KEGG   PATHWAY: hsa05225
Entry
hsa05225                    Pathway                                
Name
Hepatocellular carcinoma - Homo sapiens (human)
Description
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major type of primary liver cancer and one of the rare human neoplasms etiologically linked to viral factors. It has been shown that, after HBV/HCV infection and alcohol or aflatoxin B1 exposure, genetic and epigenetic changes occur. The recurrent mutated genes were found to be highly enriched in multiple key driver signaling processes, including telomere maintenance, TP53, cell cycle regulation, the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway (CTNNB1 and AXIN1), the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Recent studies using whole-exome sequencing have revealed recurrent mutations in new driver genes involved in the chromatin remodelling (ARID1A and ARID2) and the oxidative stress (NFE2L2) pathways.
Class
Human Diseases; Cancer: specific types
Pathway map
hsa05225  Hepatocellular carcinoma
hsa05225

Network
nt06210  ERK signaling (cancer)
nt06214  PI3K signaling (cancer)
nt06215  WNT signaling (cancer)
nt06218  TGFB signaling (cancer)
nt06220  Calcium signaling (cancer)
nt06226  KEAP1-NRF2 signaling (cancer)
nt06230  Cell cycle (cancer)
nt06232  Telomerase activity (cancer)
nt06240  Transcription (cancer)
nt06260  Colorectal cancer
nt06261  Gastric cancer
nt06262  Pancreatic cancer
nt06263  Hepatocellular carcinoma
nt06264  Renal cell carcinoma
nt06265  Bladder cancer
nt06266  Non-small cell lung cancer
nt06267  Small cell lung cancer
nt06268  Melanoma
nt06269  Basal cell carcinoma
nt06270  Breast cancer
nt06271  Endometrial cancer
nt06272  Prostate cancer
nt06273  Glioma
nt06274  Thyroid cancer
nt06276  Chronic myeloid leukemia
  Element
N00005  Mutation-activated MET to RAS-ERK signaling pathway
N00044  Mutation-activated MET to PI3K signaling pathway
N00049  Mutation-activated PI3K to PI3K signaling pathway
N00052  Mutation-inactivated PTEN to PI3K signaling pathway
N00058  Mutation-activated CTNNB1 to Wnt signaling pathway
N00059  FZD7-overexpression to Wnt signaling pathway
N00071  Deleted p16(INK4a) to p16-cell cycle G1/S
N00074  Loss of RB1 to cell cycle G1/S
N00115  Mutation-inactivated TP53 to transcription
N00228  TGFA-overexpression to PLCG-PKC signaling pathway
N00230  TGFA-overexpression to RAS-ERK signaling pathway
N00232  TGFA-overexpression to PI3K signaling pathway
N00235  IGF2-overexpression to RAS-ERK signaling pathway
N00236  IGF2-overexpression to PI3K signaling pathway
N00237  IGF1R-overexpression to RAS-ERK signaling pathway
N00238  IGF1R-overexpression to PI3K signaling pathway
N00240  TERT-overexpression to telomerase activity
N00241  TGFBR2-reduced expression to TGF-beta signaling pathway
N00242  Mutation-inactivated AXIN to Wnt signaling pathway
N00244  Mutation-inactivated KEAP1 to KEAP1-NRF2 signaling pathway
N00245  Mutation-activated NRF2 to KEAP1-NRF2 signaling pathway
N00246  HGF-overexpression to RAS-ERK signaling pathway
N00247  HGF-overexpression to PI3K signaling pathway
N00248  MET-overexpression to RAS-ERK signaling pathway
N00249  MET-overexpression to PI3K signaling pathway
Disease
H00048  Hepatocellular carcinoma; Liver cancer
Drug
D06272  Sorafenib tosylate (USAN)
D08524  Sorafenib (USAN/INN)
D10137  Regorafenib hydrate (JAN)
D10138  Regorafenib (USAN/INN)
Organism
Homo sapiens (human) [GN:hsa]
Gene
10000  AKT3; AKT serine/threonine kinase 3 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
10023  FRAT1; FRAT regulator of WNT signaling pathway 1 [KO:K03069]
1019  CDK4; cyclin dependent kinase 4 [KO:K02089] [EC:2.7.11.22]
1021  CDK6; cyclin dependent kinase 6 [KO:K02091] [EC:2.7.11.22]
1026  CDKN1A; cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A [KO:K06625]
1029  CDKN2A; cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A [KO:K06621]
10297  APC2; APC regulator of WNT signaling pathway 2 [KO:K02085]
10587  TXNRD2; thioredoxin reductase 2 [KO:K22182] [EC:1.8.1.9]
10912  GADD45G; growth arrest and DNA damage inducible gamma [KO:K04402]
110117499  P3R3URF-PIK3R3; P3R3URF-PIK3R3 readthrough [KO:K02649]
11211  FZD10; frizzled class receptor 10 [KO:K02842]
114112  TXNRD3; thioredoxin reductase 3 [KO:K22182] [EC:1.8.1.9]
119391  GSTO2; glutathione S-transferase omega 2 [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
122011  CSNK1A1L; casein kinase 1 alpha 1 like [KO:K08957] [EC:2.7.11.1]
1452  CSNK1A1; casein kinase 1 alpha 1 [KO:K08957] [EC:2.7.11.1]
1499  CTNNB1; catenin beta 1 [KO:K02105]
1643  DDB2; damage specific DNA binding protein 2 [KO:K10140]
1647  GADD45A; growth arrest and DNA damage inducible alpha [KO:K04402]
1728  NQO1; NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 [KO:K00355] [EC:1.6.5.2]
1855  DVL1; dishevelled segment polarity protein 1 [KO:K02353]
1856  DVL2; dishevelled segment polarity protein 2 [KO:K02353]
1857  DVL3; dishevelled segment polarity protein 3 [KO:K02353]
1869  E2F1; E2F transcription factor 1 [KO:K17454]
1870  E2F2; E2F transcription factor 2 [KO:K09389]
1871  E2F3; E2F transcription factor 3 [KO:K06620]
1956  EGFR; epidermal growth factor receptor [KO:K04361] [EC:2.7.10.1]
196528  ARID2; AT-rich interaction domain 2 [KO:K11765]
2002  ELK1; ETS transcription factor ELK1 [KO:K04375]
207  AKT1; AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
208  AKT2; AKT serine/threonine kinase 2 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
221357  GSTA5; glutathione S-transferase alpha 5 [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
23401  FRAT2; FRAT regulator of WNT signaling pathway 2 [KO:K03096]
2475  MTOR; mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase [KO:K07203] [EC:2.7.11.1]
2535  FZD2; frizzled class receptor 2 [KO:K02235]
2549  GAB1; GRB2 associated binding protein 1 [KO:K09593]
25759  SHC2; SHC adaptor protein 2 [KO:K17447]
25774  GSTT4; glutathione S-transferase theta 4 [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
2885  GRB2; growth factor receptor bound protein 2 [KO:K04364]
29117  BRD7; bromodomain containing 7 [KO:K11723]
2932  GSK3B; glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta [KO:K03083] [EC:2.7.11.26]
2938  GSTA1; glutathione S-transferase alpha 1 [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
2939  GSTA2; glutathione S-transferase alpha 2 [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
2940  GSTA3; glutathione S-transferase alpha 3 [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
2941  GSTA4; glutathione S-transferase alpha 4 [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
2944  GSTM1; glutathione S-transferase mu 1 [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
2946  GSTM2; glutathione S-transferase mu 2 [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
2947  GSTM3; glutathione S-transferase mu 3 [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
2948  GSTM4; glutathione S-transferase mu 4 [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
2949  GSTM5; glutathione S-transferase mu 5 [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
2950  GSTP1; glutathione S-transferase pi 1 [KO:K23790]
2952  GSTT1; glutathione S-transferase theta 1 [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
2953  GSTT2; glutathione S-transferase theta 2 (gene/pseudogene) [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
3082  HGF; hepatocyte growth factor [KO:K05460]
3162  HMOX1; heme oxygenase 1 [KO:K00510] [EC:1.14.14.18]
324  APC; APC regulator of WNT signaling pathway [KO:K02085]
3265  HRAS; HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase [KO:K02833]
3480  IGF1R; insulin like growth factor 1 receptor [KO:K05087] [EC:2.7.10.1]
3481  IGF2; insulin like growth factor 2 [KO:K13769]
369  ARAF; A-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase [KO:K08845] [EC:2.7.11.1]
3845  KRAS; KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase [KO:K07827]
399694  SHC4; SHC adaptor protein 4 [KO:K17449]
4040  LRP6; LDL receptor related protein 6 [KO:K03068]
4041  LRP5; LDL receptor related protein 5 [KO:K03068]
4087  SMAD2; SMAD family member 2 [KO:K04500]
4088  SMAD3; SMAD family member 3 [KO:K23605]
4089  SMAD4; SMAD family member 4 [KO:K04501]
4233  MET; MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase [KO:K05099] [EC:2.7.10.1]
4257  MGST1; microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
4258  MGST2; microsomal glutathione S-transferase 2 [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
4259  MGST3; microsomal glutathione S-transferase 3 [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
4609  MYC; MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor [KO:K04377]
4616  GADD45B; growth arrest and DNA damage inducible beta [KO:K04402]
4780  NFE2L2; NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2 [KO:K05638]
4893  NRAS; NRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase [KO:K07828]
51176  LEF1; lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1 [KO:K04492]
51384  WNT16; Wnt family member 16 [KO:K01558]
51412  ACTL6B; actin like 6B [KO:K11652]
51426  POLK; DNA polymerase kappa [KO:K03511] [EC:2.7.7.7]
5290  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
5291  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
5293  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
5295  PIK3R1; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 [KO:K02649]
5296  PIK3R2; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 2 [KO:K02649]
5335  PLCG1; phospholipase C gamma 1 [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11]
53358  SHC3; SHC adaptor protein 3 [KO:K17448]
5336  PLCG2; phospholipase C gamma 2 [KO:K05859] [EC:3.1.4.11]
54361  WNT4; Wnt family member 4 [KO:K00408]
55193  PBRM1; polybromo 1 [KO:K11757]
55274  PHF10; PHD finger protein 10 [KO:K22197]
5578  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
5579  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
5582  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
5594  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5595  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5604  MAP2K1; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
5605  MAP2K2; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
572  BAD; BCL2 associated agonist of cell death [KO:K02158]
5728  PTEN; phosphatase and tensin homolog [KO:K01110] [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48 3.1.3.67]
57492  ARID1B; AT-rich interaction domain 1B [KO:K11653]
578  BAK1; BCL2 antagonist/killer 1 [KO:K14021]
581  BAX; BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator [KO:K02159]
5894  RAF1; Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
5925  RB1; RB transcriptional corepressor 1 [KO:K06618]
595  CCND1; cyclin D1 [KO:K04503]
598  BCL2L1; BCL2 like 1 [KO:K04570]
60  ACTB; actin beta [KO:K05692]
6198  RPS6KB1; ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
6199  RPS6KB2; ribosomal protein S6 kinase B2 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
6464  SHC1; SHC adaptor protein 1 [KO:K06279]
653689  GSTT2B; glutathione S-transferase theta 2B [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
6595  SMARCA2; SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a, member 2 [KO:K11647] [EC:5.6.2.-]
6597  SMARCA4; SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a, member 4 [KO:K11647] [EC:5.6.2.-]
6598  SMARCB1; SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily b, member 1 [KO:K11648]
6599  SMARCC1; SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily c member 1 [KO:K11649]
6601  SMARCC2; SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily c member 2 [KO:K11649]
6602  SMARCD1; SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily d, member 1 [KO:K11650]
6603  SMARCD2; SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily d, member 2 [KO:K11650]
6604  SMARCD3; SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily d, member 3 [KO:K11650]
6605  SMARCE1; SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily e, member 1 [KO:K11651]
6654  SOS1; SOS Ras/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 [KO:K03099]
6655  SOS2; SOS Ras/Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2 [KO:K03099]
673  BRAF; B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase [KO:K04365] [EC:2.7.11.1]
6932  TCF7; transcription factor 7 [KO:K02620]
6934  TCF7L2; transcription factor 7 like 2 [KO:K04491]
7012  TERC; telomerase RNA component [KO:K22183]
7015  TERT; telomerase reverse transcriptase [KO:K11126] [EC:2.7.7.49]
7039  TGFA; transforming growth factor alpha [KO:K08774]
7040  TGFB1; transforming growth factor beta 1 [KO:K13375]
7042  TGFB2; transforming growth factor beta 2 [KO:K13376]
7043  TGFB3; transforming growth factor beta 3 [KO:K13377]
7046  TGFBR1; transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 [KO:K04674] [EC:2.7.11.30]
7048  TGFBR2; transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 [KO:K04388] [EC:2.7.11.30]
71  ACTG1; actin gamma 1 [KO:K05692]
7157  TP53; tumor protein p53 [KO:K04451]
7296  TXNRD1; thioredoxin reductase 1 [KO:K22182] [EC:1.8.1.9]
7471  WNT1; Wnt family member 1 [KO:K03209]
7472  WNT2; Wnt family member 2 [KO:K00182]
7473  WNT3; Wnt family member 3 [KO:K00312]
7474  WNT5A; Wnt family member 5A [KO:K00444]
7475  WNT6; Wnt family member 6 [KO:K00445]
7476  WNT7A; Wnt family member 7A [KO:K00572]
7477  WNT7B; Wnt family member 7B [KO:K00572]
7478  WNT8A; Wnt family member 8A [KO:K00714]
7479  WNT8B; Wnt family member 8B [KO:K00714]
7480  WNT10B; Wnt family member 10B [KO:K01357]
7481  WNT11; Wnt family member 11 [KO:K01384]
7482  WNT2B; Wnt family member 2B [KO:K00182]
7483  WNT9A; Wnt family member 9A [KO:K01064]
7484  WNT9B; Wnt family member 9B [KO:K01064]
7855  FZD5; frizzled class receptor 5 [KO:K02375]
7976  FZD3; frizzled class receptor 3 [KO:K02329]
80326  WNT10A; Wnt family member 10A [KO:K01357]
81029  WNT5B; Wnt family member 5B [KO:K00444]
8110  DPF3; double PHD fingers 3 [KO:K22198]
8193  DPF1; double PHD fingers 1 [KO:K22198]
8289  ARID1A; AT-rich interaction domain 1A [KO:K11653]
8312  AXIN1; axin 1 [KO:K02157]
8313  AXIN2; axin 2 [KO:K04385]
8321  FZD1; frizzled class receptor 1 [KO:K02432]
8322  FZD4; frizzled class receptor 4 [KO:K02354]
8323  FZD6; frizzled class receptor 6 [KO:K02376]
8324  FZD7; frizzled class receptor 7 [KO:K02432]
8325  FZD8; frizzled class receptor 8 [KO:K02375]
8326  FZD9; frizzled class receptor 9 [KO:K02842]
83439  TCF7L1; transcription factor 7 like 1 [KO:K04490]
8503  PIK3R3; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 3 [KO:K02649]
86  ACTL6A; actin like 6A [KO:K11340]
89780  WNT3A; Wnt family member 3A [KO:K00312]
9446  GSTO1; glutathione S-transferase omega 1 [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
9817  KEAP1; kelch like ECH associated protein 1 [KO:K10456]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00039  DNA
C00076  Calcium cation
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00704  Superoxide
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C01471  Acrolein
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
C06793  Vinyl chloride
C06800  Aflatoxin B1
C16844  Hydroxyl radical
C21641  Hydroperoxyl radical
C21642  4-Hydroxynonenal
Reference
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Oncogene 29:4989-5005 (2010)
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Reference
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Gastroenterology 149:1226-1239.e4 (2015)
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Reference
PMID:17295177
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World J Gastroenterol 22:9069-9095 (2016)
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High frequency of telomerase reverse-transcriptase promoter somatic mutations in hepatocellular carcinoma and preneoplastic lesions.
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Nat Commun 4:2218 (2013)
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Integrated analysis of somatic mutations and focal copy-number changes identifies key genes and pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Nat Genet 44:694-8 (2012)
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Reference
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Redox Biol 1:45-9 (2013)
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Reference
PMID:21251164
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Genes Cells 16:123-40 (2011)
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Genome Med 8:69 (2016)
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Reference
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Role of Telomeres and Telomerase in Aging and Cancer.
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Cancer Discov 6:584-93 (2016)
DOI:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-16-0062
Reference
PMID:27508192
  Authors
Granito A, Guidetti E, Gramantieri L
  Title
c-MET receptor tyrosine kinase as a molecular target in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.
  Journal
J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2:29-38 (2015)
DOI:10.2147/JHC.S77038
Reference
PMID:16934487
  Authors
Vita M, Henriksson M
  Title
The Myc oncoprotein as a therapeutic target for human cancer.
  Journal
Semin Cancer Biol 16:318-30 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.semcancer.2006.07.015
Reference
PMID:24096051
  Authors
Qu A, Jiang C, Cai Y, Kim JH, Tanaka N, Ward JM, Shah YM, Gonzalez FJ
  Title
Role of Myc in hepatocellular proliferation and hepatocarcinogenesis.
  Journal
J Hepatol 60:331-8 (2014)
DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2013.09.024
Related
pathway
hsa04010  MAPK signaling pathway
hsa04020  Calcium signaling pathway
hsa04110  Cell cycle
hsa04115  p53 signaling pathway
hsa04151  PI3K-Akt signaling pathway
hsa04310  Wnt signaling pathway
hsa04350  TGF-beta signaling pathway
hsa04932  Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
hsa04936  Alcoholic liver disease
hsa05160  Hepatitis C
hsa05161  Hepatitis B
KO pathway
ko05225   

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