KEGG   PATHWAY: pvp05171
Entry
pvp05171                    Pathway                                
Name
Coronavirus disease - COVID-19 - Pteropus vampyrus (large flying fox)
Description
Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious respiratory infection that is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infects alveolar epithelial cells [mainly alveolar epithelial type 2 (AEC2) cells] through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Upon the occupancy of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2, the increased serum level of free Angiotensin II (Ang II) due to a reduction of ACE2-mediated degradation promotes activation of the NF-kappa B pathway via Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), followed by  interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. SARS-CoV-2 also activates the innate immune system; macrophage stimulation triggers the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, and the "cytokine storm", which results in systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure. The combined effects of complement activation, dysregulated neutrophilia, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability appear to be intertwined to drive the severe features of COVID-19.
Class
Human Diseases; Infectious disease: viral
Pathway map
pvp05171  Coronavirus disease - COVID-19
pvp05171

Disease
H02398  COVID-19
Organism
Pteropus vampyrus (large flying fox) [GN:pvp]
Gene
105288887  RPS24; 40S ribosomal protein S24 isoform X1 [KO:K02974]
105288896  [KO:K03991]
105288933  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
105289140  [KO:K02998]
105289160  RPL5; 60S ribosomal protein L5 [KO:K02932]
105289235  RPL6; 60S ribosomal protein L6 [KO:K02934]
105289237  [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
105289270  RPLP0; 60S acidic ribosomal protein P0 [KO:K02941]
105289309  STAT1; signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-alpha/beta [KO:K11220]
105289326  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 isoform X2 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
105289390  OAS2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 2 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
105289440  TAB2; TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04404]
105289489  RPS12; 40S ribosomal protein S12 [KO:K02951]
105289628  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
105289863  PLCG2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 [KO:K05859] [EC:3.1.4.11]
105289903  IL12B; interleukin-12 subunit beta [KO:K05425]
105290023  F2; prothrombin isoform X2 [KO:K01313] [EC:3.4.21.5]
105290063  TRAF6; TNF receptor-associated factor 6 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
105290197  RPL15; 60S ribosomal protein L15 [KO:K02877]
105290232  [KO:K02889]
105290331  RPL14; 60S ribosomal protein L14 [KO:K02875]
105290338  RPSA; 40S ribosomal protein SA [KO:K02998]
105290437  [KO:K03986]
105290438  C1QC; complement C1q subcomponent subunit C [KO:K03988]
105290439  C1QB; complement C1q subcomponent subunit B [KO:K03987]
105290452  RPL11; 60S ribosomal protein L11 [KO:K02868]
105290662  [KO:K03986]
105290698  [KO:K02937]
105291001  IFIH1; interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K12647] [EC:3.6.4.13]
105291079  RPL37A; 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
105291229  [KO:K02927]
105291256  RPL26; 60S ribosomal protein L26 [KO:K02898]
105291526  TLR2; toll-like receptor 2 [KO:K10159]
105291541  RPS3A; 40S ribosomal protein S3a [KO:K02984]
105291644  [KO:K02894]
105291911  RPL23A; 60S ribosomal protein L23a [KO:K02893]
105291966  [KO:K14624]
105291973  [KO:K02921]
105292105  RPL21; 60S ribosomal protein L21 [KO:K02889]
105292188  FGB; fibrinogen beta chain [KO:K03904]
105292189  FGG; fibrinogen gamma chain isoform X1 [KO:K03905]
105292224  FGA; fibrinogen alpha chain [KO:K03903]
105292339  CXCL8; interleukin-8 [KO:K10030]
105292357  [KO:K12671]
105292536  [KO:K02880]
105292652  TLR4; toll-like receptor 4 [KO:K10160]
105292665  C5; complement C5 [KO:K03994]
105292676  MRRF; ribosome-recycling factor, mitochondrial isoform X6 [KO:K02978]
105292967  EIF2AK2; interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase [KO:K16195] [EC:2.7.11.1]
105293001  RPL34; 60S ribosomal protein L34 [KO:K02915]
105293029  NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K02580]
105293124  MBL2; mannose-binding protein C [KO:K03991]
105293152  IL6; interleukin-6 isoform X2 [KO:K05405]
105293271  [KO:K02908]
105293323  RPL38; 60S ribosomal protein L38 [KO:K02923]
105293539  CSF2; granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [KO:K05427]
105293862  RPL9; 60S ribosomal protein L9 isoform X2 [KO:K02940]
105293980  TLR7; toll-like receptor 7 [KO:K05404]
105293981  TLR8; toll-like receptor 8 [KO:K10170]
105294000  ACE2; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 [KO:K09708] [EC:3.4.17.23]
105294258  RPS27L; 40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
105294301  RSL24D1; probable ribosome biogenesis protein RLP24 isoform X1 [KO:K02896]
105294376  MASP2; mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 [KO:K03993] [EC:3.4.21.104]
105294459  [KO:K02978]
105294656  RPS27A; ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
105294691  TLR3; toll-like receptor 3 [KO:K05401]
105294701  [KO:K02866]
105294730  [KO:K02976]
105294844  RPL12; 60S ribosomal protein L12 isoform X1 [KO:K02870]
105294863  RPL35; 60S ribosomal protein L35 [KO:K02918]
105294948  AGTR1; type-1 angiotensin II receptor [KO:K04166]
105295123  RPL29; 60S ribosomal protein L29 [KO:K02905]
105295232  [KO:K02980]
105295437  ADAM17; disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17 isoform X1 [KO:K06059] [EC:3.4.24.86]
105295596  RPS6; 40S ribosomal protein S6 [KO:K02991]
105295639  MYD88; myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 [KO:K04729]
105295861  IFNAR1; interferon alpha/beta receptor 1 [KO:K05130]
105295924  C3AR1; C3a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor [KO:K04009]
105295936  C1S; complement C1s subcomponent isoform X1 [KO:K01331] [EC:3.4.21.42]
105295937  C1R; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: complement C1r subcomponent [KO:K01330] [EC:3.4.21.41]
105295979  TNFRSF1A; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A [KO:K03158]
105296024  VWF; von Willebrand factor [KO:K03900]
105296385  ADAR; double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase isoform X1 [KO:K12968] [EC:3.5.4.37]
105296389  RPS27; 40S ribosomal protein S27 [KO:K02978]
105296452  IL6R; interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha [KO:K05055]
105296521  PLCG1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11]
105296589  UBA52; ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 [KO:K02927]
105296605  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
105296611  RPL18A; 60S ribosomal protein L18a [KO:K02882]
105296788  F13A1; coagulation factor XIII A chain [KO:K03917] [EC:2.3.2.13]
105296925  F13B; coagulation factor XIII B chain [KO:K03906]
105296982  [KO:K02987]
105297002  MAP3K7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
105297059  [KO:K02978]
105297110  RPS8; 40S ribosomal protein S8 [KO:K02995]
105297140  [KO:K02649]
105297312  C5AR1; C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1 [KO:K04010]
105297437  [KO:K01388] [EC:3.4.24.7]
105297444  CASP1; caspase-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01370] [EC:3.4.22.36]
105297467  [KO:K01394] [EC:3.4.24.17]
105297485  IRAK4; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 isoform X1 [KO:K04733] [EC:2.7.11.1]
105297654  RPS3; 40S ribosomal protein S3 [KO:K02985]
105297676  RPL22; 60S ribosomal protein L22 [KO:K02891]
105297702  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type isoform X1 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
105297764  [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
105297765  [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
105297880  [KO:K02983]
105297881  [KO:K02983]
105297999  RELA; transcription factor p65 [KO:K04735]
105298077  RPL3; 60S ribosomal protein L3 [KO:K02925]
105298360  JAK1; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK1 isoform X1 [KO:K11217] [EC:2.7.10.2]
105298437  [KO:K05414]
105298539  MAVS; mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein [KO:K12648]
105298571  C8G; complement component C8 gamma chain isoform X3 [KO:K03999]
105298587  RPL7A; 60S ribosomal protein L7a [KO:K02936]
105298945  C8A; complement component C8 alpha chain [KO:K03997]
105298995  C8B; complement component C8 beta chain [KO:K03998]
105299016  RPL32; 60S ribosomal protein L32 isoform X1 [KO:K02912]
105299092  C6; complement component C6 [KO:K03995]
105299095  RPL37; 60S ribosomal protein L37 [KO:K02922]
105299106  C7; complement component C7 [KO:K03996]
105299108  [KO:K02877]
105299112  C9; complement component C9 [KO:K04000]
105299213  FOS; proto-oncogene c-Fos [KO:K04379]
105299274  TRAF3; TNF receptor-associated factor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K03174]
105299304  RPL26L1; 60S ribosomal protein L26-like 1 [KO:K02898]
105299364  IL6ST; interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K05060]
105299371  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X3 [KO:K02649]
105299446  RPS14; 40S ribosomal protein S14 [KO:K02955]
105299516  [KO:K02978]
105299832  SELP; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: P-selectin [KO:K06496]
105299867  [KO:K02921]
105299903  RPL13; 60S ribosomal protein L13 isoform X1 [KO:K02873]
105299978  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
105300167  RPS16; 40S ribosomal protein S16 [KO:K02960]
105300180  NFKBIB; NF-kappa-B inhibitor beta [KO:K02581]
105300248  SYK; tyrosine-protein kinase SYK isoform X1 [KO:K05855] [EC:2.7.10.2]
105300585  TMPRSS2; transmembrane protease serine 2 [KO:K09633] [EC:3.4.21.122]
105300586  MX1; interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 [KO:K14754]
105300587  MX2; interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 [KO:K14754]
105300607  RPL30; 60S ribosomal protein L30 [KO:K02908]
105300734  IKBKE; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon [KO:K07211] [EC:2.7.11.10]
105300982  RPS18; 40S ribosomal protein S18 isoform X1 [KO:K02964]
105301011  RPS10; 40S ribosomal protein S10 [KO:K02947]
105301022  IKBKB; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
105301027  RPL10A; 60S ribosomal protein L10a [KO:K02865]
105301035  MAPK14; mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
105301036  MAPK13; mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
105301067  RPL36; 60S ribosomal protein L36 [KO:K02920]
105301109  C3; complement C3 [KO:K03990]
105301118  TBK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 isoform X1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
105301255  IFNAR2; interferon alpha/beta receptor 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05131]
105301412  RPS21; 40S ribosomal protein S21 [KO:K02971]
105301653  RPS7; 40S ribosomal protein S7 [KO:K02993]
105301733  IRF3; interferon regulatory factor 3 [KO:K05411]
105301740  RPL13A; 60S ribosomal protein L13a [KO:K02872]
105301741  RPS11; 40S ribosomal protein S11 [KO:K02949]
105301768  RPL18; 60S ribosomal protein L18 [KO:K02883]
105301941  RPL8; 60S ribosomal protein L8 [KO:K02938]
105302208  IL2; interleukin-2 [KO:K05429]
105302495  RPL10; 60S ribosomal protein L10 [KO:K02866]
105302526  IRAK1; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04730] [EC:2.7.11.1]
105302532  IKBKG; NF-kappa-B essential modulator [KO:K07210]
105302576  STAT2; signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 isoform X2 [KO:K11221]
105302595  RPS26; 40S ribosomal protein S26 [KO:K02976]
105302781  [KO:K02978]
105302796  RPL36AL; 60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
105302820  [KO:K02866]
105302866  RPS17; 40S ribosomal protein S17 [KO:K02962]
105302914  [KO:K02930]
105303009  NRP1; neuropilin-1 isoform X1 [KO:K06724]
105303182  NFKBIA; NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha [KO:K04734]
105303323  RPL3L; 60S ribosomal protein L3-like [KO:K02925]
105303326  RPS2; 40S ribosomal protein S2 [KO:K02981]
105303362  RPS29; 40S ribosomal protein S29 [KO:K02980]
105303436  JUN; transcription factor AP-1 [KO:K04448]
105303477  [KO:K02987]
105303728  RPS15A; 40S ribosomal protein S15a [KO:K02957]
105303855  RPS23; 40S ribosomal protein S23 [KO:K02973]
105303982  IL1B; interleukin-1 beta [KO:K04519]
105304225  RPS13; 40S ribosomal protein S13 [KO:K02953]
105304566  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
105304619  CHUK; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
105304907  RPL28; 60S ribosomal protein L28 [KO:K02903]
105305132  RPL27A; 60S ribosomal protein L27a [KO:K02900]
105305288  C4A; complement C4-A [KO:K03989]
105305289  CFB; complement factor B [KO:K01335] [EC:3.4.21.47]
105305295  C2; complement C2 [KO:K01332] [EC:3.4.21.43]
105305325  TNF; tumor necrosis factor [KO:K03156]
105305337  [KO:K02927]
105305556  RPL39; 60S ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
105305596  TYK2; non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2 isoform X1 [KO:K11219] [EC:2.7.10.2]
105305659  RPL22L1; 60S ribosomal protein L22-like 1 isoform X1 [KO:K02891]
105305671  MAS1; proto-oncogene Mas [KO:K04303]
105305876  IL12A; interleukin-12 subunit alpha [KO:K05406]
105305944  RPLP2; 60S acidic ribosomal protein P2 isoform X1 [KO:K02943]
105306113  CGAS; cyclic GMP-AMP synthase isoform X1 [KO:K17834] [EC:2.7.7.86]
105306141  [KO:K04361] [EC:2.7.10.1]
105306260  RPL27; 60S ribosomal protein L27 [KO:K02901]
105306294  STAT3; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04692]
105306475  DDX58; probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX58 [KO:K12646] [EC:3.6.4.13]
105306678  MASP1; mannan-binding lectin serine protease 1 isoform X1 [KO:K03992] [EC:3.4.21.-]
105306948  [KO:K02987]
105306956  TMEM173; stimulator of interferon genes protein [KO:K12654]
105306966  HBEGF; proheparin-binding EGF-like growth factor isoform X1 [KO:K08523]
105307215  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
105307340  RPS19; 40S ribosomal protein S19 [KO:K02966]
105307502  [KO:K02908]
105307511  CSF3; granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [KO:K05423]
105307575  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
105307685  [KO:K02987]
105307711  RPS28; 40S ribosomal protein S28 [KO:K02979]
105307755  RPS4X; 40S ribosomal protein S4, X isoform [KO:K02987]
105308024  RPL31; 60S ribosomal protein L31 [KO:K02910]
105308074  [KO:K02929]
105308283  [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
105308362  RPL19; 60S ribosomal protein L19 [KO:K02885]
105308368  RPL23; 60S ribosomal protein L23 [KO:K02894]
105308561  [KO:K21421] [EC:1.-.-.-]
105308628  RPS5; 40S ribosomal protein S5 [KO:K02989]
105308818  [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
105308854  RPS25; 40S ribosomal protein S25 [KO:K02975]
105308952  [KO:K02900]
105308956  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X2 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
105309141  IFNB1; interferon beta [KO:K05415]
105309143  [KO:K05414]
105309144  [KO:K05414]
105309148  [KO:K05414]
105309180  RPL35A; 60S ribosomal protein L35a [KO:K02917]
105309343  NLRP3; NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 [KO:K12800]
105309384  IRF9; interferon regulatory factor 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04693]
105309462  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
105309474  RPS9; 40S ribosomal protein S9 [KO:K02997]
105309577  RPLP1; 60S acidic ribosomal protein P1 isoform X1 [KO:K02942]
105309816  RPL4; 60S ribosomal protein L4 [KO:K02930]
105309830  ISG15; ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 [KO:K12159]
105310459  [KO:K02971]
105310533  [KO:K02932]
105310642  [KO:K04730] [EC:2.7.11.1]
105310664  RPL24; 60S ribosomal protein L24 [KO:K02896]
105310677  [KO:K02937]
105310775  [KO:K02924]
105311056  [KO:K02958]
105311081  [KO:K02969]
111734021  [KO:K02889]
111736160  [KO:K02978]
111745753  [KO:K02978]
111746536  [KO:K02893]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00046  RNA
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00290  Fibrin
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00704  Superoxide
C00873  Angiotensin I
C02135  Angiotensin II
C15850  Angiotensin (1-7)
C20640  Cyclic GMP-AMP
Reference
PMID:33132005
  Authors
Harrison AG, Lin T, Wang P
  Title
Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Pathogenesis.
  Journal
Trends Immunol S1471-4906(20)30233-7 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2020.10.004
Reference
PMID:33077917
  Authors
Perico L, Benigni A, Casiraghi F, Ng LFP, Renia L, Remuzzi G
  Title
Immunity, endothelial injury and complement-induced coagulopathy in COVID-19.
  Journal
Nat Rev Nephrol 17:46-64 (2021)
DOI:10.1038/s41581-020-00357-4
Reference
PMID:32820801
  Authors
Battagello DS, Dragunas G, Klein MO, Ayub ALP, Velloso FJ, Correa RG
  Title
Unpuzzling COVID-19: tissue-related signaling pathways associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.
  Journal
Clin Sci (Lond) 134:2137-2160 (2020)
DOI:10.1042/CS20200904
Reference
PMID:32353634
  Authors
Felsenstein S, Herbert JA, McNamara PS, Hedrich CM
  Title
COVID-19: Immunology and treatment options.
  Journal
Clin Immunol 215:108448 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108448
Reference
PMID:33014208
  Authors
Hojyo S, Uchida M, Tanaka K, Hasebe R, Tanaka Y, Murakami M, Hirano T
  Title
How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality.
  Journal
Inflamm Regen 40:37 (2020)
DOI:10.1186/s41232-020-00146-3
Reference
PMID:32544563
  Authors
Mahmudpour M, Roozbeh J, Keshavarz M, Farrokhi S, Nabipour I
  Title
COVID-19 cytokine storm: The anger of inflammation.
  Journal
Cytokine 133:155151 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155151
Reference
PMID:32635353
  Authors
Farooqi F, Dhawan N, Morgan R, Dinh J, Nedd K, Yatzkan G
  Title
Treatment of Severe COVID-19 with Tocilizumab Mitigates Cytokine Storm and Averts Mechanical Ventilation During Acute Respiratory Distress: A Case Report and Literature Review.
  Journal
Trop Med Infect Dis 5:E112 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/tropicalmed5030112
Reference
PMID:32376392
  Authors
Jamilloux Y, Henry T, Belot A, Viel S, Fauter M, El Jammal T, Walzer T, Francois B, Seve P
  Title
Should we stimulate or suppress immune responses in COVID-19? Cytokine and anti-cytokine interventions.
  Journal
Autoimmun Rev 19:102567 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102567
Reference
PMID:32722596
  Authors
Kiselevskiy M, Shubina I, Chikileva I, Sitdikova S, Samoylenko I, Anisimova N, Kirgizov K, Suleimanova A, Gorbunova T, Varfolomeeva S
  Title
Immune Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Intoxication: Storm or Silence?
  Journal
Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 13:166 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ph13080166
Reference
PMID:32922297
  Authors
Curran CS, Rivera DR, Kopp JB
  Title
COVID-19 Usurps Host Regulatory Networks.
  Journal
Front Pharmacol 11:1278 (2020)
DOI:10.3389/fphar.2020.01278
Reference
PMID:33055229
  Authors
Quan C, Li C, Ma H, Li Y, Zhang H
  Title
Immunopathogenesis of Coronavirus-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Potential Infection-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.
  Journal
Clin Microbiol Rev 34:e00074-20 (2020)
DOI:10.1128/CMR.00074-20
Reference
PMID:32973803
  Authors
Ahmed-Hassan H, Sisson B, Shukla RK, Wijewantha Y, Funderburg NT, Li Z, Hayes D Jr, Demberg T, Liyanage NPM
  Title
Innate Immune Responses to Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses and Other Significant Respiratory Viral Infections.
  Journal
Front Immunol 11:1979 (2020)
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01979
Reference
PMID:32346093
  Authors
Tay MZ, Poh CM, Renia L, MacAry PA, Ng LFP
  Title
The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:363-374 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8
Reference
PMID:32979938
  Authors
Xia H, Cao Z, Xie X, Zhang X, Chen JY, Wang H, Menachery VD, Rajsbaum R, Shi PY
  Title
Evasion of Type I Interferon by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Cell Rep 33:108234 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108234
Reference
PMID:32661197
  Authors
Hartenian E, Nandakumar D, Lari A, Ly M, Tucker JM, Glaunsinger BA
  Title
The molecular virology of coronaviruses.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 295:12910-12934 (2020)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.REV120.013930
Reference
PMID:32978971
  Authors
Amor S, Fernandez Blanco L, Baker D
  Title
Innate immunity during SARS-CoV-2: evasion strategies and activation trigger hypoxia and vascular damage.
  Journal
Clin Exp Immunol 202:193-209 (2020)
DOI:10.1111/cei.13523
Reference
PMID:32467561
  Authors
Catanzaro M, Fagiani F, Racchi M, Corsini E, Govoni S, Lanni C
  Title
Immune response in COVID-19: addressing a pharmacological challenge by targeting pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Signal Transduct Target Ther 5:84 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41392-020-0191-1
Reference
PMID:32687918
  Authors
Jafarzadeh A, Chauhan P, Saha B, Jafarzadeh S, Nemati M
  Title
Contribution of monocytes and macrophages to the local tissue inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19: Lessons from SARS and MERS, and potential therapeutic interventions.
  Journal
Life Sci 257:118102 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118102
Reference
PMID:32376901
  Authors
Merad M, Martin JC
  Title
Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:355-362 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0331-4
Reference
PMID:32246101
  Authors
South AM, Tomlinson L, Edmonston D, Hiremath S, Sparks MA
  Title
Controversies of renin-angiotensin system inhibition during the COVID-19 pandemic.
  Journal
Nat Rev Nephrol 16:305-307 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41581-020-0279-4
Reference
PMID:32433641
  Authors
Furuhashi M, Moniwa N, Takizawa H, Ura N, Shimamoto K
  Title
Potential differential effects of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on SARS-CoV-2 infection and lung injury in COVID-19.
  Journal
Hypertens Res 43:837-840 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41440-020-0478-1
Reference
PMID:32423094
  Authors
Gemmati D, Bramanti B, Serino ML, Secchiero P, Zauli G, Tisato V
  Title
COVID-19 and Individual Genetic Susceptibility/Receptivity: Role of ACE1/ACE2 Genes, Immunity, Inflammation and Coagulation. Might the Double X-chromosome in Females Be Protective against SARS-CoV-2 Compared to the Single X-Chromosome in Males?
  Journal
Int J Mol Sci 21:E3474 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ijms21103474
Reference
PMID:33184193
  Authors
Kielian M
  Title
Enhancing host cell infection by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Science 370:765-766 (2020)
DOI:10.1126/science.abf0732
Reference
PMID:32327719
  Authors
Risitano AM, Mastellos DC, Huber-Lang M, Yancopoulou D, Garlanda C, Ciceri F, Lambris JD
  Title
Complement as a target in COVID-19?
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:343-344 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0320-7
Reference
PMID:32461141
  Authors
Noris M, Benigni A, Remuzzi G
  Title
The case of complement activation in COVID-19 multiorgan impact.
  Journal
Kidney Int 98:314-322 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.013
Reference
PMID:32559343
  Authors
Polycarpou A, Howard M, Farrar CA, Greenlaw R, Fanelli G, Wallis R, Klavinskis LS, Sacks S
  Title
Rationale for targeting complement in COVID-19.
  Journal
EMBO Mol Med 12:e12642 (2020)
DOI:10.15252/emmm.202012642
Reference
PMID:32439870
  Authors
Teuwen LA, Geldhof V, Pasut A, Carmeliet P
  Title
COVID-19: the vasculature unleashed.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:389-391 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0343-0
Reference
PMID:32643798
  Authors
Jodele S, Kohl J
  Title
Tackling COVID-19 infection through complement-targeted immunotherapy.
  Journal
Br J Pharmacol 178:2832-2848 (2021)
DOI:10.1111/bph.15187
Reference
PMID:32608159
  Authors
Chauhan AJ, Wiffen LJ, Brown TP
  Title
COVID-19: A collision of complement, coagulation and inflammatory pathways.
  Journal
J Thromb Haemost 18:2110-2117 (2020)
DOI:10.1111/jth.14981
Reference
PMID:32558620
  Authors
Colling ME, Kanthi Y
  Title
COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: An exploration of mechanisms.
  Journal
Vasc Med 25:471-478 (2020)
DOI:10.1177/1358863X20932640
Reference
PMID:32586214
  Authors
McFadyen JD, Stevens H, Peter K
  Title
The Emerging Threat of (Micro)Thrombosis in COVID-19 and Its Therapeutic Implications.
  Journal
Circ Res 127:571-587 (2020)
DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317447
Reference
PMID:32995777
  Authors
Shi M, Wang L, Fontana P, Vora S, Zhang Y, Fu TM, Lieberman J, Wu H
  Title
SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 suppresses host but not viral translation through a bipartite mechanism.
  Journal
bioRxiv 2020.09.18.302901 (2020)
DOI:10.1101/2020.09.18.302901
Reference
PMID:32693241
  Authors
Paniri A, Akhavan-Niaki H
  Title
Emerging role of IL-6 and NLRP3 inflammasome as potential therapeutic targets to combat COVID-19: Role of lncRNAs in cytokine storm modulation.
  Journal
Life Sci 257:118114 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118114
Reference
PMID:32405269
  Authors
Omarjee L, Janin A, Perrot F, Laviolle B, Meilhac O, Mahe G
  Title
Targeting T-cell senescence and cytokine storm with rapamycin to prevent severe progression in COVID-19.
  Journal
Clin Immunol 216:108464 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108464
Reference
PMID:32337664
  Authors
Zhang S, Li L, Shen A, Chen Y, Qi Z
  Title
Rational Use of Tocilizumab in the Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia.
  Journal
Clin Drug Investig 40:511-518 (2020)
DOI:10.1007/s40261-020-00917-3
Related
pathway
pvp03015  mRNA surveillance pathway
pvp04144  Endocytosis
pvp04270  Vascular smooth muscle contraction
pvp04610  Complement and coagulation cascades
pvp04611  Platelet activation
pvp04613  Neutrophil extracellular trap formation
pvp04614  Renin-angiotensin system
pvp04620  Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
pvp04621  NOD-like receptor signaling pathway
pvp04622  RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway
pvp04623  Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway
pvp04630  JAK-STAT signaling pathway
pvp04650  Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
pvp04666  Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis
pvp04668  TNF signaling pathway
pvp04670  Leukocyte transendothelial migration
KO pathway
ko05171   

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