KEGG   PATHWAY: eju05171
Entry
eju05171                    Pathway                                
Name
Coronavirus disease - COVID-19 - Eumetopias jubatus (Steller sea lion)
Description
Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious respiratory infection that is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infects alveolar epithelial cells [mainly alveolar epithelial type 2 (AEC2) cells] through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Upon the occupancy of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2, the increased serum level of free Angiotensin II (Ang II) due to a reduction of ACE2-mediated degradation promotes activation of the NF-kappa B pathway via Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), followed by  interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. SARS-CoV-2 also activates the innate immune system; macrophage stimulation triggers the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, and the "cytokine storm", which results in systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure. The combined effects of complement activation, dysregulated neutrophilia, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability appear to be intertwined to drive the severe features of COVID-19.
Class
Human Diseases; Infectious disease: viral
Pathway map
eju05171  Coronavirus disease - COVID-19
eju05171

Organism
Eumetopias jubatus (Steller sea lion) [GN:eju]
Gene
114226418  TMPRSS2; transmembrane protease serine 2 [KO:K09633] [EC:3.4.21.122]
114218071  ACE2; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 [KO:K09708] [EC:3.4.17.23]
114222388  NRP1; neuropilin-1 isoform X1 [KO:K06724]
114196714  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: angiotensin-converting enzyme-like protein Ace3 [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
114196729  angiotensin-converting enzyme isoform X1 [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
114209278  MAS1; proto-oncogene Mas [KO:K04303]
114209124  AGTR1; type-1 angiotensin II receptor [KO:K04166]
114216715  cytochrome b-245 heavy chain [KO:K21421] [EC:1.-.-.-]
114199341  NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K02580]
114220346  RELA; transcription factor p65 [KO:K04735]
114222242  TNF; tumor necrosis factor [KO:K03156]
114221211  IL6; interleukin-6 isoform X1 [KO:K05405]
114223431  IL1B; interleukin-1 beta [KO:K04519]
114209150  IL12A; interleukin-12 subunit alpha [KO:K05406]
114211944  IL12B; interleukin-12 subunit beta [KO:K05425]
114211354  MMP3; stromelysin-1 [KO:K01394] [EC:3.4.24.17]
114211360  interstitial collagenase-like [KO:K01388] [EC:3.4.24.7]
114213888  C-C motif chemokine 2 [KO:K14624]
114206856  CXCL8; interleukin-8 [KO:K10030]
114205773  ADAM17; disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17 isoform X1 [KO:K06059] [EC:3.4.24.86]
114222480  TNFRSF1A; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A [KO:K03158]
114217931  NFKBIA; NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04734]
114198928  NFKBIB; NF-kappa-B inhibitor beta [KO:K02581]
114209635  HBEGF; proheparin-binding EGF-like growth factor [KO:K08523]
114213645  EGFR; epidermal growth factor receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04361] [EC:2.7.10.1]
114198669  IL6R; interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K05055]
114220972  IL6ST; interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K05060]
114208347  JAK1; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK1 [KO:K11217] [EC:2.7.10.2]
114197699  TYK2; non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2 isoform X1 [KO:K11219] [EC:2.7.10.2]
114201341  STAT3; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04692]
114208234  IL2; interleukin-2 [KO:K05429]
114198389  CSF3; granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [KO:K05423]
114209409  CSF2; granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [KO:K05427]
114206849  CXCL10; C-X-C motif chemokine 10 [KO:K12671]
114213045  40S ribosomal protein S2-like isoform X1 [KO:K02981]
114215679  RPS2; 40S ribosomal protein S2 [KO:K02981]
114218664  RPS3; 40S ribosomal protein S3 [KO:K02985]
114225572  40S ribosomal protein S3a isoform X1 [KO:K02984]
114223798  40S ribosomal protein S3a [KO:K02984]
114208617  40S ribosomal protein S4, X isoform-like [KO:K02987]
114225524  40S ribosomal protein S4, X isoform-like [KO:K02987]
114202812  40S ribosomal protein S4, X isoform-like [KO:K02987]
114202818  40S ribosomal protein S4, X isoform-like [KO:K02987]
114205887  40S ribosomal protein S4-like [KO:K02987]
114207497  RPS4X; 40S ribosomal protein S4, X isoform [KO:K02987]
114207781  40S ribosomal protein S4, X isoform-like [KO:K02987]
114200956  RPS5; 40S ribosomal protein S5 [KO:K02989]
114212384  RPS6; 40S ribosomal protein S6 [KO:K02991]
114221076  40S ribosomal protein S6-like [KO:K02991]
114205963  RPS7; 40S ribosomal protein S7 isoform X1 [KO:K02993]
114224252  RPS8; 40S ribosomal protein S8 [KO:K02995]
114219533  40S ribosomal protein S8 [KO:K02995]
114201813  RPS9; 40S ribosomal protein S9 [KO:K02997]
114219976  40S ribosomal protein S10-like [KO:K02947]
114222118  RPS10; 40S ribosomal protein S10 [KO:K02947]
114208712  40S ribosomal protein S11-like [KO:K02949]
114218591  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 40S ribosomal protein S11-like [KO:K02949]
114199614  RPS11; 40S ribosomal protein S11 [KO:K02949]
114225666  RPS12; 40S ribosomal protein S12 [KO:K02951]
114219321  RPS13; 40S ribosomal protein S13 [KO:K02953]
114211962  RPS14; 40S ribosomal protein S14 [KO:K02955]
114226212  RPS15; 40S ribosomal protein S15 [KO:K02958]
114197370  40S ribosomal protein S15a [KO:K02957]
114199679  RPS15A; 40S ribosomal protein S15a [KO:K02957]
114198962  RPS16; 40S ribosomal protein S16 [KO:K02960]
114213008  40S ribosomal protein S17-like [KO:K02962]
114197409  40S ribosomal protein S17-like [KO:K02962]
114198125  RPS17; 40S ribosomal protein S17 [KO:K02962]
114222149  RPS18; 40S ribosomal protein S18 [KO:K02964]
114197100  RPS19; 40S ribosomal protein S19 [KO:K02966]
114210808  40S ribosomal protein S20 [KO:K02969]
114220888  RPS20; 40S ribosomal protein S20 [KO:K02969]
114199305  RPS21; 40S ribosomal protein S21 isoform X1 [KO:K02971]
114217565  RPS23; 40S ribosomal protein S23 [KO:K02973]
114211405  40S ribosomal protein S24 [KO:K02974]
114200328  40S ribosomal protein S25 [KO:K02975]
114211362  RPS25; 40S ribosomal protein S25 [KO:K02975]
114208445  40S ribosomal protein S26-like [KO:K02976]
114208832  40S ribosomal protein S26-like [KO:K02976]
114209526  40S ribosomal protein S26-like [KO:K02976]
114219306  40S ribosomal protein S26 [KO:K02976]
114213189  40S ribosomal protein S26-like [KO:K02976]
114206469  40S ribosomal protein S26-like [KO:K02976]
114215067  RPS26; 40S ribosomal protein S26 [KO:K02976]
114223830  40S ribosomal protein S26-like [KO:K02976]
114209562  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
114217505  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
114219755  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
114220658  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
114221064  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
114214201  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
114206195  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
114198617  RPS27; 40S ribosomal protein S27 [KO:K02978]
114206564  RPS27L; 40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
114215867  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
114209780  RPS27A; ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
114224000  ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
114200866  RPS28; 40S ribosomal protein S28 [KO:K02979]
114208509  RPS29; 40S ribosomal protein S29 [KO:K02980]
114196739  40S ribosomal protein S29 [KO:K02980]
114205311  40S ribosomal protein S29 [KO:K02980]
114221195  40S ribosomal protein S29 [KO:K02980]
114220195  FAU; ubiquitin-like protein fubi and ribosomal protein S30 [KO:K02983]
114213845  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: putative ubiquitin-like protein FUBI-like protein ENSP00000310146 [KO:K02983]
114216619  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
114224654  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
114217453  uncharacterized protein LOC114217453 [KO:K02998]
114212277  RPSA; 40S ribosomal protein SA [KO:K02998]
114221685  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
114206492  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
114207523  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
114218354  RPL3; 60S ribosomal protein L3 [KO:K02925]
114215653  RPL3L; 60S ribosomal protein L3-like [KO:K02925]
114206398  RPL4; 60S ribosomal protein L4 [KO:K02930]
114196823  RPL5; 60S ribosomal protein L5 isoform X1 [KO:K02932]
114219128  RPL6; 60S ribosomal protein L6 [KO:K02934]
114212983  60S ribosomal protein L6-like [KO:K02934]
114216293  RPL7; 60S ribosomal protein L7 isoform X1 [KO:K02937]
114201007  RPL7A; 60S ribosomal protein L7a [KO:K02936]
114201103  RPL8; 60S ribosomal protein L8 [KO:K02938]
114196534  RPL9; 60S ribosomal protein L9 [KO:K02940]
114201585  RPL10; 60S ribosomal protein L10 isoform X1 [KO:K02866]
114210487  60S ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
114210611  60S ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
114203522  60S ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
114212568  60S ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
114206478  60S ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
114199187  60S ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
114207284  RPL10L; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
114206379  60S ribosomal protein L10a-like isoform X1 [KO:K02865]
114222218  RPL10A; 60S ribosomal protein L10a isoform X1 [KO:K02865]
114216989  RPL11; 60S ribosomal protein L11 [KO:K02868]
114218954  60S ribosomal protein L11-like [KO:K02868]
114208216  60S ribosomal protein L12 [KO:K02870]
114216932  60S ribosomal protein L12-like [KO:K02870]
114226031  PATE2; prostate and testis expressed protein 2 [KO:K02870]
114212452  60S ribosomal protein L12-like [KO:K02870]
114212833  RPL12; 60S ribosomal protein L12 [KO:K02870]
114213455  60S ribosomal protein L12-like [KO:K02870]
114207635  60S ribosomal protein L12-like [KO:K02870]
114215818  60S ribosomal protein L12 [KO:K02870]
114215842  60S ribosomal protein L12-like [KO:K02870]
114202975  RPL13; 60S ribosomal protein L13 [KO:K02873]
114199651  RPL13A; 60S ribosomal protein L13a [KO:K02872]
114212331  RPL14; 60S ribosomal protein L14 isoform X1 [KO:K02875]
114205606  RPL15; 60S ribosomal protein L15 [KO:K02877]
114224712  uncharacterized protein LOC114224712 [KO:K02880]
114210185  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L17-like [KO:K02880]
114205048  60S ribosomal protein L17-like [KO:K02880]
114211698  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ribosomal protein L18-like [KO:K02883]
114199501  RPL18; 60S ribosomal protein L18 [KO:K02883]
114196400  RPL18A; 60S ribosomal protein L18a [KO:K02882]
114198424  RPL19; 60S ribosomal protein L19 [KO:K02885]
114221154  60S ribosomal protein L21 [KO:K02889]
114216464  60S ribosomal protein L22-like 1 [KO:K02891]
114224828  60S ribosomal protein L22 [KO:K02891]
114213307  RPL22; 60S ribosomal protein L22 isoform X1 [KO:K02891]
114206898  RPL22L1; 60S ribosomal protein L22-like 1 isoform X1 [KO:K02891]
114198471  RPL23; 60S ribosomal protein L23 [KO:K02894]
114204378  60S ribosomal protein L23a-like [KO:K02893]
114197987  60S ribosomal protein L23a [KO:K02893]
114213992  RPL23A; 60S ribosomal protein L23a [KO:K02893]
114221060  RPL24; 60S ribosomal protein L24 [KO:K02896]
114206568  RSL24D1; probable ribosome biogenesis protein RLP24 [KO:K02896]
114208596  RPL26L1; 60S ribosomal protein L26-like 1 [KO:K02898]
114225372  RPL26; 60S ribosomal protein L26 [KO:K02898]
114222762  60S ribosomal protein L26-like [KO:K02898]
114201396  RPL27; 60S ribosomal protein L27 [KO:K02901]
114201417  60S ribosomal protein L27a-like [KO:K02900]
114210157  60S ribosomal protein L27a-like [KO:K02900]
114219351  RPL27A; 60S ribosomal protein L27a [KO:K02900]
114219496  60S ribosomal protein L27a-like [KO:K02900]
114204574  60S ribosomal protein L27a [KO:K02900]
114215878  60S ribosomal protein L27a [KO:K02900]
114202086  RPL28; 60S ribosomal protein L28 [KO:K02903]
114225060  RPL29; 60S ribosomal protein L29 [KO:K02905]
114218916  60S ribosomal protein L29 [KO:K02905]
114216227  RPL30; 60S ribosomal protein L30 [KO:K02908]
114224169  60S ribosomal protein L30-like [KO:K02908]
114209489  60S ribosomal protein L30-like [KO:K02908]
114225223  60S ribosomal protein L30-like [KO:K02908]
114204756  60S ribosomal protein L30-like [KO:K02908]
114207966  60S ribosomal protein L30-like [KO:K02908]
114208411  60S ribosomal protein L31 [KO:K02910]
114209730  RPL31; 60S ribosomal protein L31 [KO:K02910]
114209843  60S ribosomal protein L31-like isoform X1 [KO:K02910]
114221831  60S ribosomal protein L31-like [KO:K02910]
114207686  RPL32; 60S ribosomal protein L32 [KO:K02912]
114216160  60S ribosomal protein L34-like [KO:K02915]
114219354  60S ribosomal protein L34-like [KO:K02915]
114222697  RPL34; 60S ribosomal protein L34 [KO:K02915]
114199731  60S ribosomal protein L34 [KO:K02915]
114212717  RPL35; 60S ribosomal protein L35 [KO:K02918]
114202106  60S ribosomal protein L35a [KO:K02917]
114207128  RPL35A; 60S ribosomal protein L35a [KO:K02917]
114226283  RPL36; 60S ribosomal protein L36 [KO:K02920]
114204896  RPL37; 60S ribosomal protein L37 [KO:K02922]
114200115  60S ribosomal protein L37a-like [KO:K02921]
114200221  putative 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
114225182  putative 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
114209920  putative 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
114218203  putative 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
114218376  putative 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
114211732  putative 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
114203938  putative 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
114205598  putative 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
114198110  60S ribosomal protein L37a-like [KO:K02921]
114205951  putative 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
114214611  putative 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
114207296  putative 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
114207753  putative 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
114216014  RPL37A; 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
114216284  RPL38; 60S ribosomal protein L38 [KO:K02923]
114217095  60S ribosomal protein L38-like [KO:K02923]
114206003  60S ribosomal protein L38 [KO:K02923]
114208811  60S ribosomal protein L39-like [KO:K02924]
114224516  60S ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
114200963  60S ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
114209987  60S ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
114221683  60S ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
114198960  60S ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
114223031  putative 60S ribosomal protein L39-like 5 [KO:K02924]
114215930  60S ribosomal protein L39-like [KO:K02924]
114196412  UBA52; ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 [KO:K02927]
114197824  ubiquitin [KO:K02927]
114198356  ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 [KO:K02927]
114222567  ubiquitin-like [KO:K02927]
114223261  ubiquitin-like [KO:K02927]
114208434  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
114200368  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
114200436  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
114200719  60S ribosomal protein L36a [KO:K02929]
114216776  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
114210454  60S ribosomal protein L36a [KO:K02929]
114210483  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
114211366  RPL36AL; 60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
114202974  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
114202978  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
114219672  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
114196512  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
114212422  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
114204833  60S ribosomal protein L36a [KO:K02929]
114220631  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
114197200  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
114205667  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
114222434  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
114215723  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
114223558  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
114219026  RPLP0; 60S acidic ribosomal protein P0 [KO:K02941]
114212022  60S acidic ribosomal protein P1-like isoform X1 [KO:K02942]
114197233  60S acidic ribosomal protein P1-like isoform X1 [KO:K02942]
114198889  60S acidic ribosomal protein P1-like [KO:K02942]
114206548  RPLP1; 60S acidic ribosomal protein P1 [KO:K02942]
114222528  60S acidic ribosomal protein P1-like isoform X1 [KO:K02942]
114201568  RPLP2; 60S acidic ribosomal protein P2 [KO:K02943]
114219726  SYK; tyrosine-protein kinase SYK isoform X1 [KO:K05855] [EC:2.7.10.2]
114213130  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
114205617  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
114206954  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
114224308  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649]
114224631  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
114226659  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
114223136  PLCG1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11]
114202334  PLCG2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05859] [EC:3.1.4.11]
114196710  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
114202995  protein kinase C alpha type-like [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
114202996  protein kinase C alpha type-like [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
114198767  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta type isoform X1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
114201798  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type isoform X1 [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
114202353  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
114214409  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
114218424  MAPK12; mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
114218476  MAPK11; mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
114222054  MAPK13; mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
114222247  MAPK14; mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
114210089  TLR2; toll-like receptor 2 [KO:K10159]
114212737  TLR4; toll-like receptor 4 isoform X1 [KO:K10160]
114212285  MYD88; myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 isoform X1 [KO:K04729]
114218118  TLR7; toll-like receptor 7 isoform X1 [KO:K05404]
114218025  TLR8; toll-like receptor 8 [KO:K10170]
114224086  IRAK4; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 isoform X1 [KO:K04733] [EC:2.7.11.1]
114201598  IRAK1; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 [KO:K04730] [EC:2.7.11.1]
114215395  TRAF6; TNF receptor-associated factor 6 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
114213021  MAP3K7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 isoform X1 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
114209197  TAB2; TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 2 [KO:K04404]
114224898  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
114201201  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
114205461  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
114207358  FOS; proto-oncogene c-Fos [KO:K04379]
114212152  JUN; transcription factor AP-1 [KO:K04448]
114205217  CHUK; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
114224851  IKBKB; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
114203804  IKBKG; NF-kappa-B essential modulator [KO:K07210]
114201982  NLRP3; NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K12800]
114206215  TLR3; toll-like receptor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05401]
114218167  DDX58; probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX58 [KO:K12646] [EC:5.6.2.6]
114213398  ISG15; ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 [KO:K12159]
114216530  IFIH1; interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K12647] [EC:5.6.2.6]
114220599  MAVS; mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein isoform X1 [KO:K12648]
114206264  TRAF3; TNF receptor-associated factor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K03174]
114221921  IKBKE; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon isoform X1 [KO:K07211] [EC:2.7.11.10]
114214962  TBK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 isoform X1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
114199531  IRF3; interferon regulatory factor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05411]
114204499  CGAS; cyclic GMP-AMP synthase [KO:K17834] [EC:2.7.7.86]
114209443  TMEM173; stimulator of interferon genes protein [KO:K12654]
114203995  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: interferon alpha-1/2-like [KO:K05414]
114212415  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: interferon alpha-like [KO:K05414]
114212437  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: interferon alpha-3-like [KO:K05414]
114212451  interferon alpha-14-like [KO:K05414]
114204306  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: interferon alpha-1/2-like [KO:K05414]
114212404  IFNB1; interferon beta [KO:K05415]
114217975  IFNAR1; interferon alpha/beta receptor 1 [KO:K05130]
114217356  IFNAR2; interferon alpha/beta receptor 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05131]
114223921  STAT1; signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-alpha/beta [KO:K11220]
114214932  STAT2; signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 isoform X1 [KO:K11221]
114217962  IRF9; interferon regulatory factor 9 [KO:K04693]
114198712  ADAR; double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase isoform X1 [KO:K12968] [EC:3.5.4.37]
114219028  OAS3; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 3 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
114219029  OAS2; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 2 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
114219090  OAS1; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
114226390  MX1; interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 [KO:K14754]
114226391  MX2; interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 [KO:K14754]
114219582  EIF2AK2; interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K16195] [EC:2.7.11.1]
114197037  C5AR1; C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1 [KO:K04010]
114222571  C3AR1; C3a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor [KO:K04009]
114226149  C3; complement C3 [KO:K03990]
114222131  CFB; complement factor B isoform X1 [KO:K01335] [EC:3.4.21.47]
114226342  CFD; complement factor D isoform X1 [KO:K01334] [EC:3.4.21.46]
114212820  C5; complement C5 [KO:K03994]
114204832  C6; complement component C6 [KO:K03995]
114204794  C7; complement component C7 isoform X1 [KO:K03996]
114212130  C8A; complement component C8 alpha chain [KO:K03997]
114212140  C8B; complement component C8 beta chain [KO:K03998]
114201774  C8G; complement component C8 gamma chain isoform X1 [KO:K03999]
114204828  C9; complement component C9 [KO:K04000]
114223946  SELP; P-selectin isoform X1 [KO:K06496]
114222568  VWF; von Willebrand factor [KO:K03900]
114199063  C1QC; complement C1q subcomponent subunit C [KO:K03988]
114222545  C1R; complement C1r subcomponent isoform X1 [KO:K01330] [EC:3.4.21.41]
114222555  C1S; complement C1s subcomponent [KO:K01331] [EC:3.4.21.42]
114222260  C2; complement C2 [KO:K01332] [EC:3.4.21.43]
114222096  complement C4-B-like [KO:K03989]
114214069  MBL2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: mannose-binding protein C [KO:K03991]
114207048  MASP1; mannan-binding lectin serine protease 1 [KO:K03992] [EC:3.4.21.-]
114213204  MASP2; mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 isoform X1 [KO:K03993] [EC:3.4.21.104]
114215280  F2; prothrombin isoform X1 [KO:K01313] [EC:3.4.21.5]
114223909  F13A1; coagulation factor XIII A chain [KO:K03917] [EC:2.3.2.13]
114222007  F13B; coagulation factor XIII B chain [KO:K03906]
114210153  FGA; fibrinogen alpha chain [KO:K03903]
114210152  FGB; fibrinogen beta chain isoform X1 [KO:K03904]
114210086  FGG; fibrinogen gamma chain isoform X1 [KO:K03905]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00046  RNA
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00290  Fibrin
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00704  Superoxide
C00873  Angiotensin I
C02135  Angiotensin II
C15850  Angiotensin (1-7)
C20640  Cyclic GMP-AMP
Reference
PMID:33132005
  Authors
Harrison AG, Lin T, Wang P
  Title
Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Pathogenesis.
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Trends Immunol S1471-4906(20)30233-7 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:33077917
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Perico L, Benigni A, Casiraghi F, Ng LFP, Renia L, Remuzzi G
  Title
Immunity, endothelial injury and complement-induced coagulopathy in COVID-19.
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Nat Rev Nephrol 10.1038/s41581-020-00357-4 (2020)
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PMID:32820801
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Battagello DS, Dragunas G, Klein MO, Ayub ALP, Velloso FJ, Correa RG
  Title
Unpuzzling COVID-19: tissue-related signaling pathways associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.
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Clin Sci (Lond) 134:2137-2160 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32353634
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Felsenstein S, Herbert JA, McNamara PS, Hedrich CM
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COVID-19: Immunology and treatment options.
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Clin Immunol 215:108448 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:33014208
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Hojyo S, Uchida M, Tanaka K, Hasebe R, Tanaka Y, Murakami M, Hirano T
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How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality.
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Inflamm Regen 40:37 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32544563
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Mahmudpour M, Roozbeh J, Keshavarz M, Farrokhi S, Nabipour I
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COVID-19 cytokine storm: The anger of inflammation.
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Cytokine 133:155151 (2020)
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PMID:32635353
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  Title
Treatment of Severe COVID-19 with Tocilizumab Mitigates Cytokine Storm and Averts Mechanical Ventilation During Acute Respiratory Distress: A Case Report and Literature Review.
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Trop Med Infect Dis 5:E112 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32376392
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Jamilloux Y, Henry T, Belot A, Viel S, Fauter M, El Jammal T, Walzer T, Francois B, Seve P
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Should we stimulate or suppress immune responses in COVID-19? Cytokine and anti-cytokine interventions.
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Autoimmun Rev 19:102567 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32722596
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Kiselevskiy M, Shubina I, Chikileva I, Sitdikova S, Samoylenko I, Anisimova N, Kirgizov K, Suleimanova A, Gorbunova T, Varfolomeeva S
  Title
Immune Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Intoxication: Storm or Silence?
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Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 13:E166 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ph13080166
Reference
PMID:32922297
  Authors
Curran CS, Rivera DR, Kopp JB
  Title
COVID-19 Usurps Host Regulatory Networks.
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Front Pharmacol 11:1278 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:33055229
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Quan C, Li C, Ma H, Li Y, Zhang H
  Title
Immunopathogenesis of Coronavirus-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Potential Infection-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.
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Clin Microbiol Rev 34:e00074-20 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32973803
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Ahmed-Hassan H, Sisson B, Shukla RK, Wijewantha Y, Funderburg NT, Li Z, Hayes D Jr, Demberg T, Liyanage NPM
  Title
Innate Immune Responses to Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses and Other Significant Respiratory Viral Infections.
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Front Immunol 11:1979 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32346093
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Tay MZ, Poh CM, Renia L, MacAry PA, Ng LFP
  Title
The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention.
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Nat Rev Immunol 20:363-374 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32979938
  Authors
Xia H, Cao Z, Xie X, Zhang X, Chen JY, Wang H, Menachery VD, Rajsbaum R, Shi PY
  Title
Evasion of Type I Interferon by SARS-CoV-2.
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Cell Rep 33:108234 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32661197
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Hartenian E, Nandakumar D, Lari A, Ly M, Tucker JM, Glaunsinger BA
  Title
The molecular virology of coronaviruses.
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J Biol Chem 295:12910-12934 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32978971
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Amor S, Fernandez Blanco L, Baker D
  Title
Innate immunity during SARS-CoV-2: evasion strategies and activation trigger hypoxia and vascular damage.
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Clin Exp Immunol 202:193-209 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32467561
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Catanzaro M, Fagiani F, Racchi M, Corsini E, Govoni S, Lanni C
  Title
Immune response in COVID-19: addressing a pharmacological challenge by targeting pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2.
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Signal Transduct Target Ther 5:84 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32687918
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Jafarzadeh A, Chauhan P, Saha B, Jafarzadeh S, Nemati M
  Title
Contribution of monocytes and macrophages to the local tissue inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19: Lessons from SARS and MERS, and potential therapeutic interventions.
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Life Sci 257:118102 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32376901
  Authors
Merad M, Martin JC
  Title
Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages.
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Nat Rev Immunol 20:355-362 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32246101
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South AM, Tomlinson L, Edmonston D, Hiremath S, Sparks MA
  Title
Controversies of renin-angiotensin system inhibition during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Nat Rev Nephrol 16:305-307 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32433641
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Furuhashi M, Moniwa N, Takizawa H, Ura N, Shimamoto K
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Potential differential effects of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on SARS-CoV-2 infection and lung injury in COVID-19.
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Hypertens Res 43:837-840 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32423094
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Gemmati D, Bramanti B, Serino ML, Secchiero P, Zauli G, Tisato V
  Title
COVID-19 and Individual Genetic Susceptibility/Receptivity: Role of ACE1/ACE2 Genes, Immunity, Inflammation and Coagulation. Might the Double X-chromosome in Females Be Protective against SARS-CoV-2 Compared to the Single X-Chromosome in Males?
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Int J Mol Sci 21:E3474 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:33184193
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Kielian M
  Title
Enhancing host cell infection by SARS-CoV-2.
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Science 370:765-766 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32327719
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Risitano AM, Mastellos DC, Huber-Lang M, Yancopoulou D, Garlanda C, Ciceri F, Lambris JD
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Complement as a target in COVID-19?
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Nat Rev Immunol 20:343-344 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32461141
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Noris M, Benigni A, Remuzzi G
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The case of complement activation in COVID-19 multiorgan impact.
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Kidney Int 98:314-322 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32559343
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Polycarpou A, Howard M, Farrar CA, Greenlaw R, Fanelli G, Wallis R, Klavinskis LS, Sacks S
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Rationale for targeting complement in COVID-19.
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EMBO Mol Med 12:e12642 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32439870
  Authors
Teuwen LA, Geldhof V, Pasut A, Carmeliet P
  Title
COVID-19: the vasculature unleashed.
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Nat Rev Immunol 20:389-391 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32643798
  Authors
Jodele S, Kohl J
  Title
Tackling COVID-19 infection through complement-targeted immunotherapy.
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Br J Pharmacol 178:2832-2848 (2021)
DOI:10.1111/bph.15187
Reference
PMID:32608159
  Authors
Chauhan AJ, Wiffen LJ, Brown TP
  Title
COVID-19: A collision of complement, coagulation and inflammatory pathways.
  Journal
J Thromb Haemost 18:2110-2117 (2020)
DOI:10.1111/jth.14981
Reference
PMID:32558620
  Authors
Colling ME, Kanthi Y
  Title
COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: An exploration of mechanisms.
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Vasc Med 25:471-478 (2020)
DOI:10.1177/1358863X20932640
Reference
PMID:32586214
  Authors
McFadyen JD, Stevens H, Peter K
  Title
The Emerging Threat of (Micro)Thrombosis in COVID-19 and Its Therapeutic Implications.
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Circ Res 127:571-587 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32995777
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Shi M, Wang L, Fontana P, Vora S, Zhang Y, Fu TM, Lieberman J, Wu H
  Title
SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 suppresses host but not viral translation through a bipartite mechanism.
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bioRxiv 2020.09.18.302901 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32693241
  Authors
Paniri A, Akhavan-Niaki H
  Title
Emerging role of IL-6 and NLRP3 inflammasome as potential therapeutic targets to combat COVID-19: Role of lncRNAs in cytokine storm modulation.
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Life Sci 257:118114 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32405269
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Omarjee L, Janin A, Perrot F, Laviolle B, Meilhac O, Mahe G
  Title
Targeting T-cell senescence and cytokine storm with rapamycin to prevent severe progression in COVID-19.
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Clin Immunol 216:108464 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108464
Reference
PMID:32337664
  Authors
Zhang S, Li L, Shen A, Chen Y, Qi Z
  Title
Rational Use of Tocilizumab in the Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia.
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Clin Drug Investig 40:511-518 (2020)
DOI:10.1007/s40261-020-00917-3
Related
pathway
eju03015  mRNA surveillance pathway
eju04144  Endocytosis
eju04270  Vascular smooth muscle contraction
eju04610  Complement and coagulation cascades
eju04611  Platelet activation
eju04613  Neutrophil extracellular trap formation
eju04614  Renin-angiotensin system
eju04620  Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
eju04621  NOD-like receptor signaling pathway
eju04622  RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway
eju04623  Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway
eju04630  JAK-STAT signaling pathway
eju04650  Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
eju04666  Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis
eju04668  TNF signaling pathway
eju04670  Leukocyte transendothelial migration
KO pathway
ko05171   
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