KEGG   PATHWAY: aml05162
Entry
aml05162                    Pathway                                
Name
Measles - Ailuropoda melanoleuca (giant panda)
Description
Measles virus (MV) is highly contagious virus that leads infant death worldwide. Humans are the unique natural reservoir for this virus. MV infection is characterized by virus-induced immune suppression that can lead to increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial and viral infections. The P, V and C proteins act as virulence factors to suppress innate immune response in host by inhibiting signaling for both type I IFN induction and JAK/STAT-mediated interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) induction. Moreover,  H protein expressed on viral particles and binding to SLAM or CD46,  as well as N protein liberated from infected cells and interacting with Fc-gamma R, causes an inhibition of IL-12 synthesis in dendritic cells. IL-12 is a key cytokine inducing cellular immune responses to protect host from the harm caused by pathogenic infections.
Class
Human Diseases; Infectious disease: viral
Pathway map
aml05162  Measles
aml05162

Organism
Ailuropoda melanoleuca (giant panda) [GN:aml]
Gene
105240681  membrane cofactor protein [KO:K04007]
105240680  membrane cofactor protein isoform X1 [KO:K04007]
100476355  MSN; moesin isoform X2 [KO:K05763]
100477432  SLAMF1; signaling lymphocytic activation molecule [KO:K06536]
100468094  CD209; CD209 antigen isoform X1 [KO:K06563]
100469453  DDX58; antiviral innate immune response receptor RIG-I [KO:K12646] [EC:5.6.2.6]
100467176  IFIH1; interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K12647] [EC:5.6.2.6]
100482674  MAVS; mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein isoform X1 [KO:K12648]
100466406  TRAF3; TNF receptor-associated factor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K03174]
100465112  IKBKE; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon [KO:K07211] [EC:2.7.11.10]
100484104  TBK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 isoform X1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
100471184  IRF3; interferon regulatory factor 3 isoform X2 [KO:K05411]
100464675  CHUK; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
100471679  IKBKB; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
100470223  IKBKG; NF-kappa-B essential modulator isoform X1 [KO:K07210]
100466767  NFKBIB; NF-kappa-B inhibitor beta isoform X1 [KO:K02581]
100466997  NFKBIA; NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha [KO:K04734]
100467906  NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K02580]
100480158  RELA; transcription factor p65 isoform X1 [KO:K04735]
100467398  TLR7; toll-like receptor 7 [KO:K05404]
100479307  MYD88; myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 [KO:K04729]
100484977  IRAK1; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 [KO:K04730] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100469127  IRAK4; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 isoform X1 [KO:K04733] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100474086  IRF7; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: interferon regulatory factor 7 [KO:K09447]
100476812  interferon alpha-2 [KO:K05414]
100477312  interferon alpha-1/2 [KO:K05414]
100477562  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: interferon alpha-1/2 [KO:K05414]
100478321  interferon alpha-1/2 [KO:K05414]
100478068  interferon alpha-like [KO:K05414]
100476556  IFNB1; interferon beta [KO:K05415]
100465129  TLR2; toll-like receptor 2 [KO:K10159]
100472815  TLR4; toll-like receptor 4 isoform X1 [KO:K10160]
100483216  TRAF6; TNF receptor-associated factor 6 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
100471788  CSNK2A1; casein kinase II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K03097] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100479210  CSNK2A2; casein kinase II subunit alpha' [KO:K03097] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100469386  CSNK2B; casein kinase II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K03115]
100474270  TNFAIP3; tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 isoform X2 [KO:K11859] [EC:3.4.19.12]
100466506  MAP3K7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 isoform X1 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
100468085  TAB2; TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04404]
100477951  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
100482196  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
100477600  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X2 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
100483834  JUN; transcription factor AP-1 [KO:K04448]
100474867  FOS; proto-oncogene c-Fos [KO:K04379]
100481122  IL1A; interleukin-1 alpha [KO:K04383]
100480874  IL1B; interleukin-1 beta [KO:K04519]
100477151  IL6; interleukin-6 precursor [KO:K05405]
117803984  interleukin-6-like [KO:K05405]
100470471  IL12A; interleukin-12 subunit alpha isoform X2 [KO:K05406]
100477772  IL12B; interleukin-12 subunit beta [KO:K05425]
100481921  IFNAR1; interferon alpha/beta receptor 1 [KO:K05130]
100482679  IFNAR2; interferon alpha/beta receptor 2 [KO:K05131]
100466625  RACK1; receptor of activated protein C kinase 1 [KO:K14753]
117800066  receptor of activated protein C kinase 1-like [KO:K14753]
100473460  JAK1; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK1 isoform X2 [KO:K11217] [EC:2.7.10.2]
100468422  TYK2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2 [KO:K11219] [EC:2.7.10.2]
100474026  STAT1; signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-alpha/beta [KO:K11220]
100472167  STAT2; signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 isoform X1 [KO:K11221]
100475480  IRF9; interferon regulatory factor 9 [KO:K04693]
100469118  OAS1; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 1 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
100468112  OAS2; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 2 isoform X2 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
100469368  OAS3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 3 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
100470274  ADAR; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase [KO:K12968] [EC:3.5.4.37]
100477088  MX1; interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 [KO:K14754]
100477345  MX2; interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 isoform X1 [KO:K14754]
100477599  EIF2AK1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K16194] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100469151  EIF2AK2; interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K16195] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100479743  EIF2AK3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100475038  EIF2AK4; eIF-2-alpha kinase GCN2 isoform X1 [KO:K16196] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100484042  RAB9A; ras-related protein Rab-9A [KO:K07899]
100467180  RAB9B; ras-related protein Rab-9B [KO:K07900]
100468647  HSPA8; heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein [KO:K03283]
100483310  heat shock 70 kDa protein 1-like [KO:K03283]
100483558  heat shock 70 kDa protein 1 [KO:K03283]
100469467  HSPA6; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: heat shock 70 kDa protein 6 [KO:K03283]
117800506  heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein-like isoform X1 [KO:K03283]
100470389  EIF3H; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit H [KO:K03247]
100470706  EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
100467233  RCHY1; RING finger and CHY zinc finger domain-containing protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K10144] [EC:2.3.2.27]
100468516  TP53; cellular tumor antigen p53 [KO:K04451]
100480840  TP73; tumor protein p73 isoform X1 [KO:K10148]
100474559  bcl-2-binding component 3, isoforms 1/2 [KO:K10132]
100468235  FASLG; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 [KO:K04389]
100473767  FAS; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 [KO:K04390]
100483589  TRADD; tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated DEATH domain protein isoform X1 [KO:K03171]
100468003  FADD; FAS-associated death domain protein isoform X1 [KO:K02373]
100472842  CASP8; caspase-8 isoform X1 [KO:K04398] [EC:3.4.22.61]
100465439  BID; BH3-interacting domain death agonist isoform X1 [KO:K04726]
100471095  BAX; apoptosis regulator BAX isoform X1 [KO:K02159]
100472241  BAK1; bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer [KO:K14021]
100484344  BCL2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 [KO:K02161]
100469922  BCL2L1; bcl-2-like protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04570]
100473937  BAD; bcl2-associated agonist of cell death [KO:K02158]
100472074  cytochrome c [KO:K08738]
105241648  cytochrome c-like [KO:K08738]
100464163  APAF1; apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K02084]
100483760  CASP9; caspase-9 [KO:K04399] [EC:3.4.22.62]
100469056  CASP3; caspase-3 isoform X1 [KO:K02187] [EC:3.4.22.56]
100467824  CDKN1B; cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B [KO:K06624]
100469787  CCND1; G1/S-specific cyclin-D1 isoform X1 [KO:K04503]
100471517  CCND2; G1/S-specific cyclin-D2 [KO:K10151]
100479467  CCND3; G1/S-specific cyclin-D3 isoform X4 [KO:K10152]
100471009  CCNE1; G1/S-specific cyclin-E1 [KO:K06626]
100483627  CCNE2; G1/S-specific cyclin-E2 isoform X1 [KO:K06626]
100481236  CDK4; cyclin-dependent kinase 4 [KO:K02089] [EC:2.7.11.22]
100476389  CDK6; cyclin-dependent kinase 6 isoform X2 [KO:K02091] [EC:2.7.11.22]
100468314  CDK2; cyclin-dependent kinase 2 isoform X2 [KO:K02206] [EC:2.7.11.22]
105234922  M1-specific T cell receptor alpha chain isoform X1 [KO:K10784]
100484718  CD3D; T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 delta chain [KO:K06450]
100482462  CD3E; T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 epsilon chain isoform X2 [KO:K06451]
100484468  CD3G; T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 gamma chain isoform X2 [KO:K06452]
100477902  CD28; T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28 [KO:K06470]
100480862  IL2; interleukin-2 precursor [KO:K05429]
100466247  IL2RA; interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha isoform X3 [KO:K05068]
100478292  IL2RB; interleukin-2 receptor subunit beta [KO:K05069]
100468126  IL2RG; cytokine receptor common subunit gamma isoform X2 [KO:K05070]
100475291  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
100483828  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
100467916  PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649]
100463775  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
100479294  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
100479580  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
100473515  CBLB; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CBL-B isoform X1 [KO:K22517] [EC:2.3.2.27]
100468763  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100480414  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100465793  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100479224  GSK3B; glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta isoform X2 [KO:K03083] [EC:2.7.11.26]
100474005  JAK3; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK3 isoform X1 [KO:K11218] [EC:2.7.10.2]
100469938  STAT3; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04692]
100469683  signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A [KO:K11223]
100479246  signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B [KO:K11224]
100479420  low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor II isoform X2 [KO:K12560]
Compound
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:19203113
  Authors
Schneider-Schaulies S, Schneider-Schaulies J
  Title
Measles virus-induced immunosuppression.
  Journal
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 330:243-69 (2009)
DOI:10.1007/978-3-540-70617-5_12
Reference
PMID:19203114
  Authors
Hahm B
  Title
Hostile communication of measles virus with host innate immunity and dendritic cells.
  Journal
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 330:271-87 (2009)
DOI:10.1007/978-3-540-70617-5_13
Reference
PMID:19198566
  Authors
Gerlier D, Valentin H
  Title
Measles virus interaction with host cells and impact on innate immunity.
  Journal
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 329:163-91 (2009)
DOI:10.1007/978-3-540-70523-9_8
Reference
PMID:16690907
  Authors
Schneider-Schaulies S, Dittmer U
  Title
Silencing T cells or T-cell silencing: concepts in virus-induced immunosuppression.
  Journal
J Gen Virol 87:1423-38 (2006)
DOI:10.1099/vir.0.81713-0
Reference
PMID:22049305
  Authors
Avota E, Gassert E, Schneider-Schaulies S
  Title
Cytoskeletal dynamics: concepts in measles virus replication and immunomodulation.
  Journal
Viruses 3:102-17 (2011)
DOI:10.3390/v3020102
Reference
PMID:27854326
  Authors
Jiang Y, Qin Y, Chen M
  Title
Host-Pathogen Interactions in Measles Virus Replication and Anti-Viral Immunity.
  Journal
Viruses 8:E308 (2016)
DOI:10.3390/v8110308
Reference
PMID:18922877
  Authors
Pfaller CK, Conzelmann KK
  Title
Measles virus V protein is a decoy substrate for IkappaB kinase alpha and prevents Toll-like receptor 7/9-mediated interferon induction.
  Journal
J Virol 82:12365-73 (2008)
DOI:10.1128/JVI.01321-08
Reference
PMID:17720800
  Authors
Yokota S, Okabayashi T, Yokosawa N, Fujii N
  Title
Measles virus P protein suppresses Toll-like receptor signal through up-regulation of ubiquitin-modifying enzyme A20.
  Journal
FASEB J 22:74-83 (2008)
DOI:10.1096/fj.07-8976com
Reference
PMID:23146309
  Authors
Delpeut S, Noyce RS, Siu RW, Richardson CD
  Title
Host factors and measles virus replication.
  Journal
Curr Opin Virol 2:773-83 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.coviro.2012.10.008
Reference
PMID:26878224
  Authors
Shah M, Anwar MA, Kim JH, Choi S
  Title
Advances in Antiviral Therapies Targeting Toll-like Receptors.
  Journal
Expert Opin Investig Drugs 25:437-53 (2016)
DOI:10.1517/13543784.2016.1154040
Reference
PMID:12620806
  Authors
Yokota S, Saito H, Kubota T, Yokosawa N, Amano K, Fujii N
  Title
Measles virus suppresses interferon-alpha signaling pathway: suppression of Jak1 phosphorylation and association of viral accessory proteins, C and V, with interferon-alpha receptor complex.
  Journal
Virology 306:135-46 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/S0042-6822(02)00026-0
Reference
PMID:12804771
  Authors
Takeuchi K, Kadota SI, Takeda M, Miyajima N, Nagata K
  Title
Measles virus V protein blocks interferon (IFN)-alpha/beta but not IFN-gamma signaling by inhibiting STAT1 and STAT2 phosphorylation.
  Journal
FEBS Lett 545:177-82 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/S0014-5793(03)00528-3
Reference
PMID:12805463
  Authors
Palosaari H, Parisien JP, Rodriguez JJ, Ulane CM, Horvath CM
  Title
STAT protein interference and suppression of cytokine signal transduction by measles virus V protein.
  Journal
J Virol 77:7635-44 (2003)
DOI:10.1128/JVI.77.13.7635-7644.2003
Reference
PMID:14585342
  Authors
Shaffer JA, Bellini WJ, Rota PA
  Title
The C protein of measles virus inhibits the type I interferon response.
  Journal
Virology 315:389-97 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/S0042-6822(03)00537-3
Reference
PMID:16971451
  Authors
Carsillo T, Traylor Z, Choi C, Niewiesk S, Oglesbee M
  Title
hsp72, a host determinant of measles virus neurovirulence.
  Journal
J Virol 80:11031-9 (2006)
DOI:10.1128/JVI.01438-06
Reference
PMID:15914229
  Authors
Zhang X, Bourhis JM, Longhi S, Carsillo T, Buccellato M, Morin B, Canard B, Oglesbee M
  Title
Hsp72 recognizes a P binding motif in the measles virus N protein C-terminus.
  Journal
Virology 337:162-74 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.virol.2005.03.035
Reference
PMID:29712906
  Authors
Ke Z, Strauss JD, Hampton CM, Brindley MA, Dillard RS, Leon F, Lamb KM, Plemper RK, Wright ER
  Title
Promotion of virus assembly and organization by the measles virus matrix protein.
  Journal
Nat Commun 9:1736 (2018)
DOI:10.1038/s41467-018-04058-2
Reference
PMID:24155404
  Authors
Pfaller CK, Radeke MJ, Cattaneo R, Samuel CE
  Title
Measles virus C protein impairs production of defective copyback double-stranded viral RNA and activation of protein kinase R.
  Journal
J Virol 88:456-68 (2014)
DOI:10.1128/JVI.02572-13
Reference
PMID:17686838
  Authors
Sato H, Masuda M, Kanai M, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Yoneda M, Kai C
  Title
Measles virus N protein inhibits host translation by binding to eIF3-p40.
  Journal
J Virol 81:11569-76 (2007)
DOI:10.1128/JVI.00570-07
Reference
PMID:19895323
  Authors
Sion-Vardy N, Lasarov I, Delgado B, Gopas J, Benharroch D, Ariad S
  Title
Measles virus: evidence for association with lung cancer.
  Journal
Exp Lung Res 35:701-12 (2009)
DOI:10.3109/01902140902853176
Reference
PMID:16140759
  Authors
Chen M, Cortay JC, Logan IR, Sapountzi V, Robson CN, Gerlier D
  Title
Inhibition of ubiquitination and stabilization of human ubiquitin E3 ligase PIRH2 by measles virus phosphoprotein.
  Journal
J Virol 79:11824-36 (2005)
DOI:10.1128/JVI.79.18.11824-11836.2005
Reference
PMID:16699046
  Authors
Cruz CD, Palosaari H, Parisien JP, Devaux P, Cattaneo R, Ouchi T, Horvath CM
  Title
Measles virus V protein inhibits p53 family member p73.
  Journal
J Virol 80:5644-50 (2006)
DOI:10.1128/JVI.02400-05
Reference
PMID:10756053
  Authors
Servet-Delprat C, Vidalain PO, Azocar O, Le Deist F, Fischer A, Rabourdin-Combe C
  Title
Consequences of Fas-mediated human dendritic cell apoptosis induced by measles virus.
  Journal
J Virol 74:4387-93 (2000)
DOI:10.1128/JVI.74.9.4387-4393.2000
Reference
PMID:20601611
  Authors
Kushwah R, Hu J
  Title
Dendritic cell apoptosis: regulation of tolerance versus immunity.
  Journal
J Immunol 185:795-802 (2010)
DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.1000325
Reference
PMID:10590149
  Authors
Vidalain PO, Azocar O, Lamouille B, Astier A, Rabourdin-Combe C, Servet-Delprat C
  Title
Measles virus induces functional TRAIL production by human dendritic cells.
  Journal
J Virol 74:556-9 (2000)
DOI:10.1128/JVI.74.1.556-559.2000
Reference
PMID:11846228
  Authors
Vidalain PO, Azocar O, Rabourdin-Combe C, Servet-Delprat C
  Title
Measle virus-infected dendritic cells develop immunosuppressive and cytotoxic activities.
  Journal
Immunobiology 204:629-38 (2001)
DOI:10.1078/0171-2985-00102
Reference
PMID:10423127
  Authors
Engelking O, Fedorov LM, Lilischkis R, ter Meulen V, Schneider-Schaulies S
  Title
Measles virus-induced immunosuppression in vitro is associated with deregulation of G1 cell cycle control proteins.
  Journal
J Gen Virol 80 ( Pt 7):1599-608 (1999)
DOI:10.1099/0022-1317-80-7-1599
Reference
PMID:30510918
  Authors
Fan Y, Sanyal S, Bruzzone R
  Title
Breaking Bad: How Viruses Subvert the Cell Cycle.
  Journal
Front Cell Infect Microbiol 8:396 (2018)
DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2018.00396
Reference
PMID:20636817
  Authors
Griffin DE
  Title
Measles virus-induced suppression of immune responses.
  Journal
Immunol Rev 236:176-89 (2010)
DOI:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00925.x
Reference
PMID:11385511
  Authors
Avota E, Avots A, Niewiesk S, Kane LP, Bommhardt U, ter Meulen V, Schneider-Schaulies S
  Title
Disruption of Akt kinase activation is important for immunosuppression induced by measles virus.
  Journal
Nat Med 7:725-31 (2001)
DOI:10.1038/89106
Reference
PMID:15308747
  Authors
Avota E, Muller N, Klett M, Schneider-Schaulies S
  Title
Measles virus interacts with and alters signal transduction in T-cell lipid rafts.
  Journal
J Virol 78:9552-9 (2004)
DOI:10.1128/JVI.78.17.9552-9559.2004
Reference
PMID:16963735
  Authors
Yanagi Y, Takeda M, Ohno S
  Title
Measles virus: cellular receptors, tropism and pathogenesis.
  Journal
J Gen Virol 87:2767-79 (2006)
DOI:10.1099/vir.0.82221-0
Reference
PMID:16237742
  Authors
Kerdiles YM, Sellin CI, Druelle J, Horvat B
  Title
Immunosuppression caused by measles virus: role of viral proteins.
  Journal
Rev Med Virol 16:49-63 (2006)
DOI:10.1002/rmv.486
Related
pathway
aml04110  Cell cycle
aml04115  p53 signaling pathway
aml04120  Ubiquitin mediated proteolysis
aml04210  Apoptosis
aml04620  Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
aml04622  RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway
aml04630  JAK-STAT signaling pathway
aml04658  Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation
aml04660  T cell receptor signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko05162   
LinkDB

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