribosomal protein L13 [KO:K02873]
100606191  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L13a-like [KO:K02872]
100580205  RPL14; 60S ribosomal protein L14 isoform X1 [KO:K02875]
100591364  RPL15; 60S ribosomal protein L15 isoform X2 [KO:K02877]
100596472  60S ribosomal protein L15-like [KO:K02877]
101175711  60S ribosomal protein L15-like [KO:K02877]
101178943  60S ribosomal protein L15-like isoform X1 [KO:K02877]
100593107  RPL17; 60S ribosomal protein L17 [KO:K02880]
100598579  60S ribosomal protein L17-like [KO:K02880]
100587519  60S ribosomal protein L18 [KO:K02883]
100591658  RPL18; 60S ribosomal protein L18 [KO:K02883]
100597141  RPL18A; 60S ribosomal protein L18a [KO:K02882]
100596266  RPL19; 60S ribosomal protein L19 isoform X1 [KO:K02885]
100585275  RPL21; 60S ribosomal protein L21 [KO:K02889]
115832855  60S ribosomal protein L21-like [KO:K02889]
100582699  RPL22; 60S ribosomal protein L22 isoform X1 [KO:K02891]
100602006  RPL22L1; 60S ribosomal protein L22-like 1 isoform X1 [KO:K02891]
100596601  RPL23; 60S ribosomal protein L23 [KO:K02894]
100604847  RPL23A; 60S ribosomal protein L23a [KO:K02893]
100593124  60S ribosomal protein L23a-like [KO:K02893]
100594576  RPL24; 60S ribosomal protein L24 [KO:K02896]
100597332  RSL24D1; probable ribosome biogenesis protein RLP24 [KO:K02896]
100604291  peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase B-like [KO:K02896]
100593441  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: probable ribosome biogenesis protein RLP24 [KO:K02896]
100590677  RPL26; 60S ribosomal protein L26 [KO:K02898]
100598295  60S ribosomal protein L26-like [KO:K02898]
100595338  60S ribosomal protein L26-like [KO:K02898]
100599696  RPL26L1; 60S ribosomal protein L26-like 1 [KO:K02898]
100596476  60S ribosomal protein L26-like [KO:K02898]
100580020  RPL27; 60S ribosomal protein L27 [KO:K02901]
100585529  RPL27A; 60S ribosomal protein L27a [KO:K02900]
100600777  RPL28; 60S ribosomal protein L28 isoform X2 [KO:K02903]
101178013  60S ribosomal protein L29-like [KO:K02905]
100605162  RPL29; 60S ribosomal protein L29 [KO:K02905]
101177049  60S ribosomal protein L29-like [KO:K02905]
100599736  60S ribosomal protein L29-like [KO:K02905]
100605029  60S ribosomal protein L30-like [KO:K02908]
101179509  60S ribosomal protein L30-like [KO:K02908]
100581056  RPL30; 60S ribosomal protein L30 [KO:K02908]
115832918  60S ribosomal protein L30-like [KO:K02908]
115834766  60S ribosomal protein L30-like [KO:K02908]
100597976  60S ribosomal protein L31-like [KO:K02910]
100581310  RPL31; 60S ribosomal protein L31 isoform X1 [KO:K02910]
100585152  RPL32; 60S ribosomal protein L32 [KO:K02912]
100594475  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L32 [KO:K02912]
100591372  RPL34; 60S ribosomal protein L34 [KO:K02915]
100597432  RPL35; 60S ribosomal protein L35 [KO:K02918]
115830835  60S ribosomal protein L35-like [KO:K02918]
100599460  RPL35A; 60S ribosomal protein L35a isoform X1 [KO:K02917]
100584365  RPL36; 60S ribosomal protein L36 [KO:K02920]
100596024  RPL37; 60S ribosomal protein L37 [KO:K02922]
100606698  RPL37A; 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
100588981  putative 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
100594398  putative 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
100598322  uncharacterized protein LOC100598322 [KO:K02923]
100597101  60S ribosomal protein L38 [KO:K02923]
105738283  uncharacterized protein LOC105738283 [KO:K02923]
100600142  60S ribosomal protein L38-like [KO:K02923]
100605420  60S ribosomal protein L38 [KO:K02923]
115838336  60S ribosomal protein L38-like [KO:K02923]
100586592  RPL39; 60S ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
105738326  60S ribosomal protein L39-like [KO:K02924]
100597666  60S ribosomal protein L39-like [KO:K02924]
100600427  RPL39L; 60S ribosomal protein L39-like [KO:K02924]
115833061  60S ribosomal protein L39-like [KO:K02924]
100604619  ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40-like isoform X2 [KO:K02927]
115836963  UBA52; ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 isoform X1 [KO:K02927]
105737777  RPL41; 60S ribosomal protein L41 [KO:K02928]
100596425  RPL36AL; 60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
100585203  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
105739662  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
100582486  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
100594897  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
100603039  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
100595785  60S ribosomal protein L36a [KO:K02929]
100589241  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
105738127  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
115837543  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
115837581  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
115835526  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
100584755  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
100601362  RPLP0; 60S acidic ribosomal protein P0 [KO:K02941]
100593577  RPLP1; 60S acidic ribosomal protein P1 [KO:K02942]
100599454  RPLP2; 60S acidic ribosomal protein P2 isoform X1 [KO:K02943]
100592223  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: immunoglobulin heavy variable 3-48 [KO:K06856]
101176530  FCGR2A; low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor II-a [KO:K06472]
100590261  SYK; tyrosine-protein kinase SYK [KO:K05855] [EC:2.7.10.2]
100588218  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
100580872  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
100584384  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
100605788  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
100591270  PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
100599301  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
100591458  PLCG1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11]
100604145  PLCG2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 [KO:K05859] [EC:3.1.4.11]
100591651  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type isoform X1 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
100590939  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta type isoform X2 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
100601464  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
100600574  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
100584480  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
100595369  MAPK13; mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 isoform X2 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
100600225  MAPK14; mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
100580599  MAPK11; mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 isoform X5 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
100604724  TLR2; toll-like receptor 2 [KO:K10159]
100601154  TLR4; toll-like receptor 4 isoform X1 [KO:K10160]
100598173  MYD88; myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 isoform X2 [KO:K04729]
100585813  TLR7; toll-like receptor 7 [KO:K05404]
100586130  TLR8; toll-like receptor 8 [KO:K10170]
100602648  IRAK4; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 isoform X2 [KO:K04733] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100588136  IRAK1; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04730] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100595327  TRAF6; TNF receptor-associated factor 6 isoform X1 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
100596471  MAP3K7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 isoform X1 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
100597932  TAB2; TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 2 [KO:K04404]
100581677  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
100605285  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
100602081  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform X2 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
100585899  FOS; proto-oncogene c-Fos [KO:K04379]
100586501  JUN; transcription factor AP-1 [KO:K04448]
100596225  CHUK; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
100588081  IKBKB; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
100603768  IKBKG; NF-kappa-B essential modulator isoform X1 [KO:K07210]
100601058  NLRP3; NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K12800]
100588974  CASP1; caspase-1 isoform X3 [KO:K01370] [EC:3.4.22.36]
100593360  TLR3; toll-like receptor 3 [KO:K05401]
100587393  DDX58; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX58 [KO:K12646] [EC:5.6.2.6]
115833016  ISG15; ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 [KO:K12159]
100597651  IFIH1; interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing protein 1 [KO:K12647] [EC:5.6.2.6]
100597283  MAVS; mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein [KO:K12648]
100606382  TRAF3; TNF receptor-associated factor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K03174]
100605137  IKBKE; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon [KO:K07211] [EC:2.7.11.10]
100582856  TBK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
100603099  IRF3; interferon regulatory factor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05411]
100583298  CGAS; cyclic GMP-AMP synthase [KO:K17834] [EC:2.7.7.86]
105737525  STING1; stimulator of interferon genes protein isoform X1 [KO:K12654]
100597957  interferon alpha-10-like [KO:K05414]
100596272  IFNA6; interferon alpha-6 [KO:K05414]
100595254  IFNA8; interferon alpha-8 [KO:K05414]
100597288  interferon alpha-14 [KO:K05414]
100596946  interferon alpha-5 [KO:K05414]
100598307  interferon alpha-10 [KO:K05414]
100595932  interferon alpha-1/13 [KO:K05414]
100594907  interferon alpha-1/13 [KO:K05414]
100597620  interferon alpha-4 [KO:K05414]
100595585  IFNA2; interferon alpha-2 [KO:K05414]
100598986  IFNB1; interferon beta [KO:K05415]
100583382  IFNAR1; interferon alpha/beta receptor 1 [KO:K05130]
100599809  IFNAR2; interferon alpha/beta receptor 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05131]
100596344  STAT1; signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-alpha/beta [KO:K11220]
100585171  STAT2; signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 isoform X1 [KO:K11221]
100602600  IRF9; interferon regulatory factor 9 [KO:K04693]
100607902  ADAR; double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase isoform X1 [KO:K12968] [EC:3.5.4.37]
100587554  OAS1; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
100588209  OAS2; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
100587890  OAS3; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 3 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
100596619  MX1; interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 [KO:K14754]
100598774  MX2; interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 [KO:K14754]
100579484  EIF2AK2; interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase [KO:K16195] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100589337  C5AR1; C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1 [KO:K04010]
100588722  C3AR1; C3a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor [KO:K04009]
100598784  C3; complement C3 [KO:K03990]
100595765  CFB; complement factor B isoform X3 [KO:K01335] [EC:3.4.21.47]
100599422  CFD; complement factor D [KO:K01334] [EC:3.4.21.46]
100606437  C5; complement C5 isoform X2 [KO:K03994]
100598505  C6; complement component C6 isoform X2 [KO:K03995]
100598163  C7; complement component C7 [KO:K03996]
100582717  C8A; complement component C8 alpha chain [KO:K03997]
100583059  C8B; complement component C8 beta chain isoform X2 [KO:K03998]
100605861  C8G; complement component C8 gamma chain isoform X2 [KO:K03999]
100593494  C9; complement component C9 [KO:K04000]
100582556  SELP; P-selectin isoform X1 [KO:K06496]
100580759  VWF; von Willebrand factor [KO:K03900]
100606692  C1QA; complement C1q subcomponent subunit A [KO:K03986]
100607840  C1QB; complement C1q subcomponent subunit B [KO:K03987]
100607041  C1QC; complement C1q subcomponent subunit C isoform X1 [KO:K03988]
100591142  C1R; complement C1r subcomponent [KO:K01330] [EC:3.4.21.41]
100599399  C1S; complement C1s subcomponent isoform X1 [KO:K01331] [EC:3.4.21.42]
100606928  C2; complement C2 isoform X1 [KO:K01332] [EC:3.4.21.43]
100596445  complement C4-B isoform X2 [KO:K03989]
100597029  MBL2; mannose-binding protein C [KO:K03991]
100590227  mannose-binding protein A-like [KO:K03991]
100601109  MASP1; mannan-binding lectin serine protease 1 isoform X1 [KO:K03992] [EC:3.4.21.-]
100593253  MASP2; mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 isoform X1 [KO:K03993] [EC:3.4.21.104]
100595467  F2; prothrombin [KO:K01313] [EC:3.4.21.5]
100581513  F13A1; coagulation factor XIII A chain [KO:K03917] [EC:2.3.2.13]
100600587  F13B; coagulation factor XIII B chain [KO:K03906]
100607544  FGA; fibrinogen alpha chain [KO:K03903]
100606953  FGB; fibrinogen beta chain isoform X1 [KO:K03904]
100579325  FGG; fibrinogen gamma chain isoform X1 [KO:K03905]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00046  RNA
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00290  Fibrin
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00704  Superoxide
C00873  Angiotensin I
C02135  Angiotensin II
C15850  Angiotensin (1-7)
C20640  Cyclic GMP-AMP
Reference
PMID:33132005
  Authors
Harrison AG, Lin T, Wang P
  Title
Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Pathogenesis.
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Trends Immunol S1471-4906(20)30233-7 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:33077917
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Perico L, Benigni A, Casiraghi F, Ng LFP, Renia L, Remuzzi G
  Title
Immunity, endothelial injury and complement-induced coagulopathy in COVID-19.
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Nat Rev Nephrol 10.1038/s41581-020-00357-4 (2020)
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PMID:32820801
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Battagello DS, Dragunas G, Klein MO, Ayub ALP, Velloso FJ, Correa RG
  Title
Unpuzzling COVID-19: tissue-related signaling pathways associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.
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Clin Sci (Lond) 134:2137-2160 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32353634
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Felsenstein S, Herbert JA, McNamara PS, Hedrich CM
  Title
COVID-19: Immunology and treatment options.
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Clin Immunol 215:108448 (2020)
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PMID:33014208
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Hojyo S, Uchida M, Tanaka K, Hasebe R, Tanaka Y, Murakami M, Hirano T
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How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality.
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Inflamm Regen 40:37 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32544563
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Mahmudpour M, Roozbeh J, Keshavarz M, Farrokhi S, Nabipour I
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COVID-19 cytokine storm: The anger of inflammation.
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Cytokine 133:155151 (2020)
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PMID:32635353
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  Title
Treatment of Severe COVID-19 with Tocilizumab Mitigates Cytokine Storm and Averts Mechanical Ventilation During Acute Respiratory Distress: A Case Report and Literature Review.
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Trop Med Infect Dis 5:E112 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32376392
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  Title
Should we stimulate or suppress immune responses in COVID-19? Cytokine and anti-cytokine interventions.
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Autoimmun Rev 19:102567 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32722596
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Kiselevskiy M, Shubina I, Chikileva I, Sitdikova S, Samoylenko I, Anisimova N, Kirgizov K, Suleimanova A, Gorbunova T, Varfolomeeva S
  Title
Immune Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Intoxication: Storm or Silence?
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Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 13:E166 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32922297
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Curran CS, Rivera DR, Kopp JB
  Title
COVID-19 Usurps Host Regulatory Networks.
  Journal
Front Pharmacol 11:1278 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:33055229
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Quan C, Li C, Ma H, Li Y, Zhang H
  Title
Immunopathogenesis of Coronavirus-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Potential Infection-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.
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Clin Microbiol Rev 34:e00074-20 (2020)
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PMID:32973803
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Ahmed-Hassan H, Sisson B, Shukla RK, Wijewantha Y, Funderburg NT, Li Z, Hayes D Jr, Demberg T, Liyanage NPM
  Title
Innate Immune Responses to Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses and Other Significant Respiratory Viral Infections.
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Front Immunol 11:1979 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32346093
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Tay MZ, Poh CM, Renia L, MacAry PA, Ng LFP
  Title
The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention.
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Nat Rev Immunol 20:363-374 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32979938
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Xia H, Cao Z, Xie X, Zhang X, Chen JY, Wang H, Menachery VD, Rajsbaum R, Shi PY
  Title
Evasion of Type I Interferon by SARS-CoV-2.
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Cell Rep 33:108234 (2020)
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PMID:32661197
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Hartenian E, Nandakumar D, Lari A, Ly M, Tucker JM, Glaunsinger BA
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The molecular virology of coronaviruses.
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J Biol Chem 295:12910-12934 (2020)
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Amor S, Fernandez Blanco L, Baker D
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Innate immunity during SARS-CoV-2: evasion strategies and activation trigger hypoxia and vascular damage.
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Clin Exp Immunol 202:193-209 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32467561
  Authors
Catanzaro M, Fagiani F, Racchi M, Corsini E, Govoni S, Lanni C
  Title
Immune response in COVID-19: addressing a pharmacological challenge by targeting pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2.
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Signal Transduct Target Ther 5:84 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32687918
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Jafarzadeh A, Chauhan P, Saha B, Jafarzadeh S, Nemati M
  Title
Contribution of monocytes and macrophages to the local tissue inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19: Lessons from SARS and MERS, and potential therapeutic interventions.
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Life Sci 257:118102 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32376901
  Authors
Merad M, Martin JC
  Title
Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages.
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Nat Rev Immunol 20:355-362 (2020)
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PMID:32246101
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South AM, Tomlinson L, Edmonston D, Hiremath S, Sparks MA
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Controversies of renin-angiotensin system inhibition during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Nat Rev Nephrol 16:305-307 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32433641
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Furuhashi M, Moniwa N, Takizawa H, Ura N, Shimamoto K
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Potential differential effects of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on SARS-CoV-2 infection and lung injury in COVID-19.
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Hypertens Res 43:837-840 (2020)
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PMID:32423094
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Gemmati D, Bramanti B, Serino ML, Secchiero P, Zauli G, Tisato V
  Title
COVID-19 and Individual Genetic Susceptibility/Receptivity: Role of ACE1/ACE2 Genes, Immunity, Inflammation and Coagulation. Might the Double X-chromosome in Females Be Protective against SARS-CoV-2 Compared to the Single X-Chromosome in Males?
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Int J Mol Sci 21:E3474 (2020)
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Enhancing host cell infection by SARS-CoV-2.
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Science 370:765-766 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32327719
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Risitano AM, Mastellos DC, Huber-Lang M, Yancopoulou D, Garlanda C, Ciceri F, Lambris JD
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Complement as a target in COVID-19?
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Nat Rev Immunol 20:343-344 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32461141
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Noris M, Benigni A, Remuzzi G
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The case of complement activation in COVID-19 multiorgan impact.
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Kidney Int 98:314-322 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32559343
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Polycarpou A, Howard M, Farrar CA, Greenlaw R, Fanelli G, Wallis R, Klavinskis LS, Sacks S
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Rationale for targeting complement in COVID-19.
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EMBO Mol Med 12:e12642 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32439870
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Teuwen LA, Geldhof V, Pasut A, Carmeliet P
  Title
COVID-19: the vasculature unleashed.
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Nat Rev Immunol 20:389-391 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32643798
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Jodele S, Kohl J
  Title
Tackling COVID-19 infection through complement-targeted immunotherapy.
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Br J Pharmacol 178:2832-2848 (2021)
DOI:10.1111/bph.15187
Reference
PMID:32608159
  Authors
Chauhan AJ, Wiffen LJ, Brown TP
  Title
COVID-19: A collision of complement, coagulation and inflammatory pathways.
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J Thromb Haemost 18:2110-2117 (2020)
DOI:10.1111/jth.14981
Reference
PMID:32558620
  Authors
Colling ME, Kanthi Y
  Title
COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: An exploration of mechanisms.
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Vasc Med 25:471-478 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32586214
  Authors
McFadyen JD, Stevens H, Peter K
  Title
The Emerging Threat of (Micro)Thrombosis in COVID-19 and Its Therapeutic Implications.
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Circ Res 127:571-587 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32995777
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Shi M, Wang L, Fontana P, Vora S, Zhang Y, Fu TM, Lieberman J, Wu H
  Title
SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 suppresses host but not viral translation through a bipartite mechanism.
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bioRxiv 2020.09.18.302901 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32693241
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Paniri A, Akhavan-Niaki H
  Title
Emerging role of IL-6 and NLRP3 inflammasome as potential therapeutic targets to combat COVID-19: Role of lncRNAs in cytokine storm modulation.
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Life Sci 257:118114 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32405269
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Omarjee L, Janin A, Perrot F, Laviolle B, Meilhac O, Mahe G
  Title
Targeting T-cell senescence and cytokine storm with rapamycin to prevent severe progression in COVID-19.
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Clin Immunol 216:108464 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108464
Reference
PMID:32337664
  Authors
Zhang S, Li L, Shen A, Chen Y, Qi Z
  Title
Rational Use of Tocilizumab in the Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia.
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Clin Drug Investig 40:511-518 (2020)
DOI:10.1007/s40261-020-00917-3
Related
pathway
nle03015  mRNA surveillance pathway
nle04144  Endocytosis
nle04270  Vascular smooth muscle contraction
nle04610  Complement and coagulation cascades
nle04611  Platelet activation
nle04613  Neutrophil extracellular trap formation
nle04614  Renin-angiotensin system
nle04620  Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
nle04621  NOD-like receptor signaling pathway
nle04622  RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway
nle04623  Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway
nle04630  JAK-STAT signaling pathway
nle04650  Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
nle04666  Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis
nle04668  TNF signaling pathway
nle04670  Leukocyte transendothelial migration
KO pathway
ko05171   
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