KEGG   PATHWAY: mlx05171
Entry
mlx05171                    Pathway                                
Name
Coronavirus disease - COVID-19 - Mirounga leonina (Southern elephant seal)
Description
Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious respiratory infection that is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infects alveolar epithelial cells [mainly alveolar epithelial type 2 (AEC2) cells] through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Upon the occupancy of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2, the increased serum level of free Angiotensin II (Ang II) due to a reduction of ACE2-mediated degradation promotes activation of the NF-kappa B pathway via Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), followed by  interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. SARS-CoV-2 also activates the innate immune system; macrophage stimulation triggers the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, and the "cytokine storm", which results in systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure. The combined effects of complement activation, dysregulated neutrophilia, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability appear to be intertwined to drive the severe features of COVID-19.
Class
Human Diseases; Infectious disease: viral
Pathway map
mlx05171  Coronavirus disease - COVID-19
mlx05171

Disease
H02398  COVID-19
Organism
Mirounga leonina (Southern elephant seal) [GN:mlx]
Gene
117997465  [KO:K02974]
117997742  MAPK11; mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
117997743  MAPK12; mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
117997891  RPS5; 40S ribosomal protein S5 [KO:K02989]
117997892  RPS9; 40S ribosomal protein S9 isoform X1 [KO:K02997]
117997906  RPL28; 60S ribosomal protein L28 [KO:K02903]
117997962  [KO:K02923]
117997993  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
117998039  [KO:K02929]
117998072  RPS19; 40S ribosomal protein S19 [KO:K02966]
117998197  C5AR1; C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1 [KO:K04010]
117998227  RPL18; 60S ribosomal protein L18 [KO:K02883]
117998239  [KO:K02980]
117998287  IRF3; interferon regulatory factor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05411]
117998349  RPL13A; 60S ribosomal protein L13a [KO:K02872]
117998357  RPS11; 40S ribosomal protein S11 [KO:K02949]
117998479  [KO:K02912]
117998552  [KO:K02908]
117998662  RPL3; 60S ribosomal protein L3 [KO:K02925]
117998678  [KO:K02924]
117998743  [KO:K02921]
117998991  [KO:K05414]
117998992  [KO:K05414]
117998993  [KO:K05414]
117998994  IFNB1; interferon beta [KO:K05415]
117999007  [KO:K02893]
117999009  [KO:K05414]
117999029  RPS6; 40S ribosomal protein S6 [KO:K02991]
117999123  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta type isoform X1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
117999322  [KO:K02912]
117999637  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
117999698  [KO:K02900]
117999826  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
117999854  [KO:K02971]
118000059  RPL26; 60S ribosomal protein L26 [KO:K02898]
118000294  [KO:K02880]
118000368  [KO:K02942]
118000526  [KO:K02978]
118000529  [KO:K02908]
118000548  [KO:K02995]
118000793  RPS12; 40S ribosomal protein S12 [KO:K02951]
118000892  CGAS; cyclic GMP-AMP synthase isoform X1 [KO:K17834] [EC:2.7.7.86]
118000910  [KO:K02910]
118000947  [KO:K02889]
118000980  RPS10; 40S ribosomal protein S10 isoform X1 [KO:K02947]
118001001  [KO:K02974]
118001014  [KO:K02870]
118001048  TAB2; TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 2 [KO:K04404]
118001095  MAPK13; mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
118001112  [KO:K02894]
118001265  MAPK14; mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
118001284  [KO:K02930]
118001291  RPS18; 40S ribosomal protein S18 [KO:K02964]
118001302  [KO:K02910]
118001330  MAP3K7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 isoform X1 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
118001392  RPL10A; 60S ribosomal protein L10a [KO:K02865]
118001394  [KO:K02984]
118001401  [KO:K02923]
118001403  [KO:K02908]
118001499  [KO:K02978]
118001809  [KO:K04303]
118001913  [KO:K04303]
118001922  MYD88; myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 isoform X1 [KO:K04729]
118002073  [KO:K02924]
118002114  [KO:K02991]
118002149  RPSA; 40S ribosomal protein SA [KO:K02998]
118002183  [KO:K02910]
118002206  RPL14; 60S ribosomal protein L14 [KO:K02875]
118002212  FOS; proto-oncogene c-Fos [KO:K04379]
118002226  RPS29; 40S ribosomal protein S29 [KO:K02980]
118002267  [KO:K02929]
118002459  [KO:K02915]
118002496  [KO:K02910]
118002593  RPL36AL; 60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
118002595  TRAF3; TNF receptor-associated factor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K03174]
118002619  RPL10L; 60S ribosomal protein L10-like isoform X1 [KO:K02866]
118002659  [KO:K02880]
118002812  [KO:K02924]
118002835  [KO:K04734]
118002850  [KO:K02974]
118002857  [KO:K02924]
118002878  [KO:K02974]
118002880  [KO:K04734]
118002922  [KO:K02951]
118002937  [KO:K02870]
118002970  RPLP1; 60S acidic ribosomal protein P1 [KO:K02942]
118003025  RPL15; 60S ribosomal protein L15 [KO:K02877]
118003053  RSL24D1; probable ribosome biogenesis protein RLP24 [KO:K02896]
118003107  [KO:K02893]
118003162  [KO:K02880]
118003182  RPS27L; 40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
118003283  [KO:K02891]
118003335  RPL4; 60S ribosomal protein L4 [KO:K02930]
118003385  [KO:K02917]
118003729  IRF9; interferon regulatory factor 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04693]
118003863  RPL27A; 60S ribosomal protein L27a [KO:K02900]
118003885  [KO:K02924]
118003891  RPS3; 40S ribosomal protein S3 [KO:K02985]
118004062  RPS13; 40S ribosomal protein S13 [KO:K02953]
118004091  [KO:K02910]
118004191  [KO:K02976]
118004200  [KO:K02947]
118004269  [KO:K02882]
118004410  [KO:K02998]
118004424  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
118004438  [KO:K02915]
118004653  [KO:K02957]
118004670  [KO:K02969]
118004699  [KO:K02975]
118004744  [KO:K02976]
118004781  RPL17; 60S ribosomal protein L17 isoform X1 [KO:K02880]
118004903  [KO:K02900]
118004908  C3; complement C3 [KO:K03990]
118004937  AGTR1; type-1 angiotensin II receptor [KO:K04166]
118004949  ACE2; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 [KO:K09708] [EC:3.4.17.23]
118004956  TYK2; non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2 isoform X1 [KO:K11219] [EC:2.7.10.2]
118004988  RPL36; 60S ribosomal protein L36 [KO:K02920]
118004989  RPL29; 60S ribosomal protein L29 [KO:K02905]
118005000  UBA52; ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 [KO:K02927]
118005033  CFD; complement factor D [KO:K01334] [EC:3.4.21.46]
118005190  RPL18A; 60S ribosomal protein L18a [KO:K02882]
118005294  [KO:K02910]
118005472  [KO:K02969]
118005475  [KO:K02912]
118005575  [KO:K02980]
118005633  [KO:K02980]
118005684  [KO:K02880]
118005695  [KO:K02900]
118005789  IL12A; interleukin-12 subunit alpha [KO:K05406]
118005829  RPL32; 60S ribosomal protein L32 [KO:K02912]
118005970  RPS28; 40S ribosomal protein S28 [KO:K02979]
118006042  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
118006230  RPL22L1; 60S ribosomal protein L22-like 1 isoform X1 [KO:K02891]
118006248  [KO:K02865]
118006335  [KO:K04000]
118006357  [KO:K03995]
118006365  [KO:K02922]
118006387  [KO:K02987]
118006423  [KO:K03996]
118006432  [KO:K02910]
118006469  [KO:K04000]
118006494  [KO:K02922]
118006518  [KO:K02987]
118006556  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
118006559  [KO:K03996]
118006566  [KO:K02910]
118006569  [KO:K02987]
118006570  [KO:K03995]
118006698  [KO:K02955]
118006778  [KO:K02870]
118006829  [KO:K02955]
118006928  [KO:K03992] [EC:3.4.21.-]
118006936  [KO:K02883]
118006995  RPL35A; 60S ribosomal protein L35a [KO:K02917]
118007002  [KO:K02974]
118007173  [KO:K02927]
118007287  [KO:K02993]
118007302  [KO:K06059] [EC:3.4.24.86]
118007346  [KO:K02993]
118007360  [KO:K06059] [EC:3.4.24.86]
118007427  [KO:K02969]
118007435  [KO:K02976]
118007444  [KO:K02969]
118007460  [KO:K02980]
118007531  [KO:K02936]
118007620  [KO:K02880]
118007699  [KO:K02924]
118007769  EIF2AK2; interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K16195] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118007845  [KO:K02880]
118007867  IL1B; interleukin-1 beta [KO:K04519]
118007924  [KO:K02870]
118007982  [KO:K02924]
118008109  [KO:K02995]
118008118  RPS27A; ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
118008153  [KO:K02917]
118008170  [KO:K02924]
118008257  RPL31; 60S ribosomal protein L31 [KO:K02910]
118008618  [KO:K02870]
118008624  TBK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 isoform X1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
118008644  [KO:K02964]
118008702  [KO:K02971]
118008707  STAT2; signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 isoform X1 [KO:K11221]
118008729  RPS26; 40S ribosomal protein S26 [KO:K02976]
118008943  IRAK4; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 isoform X1 [KO:K04733] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118008978  [KO:K02998]
118008997  [KO:K02880]
118009042  [KO:K02974]
118009133  [KO:K02980]
118009146  [KO:K21421] [EC:1.-.-.-]
118009188  [KO:K02978]
118009286  [KO:K02912]
118009288  [KO:K02977]
118009381  [KO:K02880]
118009563  RPL21; 60S ribosomal protein L21 [KO:K02889]
118009660  [KO:K02974]
118009877  [KO:K02912]
118009878  [KO:K02912]
118009921  IKBKB; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
118009955  [KO:K02929]
118010013  [KO:K02912]
118010049  TLR3; toll-like receptor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05401]
118010114  [KO:K02980]
118010160  [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
118010205  [KO:K02977]
118010232  [KO:K02969]
118010328  [KO:K02974]
118010361  [KO:K02865]
118010368  [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
118010401  [KO:K02930]
118010435  CXCL10; C-X-C motif chemokine 10 [KO:K12671]
118010458  CXCL8; interleukin-8 [KO:K10030]
118010485  [KO:K02924]
118010513  [KO:K02912]
118010605  RPL9; 60S ribosomal protein L9 [KO:K02940]
118011016  [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
118011174  [KO:K02958]
118011232  [KO:K02974]
118011238  [KO:K02937]
118011281  MAVS; mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein isoform X1 [KO:K12648]
118011394  [KO:K02900]
118011488  PLCG1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11]
118011652  [KO:K02978]
118011760  [KO:K02880]
118011776  [KO:K02924]
118011780  [KO:K02889]
118011781  [KO:K02889]
118011782  [KO:K02893]
118011788  [KO:K02980]
118011807  [KO:K02964]
118011824  [KO:K02998]
118011843  [KO:K02974]
118011850  [KO:K02870]
118011982  [KO:K02910]
118012001  [KO:K02947]
118012003  [KO:K02924]
118012061  RPL37A; 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
118012148  [KO:K02957]
118012202  [KO:K02889]
118012204  STAT1; signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-alpha/beta [KO:K11220]
118012249  [KO:K02984]
118012251  [KO:K02900]
118012323  [KO:K02923]
118012329  [KO:K02998]
118012389  [KO:K02880]
118012394  IFIH1; interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing protein 1 [KO:K12647] [EC:3.6.4.13]
118012412  RPL39; 60S ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
118012435  [KO:K02889]
118012827  [KO:K02889]
118012842  [KO:K02910]
118012854  [KO:K02870]
118013056  MMP3; stromelysin-1 [KO:K01394] [EC:3.4.24.17]
118013155  [KO:K01388] [EC:3.4.24.7]
118013300  RPS25; 40S ribosomal protein S25 [KO:K02975]
118013678  [KO:K02898]
118013693  F13B; coagulation factor XIII B chain [KO:K03906]
118013713  [KO:K02924]
118013760  IL6R; interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha [KO:K05055]
118013806  [KO:K02865]
118013807  [KO:K02969]
118013837  RPS27; 40S ribosomal protein S27 [KO:K02978]
118013854  ADAR; double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase isoform X1 [KO:K12968] [EC:3.5.4.37]
118014079  [KO:K02957]
118014127  IKBKE; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon isoform X1 [KO:K07211] [EC:2.7.11.10]
118014233  [KO:K02940]
118014311  [KO:K02995]
118014387  [KO:K02974]
118014388  [KO:K02917]
118014480  IKBKG; NF-kappa-B essential modulator isoform X1 [KO:K07210]
118014500  SELP; P-selectin isoform X1 [KO:K06496]
118014513  [KO:K02915]
118014563  [KO:K02880]
118014600  RPL10; 60S ribosomal protein L10 isoform X1 [KO:K02866]
118014698  IRAK1; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04730] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118014824  [KO:K02929]
118014835  RPS20; 40S ribosomal protein S20 [KO:K02969]
118014924  RPL7; 60S ribosomal protein L7 [KO:K02937]
118015052  RPL30; 60S ribosomal protein L30 [KO:K02908]
118015208  [KO:K02981]
118015344  RPL8; 60S ribosomal protein L8 [KO:K02938]
118015427  [KO:K02912]
118015430  [KO:K02923]
118015568  F2; prothrombin [KO:K01313] [EC:3.4.21.5]
118015635  [KO:K02893]
118015711  [KO:K02921]
118015742  [KO:K02980]
118015773  TRAF6; TNF receptor-associated factor 6 isoform X1 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
118015778  [KO:K02880]
118015851  [KO:K02991]
118015930  [KO:K02951]
118016033  [KO:K02971]
118016036  FAU; ubiquitin-like protein fubi and ribosomal protein S30 [KO:K02983]
118016059  RELA; transcription factor p65 [KO:K04735]
118016150  IL12B; interleukin-12 subunit beta [KO:K05425]
118016212  RPLP2; 60S acidic ribosomal protein P2 [KO:K02943]
118016498  [KO:K02974]
118016696  STING1; stimulator of interferon genes protein [KO:K12654]
118016711  [KO:K02977]
118016713  HBEGF; proheparin-binding EGF-like growth factor [KO:K08523]
118016794  IL6ST; interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K05060]
118016863  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
118016925  [KO:K02934]
118016960  RPS23; 40S ribosomal protein S23 [KO:K02973]
118017015  [KO:K02957]
118017086  [KO:K02975]
118017173  CSF2; granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [KO:K05427]
118017290  [KO:K02889]
118017309  [KO:K02991]
118017392  RPL24; 60S ribosomal protein L24 [KO:K02896]
118017406  [KO:K02917]
118017412  [KO:K02903]
118017413  [KO:K02917]
118017423  [KO:K02889]
118017502  C8G; complement component C8 gamma chain isoform X1 [KO:K03999]
118017549  RPL7A; 60S ribosomal protein L7a [KO:K02936]
118017663  RPL12; 60S ribosomal protein L12 [KO:K02870]
118017689  RPL35; 60S ribosomal protein L35 [KO:K02918]
118017747  C5; complement C5 [KO:K03994]
118017761  TLR4; toll-like receptor 4 isoform X1 [KO:K10160]
118018039  DDX58; antiviral innate immune response receptor RIG-I isoform X1 [KO:K12646] [EC:3.6.4.13]
118018153  [KO:K02870]
118018210  [KO:K02924]
118018321  OAS1; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 1 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
118018487  RPL6; 60S ribosomal protein L6 isoform X1 [KO:K02934]
118018489  OAS2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 2 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
118018490  OAS3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 3 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
118018511  [KO:K02870]
118018537  RPLP0; 60S acidic ribosomal protein P0 [KO:K02941]
118018687  [KO:K02893]
118018829  IFNAR2; interferon alpha/beta receptor 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05131]
118018831  IFNAR1; interferon alpha/beta receptor 1 [KO:K05130]
118018960  [KO:K02991]
118019137  RPL5; 60S ribosomal protein L5 isoform X1 [KO:K02932]
118019295  [KO:K02929]
118019316  JAK1; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK1 [KO:K11217] [EC:2.7.10.2]
118019327  [KO:K02942]
118019356  JUN; transcription factor AP-1 [KO:K04448]
118019364  C8B; complement component C8 beta chain [KO:K03998]
118019422  [KO:K02957]
118019435  [KO:K02951]
118019468  PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649]
118019470  [KO:K02977]
118019496  [KO:K02910]
118019502  RPS8; 40S ribosomal protein S8 [KO:K02995]
118019549  [KO:K02924]
118019649  [KO:K02957]
118019778  [KO:K02893]
118019795  [KO:K02917]
118019889  RPL11; 60S ribosomal protein L11 isoform X1 [KO:K02868]
118019908  C1QB; complement C1q subcomponent subunit B [KO:K03987]
118019909  C1QC; complement C1q subcomponent subunit C [KO:K03988]
118019910  C1QA; complement C1q subcomponent subunit A [KO:K03986]
118020013  MASP2; mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 [KO:K03993] [EC:3.4.21.104]
118020028  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
118020071  RPL22; 60S ribosomal protein L22 [KO:K02891]
118020101  [KO:K02974]
118020145  [KO:K02978]
118020178  [KO:K02910]
118020196  [KO:K02971]
118020219  C8A; complement component C8 alpha chain [KO:K03997]
118020276  [KO:K02901]
118020294  [KO:K02889]
118020366  ISG15; ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 [KO:K12159]
118020780  [KO:K02889]
118020856  IL6; interleukin-6 [KO:K05405]
118020877  [KO:K02957]
118020971  [KO:K02918]
118021024  [KO:K02889]
118021106  [KO:K02889]
118021166  [KO:K02910]
118021249  [KO:K02883]
118021344  [KO:K02903]
118021362  [KO:K02973]
118021370  [KO:K02929]
118021398  [KO:K02974]
118021710  RPL3L; 60S ribosomal protein L3-like [KO:K02925]
118021711  RPS2; 40S ribosomal protein S2 [KO:K02981]
118021732  [KO:K02915]
118021809  [KO:K02998]
118021870  RPS15A; 40S ribosomal protein S15a [KO:K02957]
118021916  [KO:K02880]
118021948  [KO:K02893]
118022137  [KO:K02910]
118022145  RPS24; 40S ribosomal protein S24 isoform X1 [KO:K02974]
118022194  [KO:K02981]
118022205  [KO:K02969]
118022221  FGB; fibrinogen beta chain isoform X1 [KO:K03904]
118022227  [KO:K02900]
118022230  TLR2; toll-like receptor 2 [KO:K10159]
118022248  MBL2; mannose-binding protein C [KO:K03991]
118022251  RPS3A; 40S ribosomal protein S3a [KO:K02984]
118022269  [KO:K02893]
118022318  [KO:K02974]
118022354  IL2; interleukin-2 [KO:K05429]
118022371  [KO:K02978]
118022397  [KO:K02924]
118022404  [KO:K02889]
118022429  [KO:K02912]
118022438  FGG; fibrinogen gamma chain isoform X1 [KO:K03905]
118022440  FGA; fibrinogen alpha chain [KO:K03903]
118022442  [KO:K02974]
118022538  [KO:K10159]
118022670  RPS16; 40S ribosomal protein S16 [KO:K02960]
118022683  NFKBIB; NF-kappa-B inhibitor beta [KO:K02581]
118022776  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
118022787  [KO:K02924]
118022822  [KO:K02929]
118022869  [KO:K02969]
118022952  [KO:K02908]
118023054  [KO:K02896]
118023094  RPS17; 40S ribosomal protein S17 [KO:K02962]
118023168  [KO:K02912]
118023181  [KO:K02976]
118023191  [KO:K02998]
118023204  [KO:K02978]
118023305  [KO:K02980]
118023372  [KO:K02912]
118023373  [KO:K02891]
118023450  RPL13; 60S ribosomal protein L13 [KO:K02873]
118023525  [KO:K02915]
118023528  PLCG2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 [KO:K05859] [EC:3.1.4.11]
118023623  [KO:K02872]
118023764  [KO:K02974]
118023787  [KO:K02932]
118023853  [KO:K02929]
118023936  [KO:K02971]
118023939  [KO:K02971]
118024033  RPS21; 40S ribosomal protein S21 [KO:K02971]
118024312  RPL38; 60S ribosomal protein L38 [KO:K02923]
118024346  [KO:K02870]
118024347  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type isoform X1 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
118024352  [KO:K02921]
118024356  [KO:K02900]
118024390  [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
118024410  [KO:K02910]
118024420  [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
118024535  EGFR; epidermal growth factor receptor [KO:K04361] [EC:2.7.10.1]
118024634  [KO:K02934]
118024735  [KO:K02974]
118024832  RPL23; 60S ribosomal protein L23 [KO:K02894]
118024836  RPL19; 60S ribosomal protein L19 [KO:K02885]
118024839  CHUK; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
118024910  STAT3; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04692]
118024946  RPL27; 60S ribosomal protein L27 [KO:K02901]
118025036  [KO:K02998]
118025066  [KO:K02984]
118025070  CSF3; granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [KO:K05423]
118025279  RPL23A; 60S ribosomal protein L23a [KO:K02893]
118025284  [KO:K02868]
118025461  [KO:K02974]
118025482  [KO:K02969]
118025508  [KO:K02912]
118025701  C3AR1; C3a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor [KO:K04009]
118025712  C1R; complement C1r subcomponent [KO:K01330] [EC:3.4.21.41]
118025713  C1S; complement C1s subcomponent [KO:K01331] [EC:3.4.21.42]
118025746  TNFRSF1A; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A isoform X1 [KO:K03158]
118025754  VWF; von Willebrand factor [KO:K03900]
118025810  [KO:K02942]
118025886  [KO:K02921]
118025964  [KO:K02929]
118025974  [KO:K02978]
118026010  [KO:K02921]
118026031  RPS4X; 40S ribosomal protein S4, X isoform [KO:K02987]
118026128  TMPRSS2; transmembrane protease serine 2 [KO:K09633] [EC:3.4.21.122]
118026150  MX2; interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 isoform X1 [KO:K14754]
118026151  MX1; interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 [KO:K14754]
118026369  SYK; tyrosine-protein kinase SYK [KO:K05855] [EC:2.7.10.2]
118026506  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
118026617  NRP1; neuropilin-1 isoform X1 [KO:K06724]
118026716  TLR7; toll-like receptor 7 [KO:K05404]
118026718  TLR8; toll-like receptor 8 isoform X1 [KO:K10170]
118026897  NLRP3; NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K12800]
118026984  [KO:K02980]
118027035  [KO:K02973]
118027047  NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K02580]
118027081  RPL34; 60S ribosomal protein L34 [KO:K02915]
118027248  [KO:K02920]
118027255  TNF; tumor necrosis factor [KO:K03156]
118027279  [KO:K02898]
118027309  [KO:K03989]
118027314  CFB; complement factor B [KO:K01335] [EC:3.4.21.47]
118027318  C2; complement C2 [KO:K01332] [EC:3.4.21.43]
118027422  F13A1; coagulation factor XIII A chain [KO:K03917] [EC:2.3.2.13]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00046  RNA
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00290  Fibrin
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00704  Superoxide
C00873  Angiotensin I
C02135  Angiotensin II
C15850  Angiotensin (1-7)
C20640  Cyclic GMP-AMP
Reference
PMID:33132005
  Authors
Harrison AG, Lin T, Wang P
  Title
Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Pathogenesis.
  Journal
Trends Immunol S1471-4906(20)30233-7 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2020.10.004
Reference
PMID:33077917
  Authors
Perico L, Benigni A, Casiraghi F, Ng LFP, Renia L, Remuzzi G
  Title
Immunity, endothelial injury and complement-induced coagulopathy in COVID-19.
  Journal
Nat Rev Nephrol 10.1038/s41581-020-00357-4 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41581-020-00357-4
Reference
PMID:32820801
  Authors
Battagello DS, Dragunas G, Klein MO, Ayub ALP, Velloso FJ, Correa RG
  Title
Unpuzzling COVID-19: tissue-related signaling pathways associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.
  Journal
Clin Sci (Lond) 134:2137-2160 (2020)
DOI:10.1042/CS20200904
Reference
PMID:32353634
  Authors
Felsenstein S, Herbert JA, McNamara PS, Hedrich CM
  Title
COVID-19: Immunology and treatment options.
  Journal
Clin Immunol 215:108448 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108448
Reference
PMID:33014208
  Authors
Hojyo S, Uchida M, Tanaka K, Hasebe R, Tanaka Y, Murakami M, Hirano T
  Title
How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality.
  Journal
Inflamm Regen 40:37 (2020)
DOI:10.1186/s41232-020-00146-3
Reference
PMID:32544563
  Authors
Mahmudpour M, Roozbeh J, Keshavarz M, Farrokhi S, Nabipour I
  Title
COVID-19 cytokine storm: The anger of inflammation.
  Journal
Cytokine 133:155151 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155151
Reference
PMID:32635353
  Authors
Farooqi F, Dhawan N, Morgan R, Dinh J, Nedd K, Yatzkan G
  Title
Treatment of Severe COVID-19 with Tocilizumab Mitigates Cytokine Storm and Averts Mechanical Ventilation During Acute Respiratory Distress: A Case Report and Literature Review.
  Journal
Trop Med Infect Dis 5:E112 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/tropicalmed5030112
Reference
PMID:32376392
  Authors
Jamilloux Y, Henry T, Belot A, Viel S, Fauter M, El Jammal T, Walzer T, Francois B, Seve P
  Title
Should we stimulate or suppress immune responses in COVID-19? Cytokine and anti-cytokine interventions.
  Journal
Autoimmun Rev 19:102567 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102567
Reference
PMID:32722596
  Authors
Kiselevskiy M, Shubina I, Chikileva I, Sitdikova S, Samoylenko I, Anisimova N, Kirgizov K, Suleimanova A, Gorbunova T, Varfolomeeva S
  Title
Immune Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Intoxication: Storm or Silence?
  Journal
Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 13:E166 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ph13080166
Reference
PMID:32922297
  Authors
Curran CS, Rivera DR, Kopp JB
  Title
COVID-19 Usurps Host Regulatory Networks.
  Journal
Front Pharmacol 11:1278 (2020)
DOI:10.3389/fphar.2020.01278
Reference
PMID:33055229
  Authors
Quan C, Li C, Ma H, Li Y, Zhang H
  Title
Immunopathogenesis of Coronavirus-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Potential Infection-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.
  Journal
Clin Microbiol Rev 34:e00074-20 (2020)
DOI:10.1128/CMR.00074-20
Reference
PMID:32973803
  Authors
Ahmed-Hassan H, Sisson B, Shukla RK, Wijewantha Y, Funderburg NT, Li Z, Hayes D Jr, Demberg T, Liyanage NPM
  Title
Innate Immune Responses to Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses and Other Significant Respiratory Viral Infections.
  Journal
Front Immunol 11:1979 (2020)
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01979
Reference
PMID:32346093
  Authors
Tay MZ, Poh CM, Renia L, MacAry PA, Ng LFP
  Title
The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:363-374 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8
Reference
PMID:32979938
  Authors
Xia H, Cao Z, Xie X, Zhang X, Chen JY, Wang H, Menachery VD, Rajsbaum R, Shi PY
  Title
Evasion of Type I Interferon by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Cell Rep 33:108234 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108234
Reference
PMID:32661197
  Authors
Hartenian E, Nandakumar D, Lari A, Ly M, Tucker JM, Glaunsinger BA
  Title
The molecular virology of coronaviruses.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 295:12910-12934 (2020)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.REV120.013930
Reference
PMID:32978971
  Authors
Amor S, Fernandez Blanco L, Baker D
  Title
Innate immunity during SARS-CoV-2: evasion strategies and activation trigger hypoxia and vascular damage.
  Journal
Clin Exp Immunol 202:193-209 (2020)
DOI:10.1111/cei.13523
Reference
PMID:32467561
  Authors
Catanzaro M, Fagiani F, Racchi M, Corsini E, Govoni S, Lanni C
  Title
Immune response in COVID-19: addressing a pharmacological challenge by targeting pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Signal Transduct Target Ther 5:84 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41392-020-0191-1
Reference
PMID:32687918
  Authors
Jafarzadeh A, Chauhan P, Saha B, Jafarzadeh S, Nemati M
  Title
Contribution of monocytes and macrophages to the local tissue inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19: Lessons from SARS and MERS, and potential therapeutic interventions.
  Journal
Life Sci 257:118102 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118102
Reference
PMID:32376901
  Authors
Merad M, Martin JC
  Title
Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:355-362 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0331-4
Reference
PMID:32246101
  Authors
South AM, Tomlinson L, Edmonston D, Hiremath S, Sparks MA
  Title
Controversies of renin-angiotensin system inhibition during the COVID-19 pandemic.
  Journal
Nat Rev Nephrol 16:305-307 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41581-020-0279-4
Reference
PMID:32433641
  Authors
Furuhashi M, Moniwa N, Takizawa H, Ura N, Shimamoto K
  Title
Potential differential effects of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on SARS-CoV-2 infection and lung injury in COVID-19.
  Journal
Hypertens Res 43:837-840 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41440-020-0478-1
Reference
PMID:32423094
  Authors
Gemmati D, Bramanti B, Serino ML, Secchiero P, Zauli G, Tisato V
  Title
COVID-19 and Individual Genetic Susceptibility/Receptivity: Role of ACE1/ACE2 Genes, Immunity, Inflammation and Coagulation. Might the Double X-chromosome in Females Be Protective against SARS-CoV-2 Compared to the Single X-Chromosome in Males?
  Journal
Int J Mol Sci 21:E3474 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ijms21103474
Reference
PMID:33184193
  Authors
Kielian M
  Title
Enhancing host cell infection by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Science 370:765-766 (2020)
DOI:10.1126/science.abf0732
Reference
PMID:32327719
  Authors
Risitano AM, Mastellos DC, Huber-Lang M, Yancopoulou D, Garlanda C, Ciceri F, Lambris JD
  Title
Complement as a target in COVID-19?
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:343-344 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0320-7
Reference
PMID:32461141
  Authors
Noris M, Benigni A, Remuzzi G
  Title
The case of complement activation in COVID-19 multiorgan impact.
  Journal
Kidney Int 98:314-322 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.013
Reference
PMID:32559343
  Authors
Polycarpou A, Howard M, Farrar CA, Greenlaw R, Fanelli G, Wallis R, Klavinskis LS, Sacks S
  Title
Rationale for targeting complement in COVID-19.
  Journal
EMBO Mol Med 12:e12642 (2020)
DOI:10.15252/emmm.202012642
Reference
PMID:32439870
  Authors
Teuwen LA, Geldhof V, Pasut A, Carmeliet P
  Title
COVID-19: the vasculature unleashed.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:389-391 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0343-0
Reference
PMID:32643798
  Authors
Jodele S, Kohl J
  Title
Tackling COVID-19 infection through complement-targeted immunotherapy.
  Journal
Br J Pharmacol 178:2832-2848 (2021)
DOI:10.1111/bph.15187
Reference
PMID:32608159
  Authors
Chauhan AJ, Wiffen LJ, Brown TP
  Title
COVID-19: A collision of complement, coagulation and inflammatory pathways.
  Journal
J Thromb Haemost 18:2110-2117 (2020)
DOI:10.1111/jth.14981
Reference
PMID:32558620
  Authors
Colling ME, Kanthi Y
  Title
COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: An exploration of mechanisms.
  Journal
Vasc Med 25:471-478 (2020)
DOI:10.1177/1358863X20932640
Reference
PMID:32586214
  Authors
McFadyen JD, Stevens H, Peter K
  Title
The Emerging Threat of (Micro)Thrombosis in COVID-19 and Its Therapeutic Implications.
  Journal
Circ Res 127:571-587 (2020)
DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317447
Reference
PMID:32995777
  Authors
Shi M, Wang L, Fontana P, Vora S, Zhang Y, Fu TM, Lieberman J, Wu H
  Title
SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 suppresses host but not viral translation through a bipartite mechanism.
  Journal
bioRxiv 2020.09.18.302901 (2020)
DOI:10.1101/2020.09.18.302901
Reference
PMID:32693241
  Authors
Paniri A, Akhavan-Niaki H
  Title
Emerging role of IL-6 and NLRP3 inflammasome as potential therapeutic targets to combat COVID-19: Role of lncRNAs in cytokine storm modulation.
  Journal
Life Sci 257:118114 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118114
Reference
PMID:32405269
  Authors
Omarjee L, Janin A, Perrot F, Laviolle B, Meilhac O, Mahe G
  Title
Targeting T-cell senescence and cytokine storm with rapamycin to prevent severe progression in COVID-19.
  Journal
Clin Immunol 216:108464 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108464
Reference
PMID:32337664
  Authors
Zhang S, Li L, Shen A, Chen Y, Qi Z
  Title
Rational Use of Tocilizumab in the Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia.
  Journal
Clin Drug Investig 40:511-518 (2020)
DOI:10.1007/s40261-020-00917-3
Related
pathway
mlx03015  mRNA surveillance pathway
mlx04144  Endocytosis
mlx04270  Vascular smooth muscle contraction
mlx04610  Complement and coagulation cascades
mlx04611  Platelet activation
mlx04613  Neutrophil extracellular trap formation
mlx04614  Renin-angiotensin system
mlx04620  Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
mlx04621  NOD-like receptor signaling pathway
mlx04622  RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway
mlx04623  Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway
mlx04630  JAK-STAT signaling pathway
mlx04650  Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
mlx04666  Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis
mlx04668  TNF signaling pathway
mlx04670  Leukocyte transendothelial migration
KO pathway
ko05171   

DBGET integrated database retrieval system