KEGG   PATHWAY: mleu05171
Entry
mleu05171                   Pathway                                
Name
Coronavirus disease - COVID-19 - Mandrillus leucophaeus (drill)
Description
Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious respiratory infection that is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infects alveolar epithelial cells [mainly alveolar epithelial type 2 (AEC2) cells] through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Upon the occupancy of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2, the increased serum level of free Angiotensin II (Ang II) due to a reduction of ACE2-mediated degradation promotes activation of the NF-kappa B pathway via Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), followed by  interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. SARS-CoV-2 also activates the innate immune system; macrophage stimulation triggers the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, and the "cytokine storm", which results in systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure. The combined effects of complement activation, dysregulated neutrophilia, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability appear to be intertwined to drive the severe features of COVID-19.
Class
Human Diseases; Infectious disease: viral
Pathway map
mleu05171  Coronavirus disease - COVID-19
mleu05171

Organism
Mandrillus leucophaeus (drill) [GN:mleu]
Gene
105542593  TMPRSS2; transmembrane protease serine 2 [KO:K09633] [EC:3.4.21.122]
105550583  ACE2; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 [KO:K09708] [EC:3.4.17.23]
105548999  NRP1; neuropilin-1 isoform X1 [KO:K06724]
105551749  angiotensin-converting enzyme-like [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
105551750  angiotensin-converting enzyme-like [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
105551751  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: angiotensin-converting enzyme-like [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
105536532  MAS1; proto-oncogene Mas [KO:K04303]
105534119  AGTR1; type-1 angiotensin II receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04166]
105536139  cytochrome b-245 heavy chain [KO:K21421] [EC:1.-.-.-]
105548314  NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K02580]
105528449  RELA; transcription factor p65 isoform X1 [KO:K04735]
105554159  TNF; tumor necrosis factor [KO:K03156]
105534984  IL6; interleukin-6 isoform X1 [KO:K05405]
105530451  IL1B; interleukin-1 beta isoform X1 [KO:K04519]
105552064  IL12A; interleukin-12 subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K05406]
105529523  IL12B; interleukin-12 subunit beta [KO:K05425]
105542745  MMP3; stromelysin-1 [KO:K01394] [EC:3.4.24.17]
105542743  MMP1; interstitial collagenase isoform X1 [KO:K01388] [EC:3.4.24.7]
105530865  CCL2; C-C motif chemokine 2 [KO:K14624]
105531135  CXCL8; interleukin-8 isoform X1 [KO:K10030]
105528533  ADAM17; disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17 isoform X1 [KO:K06059] [EC:3.4.24.86]
105541778  TNFRSF1A; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A [KO:K03158]
105550156  NFKBIA; NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04734]
105534635  NFKBIB; NF-kappa-B inhibitor beta [KO:K02581]
105528340  HBEGF; proheparin-binding EGF-like growth factor [KO:K08523]
105529594  EGFR; epidermal growth factor receptor [KO:K04361] [EC:2.7.10.1]
105544816  IL6R; interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K05055]
105551494  IL6ST; interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta [KO:K05060]
105543512  JAK1; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK1 [KO:K11217] [EC:2.7.10.2]
105549798  TYK2; non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2 isoform X1 [KO:K11219] [EC:2.7.10.2]
105552958  STAT3; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 [KO:K04692]
105538406  IL2; interleukin-2 [KO:K05429]
105553051  CSF3; granulocyte colony-stimulating factor isoform X1 [KO:K05423]
105531357  CSF2; granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [KO:K05427]
105529115  CXCL10; C-X-C motif chemokine 10 [KO:K12671]
105540530  40S ribosomal protein S2-like isoform X1 [KO:K02981]
105529743  RPS2; 40S ribosomal protein S2 [KO:K02981]
105530441  40S ribosomal protein S2-like [KO:K02981]
105551043  40S ribosomal protein S2 isoform X1 [KO:K02981]
105555214  RPS3; 40S ribosomal protein S3 isoform X1 [KO:K02985]
105534513  RPS3A; 40S ribosomal protein S3a [KO:K02984]
105530562  40S ribosomal protein S3a-like [KO:K02984]
105550618  40S ribosomal protein S3a-like isoform X1 [KO:K02984]
105539122  RPS4X; 40S ribosomal protein S4, X isoform isoform X1 [KO:K02987]
105538416  40S ribosomal protein S4, X isoform-like [KO:K02987]
105531200  RPS5; 40S ribosomal protein S5 isoform X1 [KO:K02989]
105548579  RPS6; 40S ribosomal protein S6 isoform X1 [KO:K02991]
105548597  RPS7; 40S ribosomal protein S7 isoform X1 [KO:K02993]
105546780  40S ribosomal protein S8 [KO:K02995]
105555081  RPS8; 40S ribosomal protein S8 isoform X1 [KO:K02995]
105539269  RPS9; 40S ribosomal protein S9 [KO:K02997]
105544190  40S ribosomal protein S10 isoform X1 [KO:K02947]
105539147  RPS11; 40S ribosomal protein S11 [KO:K02949]
105553255  40S ribosomal protein S11-like [KO:K02949]
105539471  40S ribosomal protein S12 [KO:K02951]
105531095  RPS12; 40S ribosomal protein S12 [KO:K02951]
105548765  RPS13; 40S ribosomal protein S13 isoform X1 [KO:K02953]
105543425  RPS14; 40S ribosomal protein S14 isoform X1 [KO:K02955]
105551949  RPS15; 40S ribosomal protein S15 isoform X1 [KO:K02958]
105554142  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 40S ribosomal protein S15-like [KO:K02958]
105536665  RPS15A; 40S ribosomal protein S15a [KO:K02957]
105541066  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 40S ribosomal protein S16 [KO:K02960]
105534609  RPS16; 40S ribosomal protein S16 isoform X1 [KO:K02960]
105530030  40S ribosomal protein S16-like isoform X1 [KO:K02960]
105530061  40S ribosomal protein S16-like isoform X1 [KO:K02960]
105539569  40S ribosomal protein S17-like [KO:K02962]
105554286  RPS17; 40S ribosomal protein S17 isoform X1 [KO:K02962]
105534962  40S ribosomal protein S17-like [KO:K02962]
105539747  40S ribosomal protein S18-like [KO:K02964]
105544166  RPS18; 40S ribosomal protein S18 [KO:K02964]
105541897  RPS19; 40S ribosomal protein S19 [KO:K02966]
105552061  RPS20; 40S ribosomal protein S20 isoform X1 [KO:K02969]
105531258  40S ribosomal protein S21-like [KO:K02971]
105548359  RPS21; 40S ribosomal protein S21 isoform X1 [KO:K02971]
105551293  RPS23; 40S ribosomal protein S23 isoform X1 [KO:K02973]
105535690  RPS24; 40S ribosomal protein S24 isoform X1 [KO:K02974]
105551289  40S ribosomal protein S25 [KO:K02975]
105528293  RPS25; 40S ribosomal protein S25 [KO:K02975]
105531952  RPS26; 40S ribosomal protein S26 [KO:K02976]
105545901  40S ribosomal protein S26-like [KO:K02976]
105536979  40S ribosomal protein S26-like [KO:K02976]
105549775  40S ribosomal protein S26-like isoform X1 [KO:K02976]
105552409  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
105547076  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
105554057  RPS27; 40S ribosomal protein S27 [KO:K02978]
105551330  RPS27A; ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
105536598  ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
105529171  RPS28; 40S ribosomal protein S28 [KO:K02979]
105554519  40S ribosomal protein S29-like isoform X1 [KO:K02980]
105554520  40S ribosomal protein S29 [KO:K02980]
105549132  FAU; ubiquitin-like protein fubi and ribosomal protein S30 isoform X1 [KO:K02983]
105528325  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
105535820  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
105529396  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
105544598  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
105538857  RPL3; 60S ribosomal protein L3 [KO:K02925]
105529790  RPL3L; 60S ribosomal protein L3-like [KO:K02925]
105544539  60S ribosomal protein L3-like isoform X1 [KO:K02925]
105530775  RPL4; 60S ribosomal protein L4 [KO:K02930]
105531993  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L5-like [KO:K02932]
105532128  60S ribosomal protein L5-like [KO:K02932]
105547800  RPL5; 60S ribosomal protein L5 [KO:K02932]
105545531  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L6-like [KO:K02934]
105552313  RPL6; 60S ribosomal protein L6 [KO:K02934]
105548816  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L7-like [KO:K02937]
105536620  60S ribosomal protein L7-like isoform X1 [KO:K02937]
105536369  RPL8; 60S ribosomal protein L8 [KO:K02938]
105553596  60S ribosomal protein L9-like [KO:K02940]
105542147  RPL9; 60S ribosomal protein L9 isoform X1 [KO:K02940]
105545404  60S ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
105540016  60S ribosomal protein L10-like isoform X1 [KO:K02866]
105533549  60S ribosomal protein L10-like isoform X1 [KO:K02866]
105546542  RPL10L; 60S ribosomal protein L10-like isoform X1 [KO:K02866]
105534269  RPL10; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L10 [KO:K02866]
105547138  60S ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
105530269  60S ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
105544209  RPL10A; 60S ribosomal protein L10a isoform X1 [KO:K02865]
105545429  RPL12; 60S ribosomal protein L12 isoform X1 [KO:K02870]
105542059  60S ribosomal protein L12-like [KO:K02870]
105544403  60S ribosomal protein L12-like [KO:K02870]
105533525  RPL13; 60S ribosomal protein L13 isoform X1 [KO:K02873]
105539146  RPL13A; 60S ribosomal protein L13a [KO:K02872]
105546545  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L13a-like [KO:K02872]
105533492  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L14-like [KO:K02875]
105542663  RPL14; 60S ribosomal protein L14 isoform X1 [KO:K02875]
105535635  RPL15; 60S ribosomal protein L15 isoform X1 [KO:K02877]
105531161  60S ribosomal protein L17 isoform X1 [KO:K02880]
105539177  RPL18; 60S ribosomal protein L18 isoform X1 [KO:K02883]
105546810  60S ribosomal protein L18-like [KO:K02883]
105546772  RPL18A; 60S ribosomal protein L18a isoform X1 [KO:K02882]
105532597  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L19 [KO:K02885]
105542994  RPL19; 60S ribosomal protein L19 isoform X1 [KO:K02885]
105553802  RPL21; 60S ribosomal protein L21 [KO:K02889]
105552597  RPL22L1; 60S ribosomal protein L22-like 1 [KO:K02891]
105540507  RPL22; 60S ribosomal protein L22 [KO:K02891]
105542968  60S ribosomal protein L22-like [KO:K02891]
105542988  RPL23; 60S ribosomal protein L23 [KO:K02894]
105554747  60S ribosomal protein L23a [KO:K02893]
105552022  RPL23A; 60S ribosomal protein L23a isoform X1 [KO:K02893]
105547262  RPL24; 60S ribosomal protein L24 isoform X1 [KO:K02896]
105544185  RSL24D1; probable ribosome biogenesis protein RLP24 [KO:K02896]
105551778  60S ribosomal protein L26-like [KO:K02898]
105549836  RPL26; 60S ribosomal protein L26 [KO:K02898]
105537619  60S ribosomal protein L26-like [KO:K02898]
105544982  RPL26L1; 60S ribosomal protein L26-like 1 [KO:K02898]
105552928  RPL27; 60S ribosomal protein L27 [KO:K02901]
105554014  RPL27A; 60S ribosomal protein L27a isoform X1 [KO:K02900]
105528160  60S ribosomal protein L27a-like [KO:K02900]
105551633  RPL28; 60S ribosomal protein L28 isoform X1 [KO:K02903]
105531252  60S ribosomal protein L29-like [KO:K02905]
105539779  60S ribosomal protein L29-like [KO:K02905]
105548275  60S ribosomal protein L29-like [KO:K02905]
105548766  60S ribosomal protein L29-like [KO:K02905]
105544021  RPL29; 60S ribosomal protein L29 [KO:K02905]
105537567  60S ribosomal protein L29-like [KO:K02905]
105553847  RPL30; 60S ribosomal protein L30 isoform X1 [KO:K02908]
105531629  RPL31; 60S ribosomal protein L31 [KO:K02910]
105542180  RPL32; 60S ribosomal protein L32 isoform X1 [KO:K02912]
105547784  60S ribosomal protein L32 [KO:K02912]
105530063  60S ribosomal protein L32-like [KO:K02912]
105546579  RPL34; 60S ribosomal protein L34 [KO:K02915]
105545662  RPL35; 60S ribosomal protein L35 [KO:K02918]
105546887  60S ribosomal protein L35-like isoform X1 [KO:K02918]
105538776  RPL35A; 60S ribosomal protein L35a [KO:K02917]
105530050  RPL36; 60S ribosomal protein L36 [KO:K02920]
105542742  putative 60S ribosomal protein L36-like 1 [KO:K02920]
105529231  RPL37; 60S ribosomal protein L37 [KO:K02922]
105531786  putative 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
105528090  RPL37A; 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
105548332  putative 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
105546026  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L38-like [KO:K02923]
105555286  RPL38; 60S ribosomal protein L38 [KO:K02923]
105532761  putative 60S ribosomal protein L39-like 5 [KO:K02924]
105547147  60S ribosomal protein L39-like [KO:K02924]
105534572  60S ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
105531859  ubiquitin-like [KO:K02927]
105547071  UBA52; ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 isoform X1 [KO:K02927]
105535607  ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40-like [KO:K02927]
105531955  RPL41; 60S ribosomal protein L41 [KO:K02928]
105531639  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
105552653  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
105540238  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
105540652  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
105534029  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
105534031  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
105541669  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
105554523  RPL36AL; 60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
105528163  60S ribosomal protein L36a isoform X1 [KO:K02929]
105528197  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
105527925  RPLP0; 60S acidic ribosomal protein P0 isoform X1 [KO:K02941]
105534561  60S acidic ribosomal protein P1-like [KO:K02942]
105528145  60S acidic ribosomal protein P1 isoform X1 [KO:K02942]
105548272  60S acidic ribosomal protein P1-like isoform X1 [KO:K02942]
105536019  60S acidic ribosomal protein P1-like [KO:K02942]
105531111  RPLP1; 60S acidic ribosomal protein P1 isoform X1 [KO:K02942]
105549348  RPLP2; 60S acidic ribosomal protein P2 [KO:K02943]
105532929  putative V-set and immunoglobulin domain-containing-like protein IGHV4OR15-8 [KO:K06856]
105532934  uncharacterized protein LOC105532934 [KO:K06856]
105535254  putative V-set and immunoglobulin domain-containing-like protein IGHV4OR15-8 [KO:K06856]
105535256  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: uncharacterized protein LOC105535256 [KO:K06856]
105548664  putative V-set and immunoglobulin domain-containing-like protein IGHV4OR15-8 [KO:K06856]
105536925  putative V-set and immunoglobulin domain-containing-like protein IGHV4OR15-8 [KO:K06856]
105537275  putative V-set and immunoglobulin domain-containing-like protein IGHV4OR15-8 [KO:K06856]
105537413  uncharacterized protein LOC105537413 [KO:K06856]
105538227  putative V-set and immunoglobulin domain-containing-like protein IGHV4OR15-8 [KO:K06856]
105551007  FCGR2A; low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor II-a [KO:K06472]
105551015  low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor II-a-like [KO:K06472]
105547549  SYK; tyrosine-protein kinase SYK [KO:K05855] [EC:2.7.10.2]
105539923  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
105552763  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
105549588  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
105547376  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
105543389  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
105531763  PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
105535768  PLCG1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11]
105546817  PLCG2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 [KO:K05859] [EC:3.1.4.11]
105548239  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
105545146  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta type [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
105539692  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
105541405  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
105544764  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
105543603  MAPK11; mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
105543619  MAPK12; mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
105544221  MAPK14; mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
105544400  MAPK13; mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
105531455  TLR2; toll-like receptor 2 [KO:K10159]
105534560  TLR4; toll-like receptor 4 isoform X1 [KO:K10160]
105553429  MYD88; myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 isoform X1 [KO:K04729]
105550032  TLR7; toll-like receptor 7 [KO:K05404]
105550031  TLR8; toll-like receptor 8 isoform X1 [KO:K10170]
105553446  IRAK4; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 isoform X1 [KO:K04733] [EC:2.7.11.1]
105555370  IRAK1; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 [KO:K04730] [EC:2.7.11.1]
105534673  TRAF6; TNF receptor-associated factor 6 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
105542756  MAP3K7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 isoform X1 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
105528775  TAB2; TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 2 [KO:K04404]
105547365  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
105554734  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
105537274  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
105540805  FOS; proto-oncogene c-Fos isoform X1 [KO:K04379]
105534921  JUN; transcription factor AP-1 [KO:K04448]
105537745  CHUK; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
105554929  IKBKB; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
105534277  IKBKG; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: NF-kappa-B essential modulator [KO:K07210]
105554410  NLRP3; NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K12800]
105534146  caspase-1-like [KO:K01370] [EC:3.4.22.36]
105534147  CASP1; caspase-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01370] [EC:3.4.22.36]
105534152  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: caspase-1-like [KO:K01370] [EC:3.4.22.36]
105540245  TLR3; toll-like receptor 3 [KO:K05401]
105539630  DDX58; probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX58 [KO:K12646] [EC:5.6.2.6]
105555167  ISG15; ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 [KO:K12159]
105547413  IFIH1; interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing protein 1 [KO:K12647] [EC:5.6.2.6]
105535879  MAVS; mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein isoform X1 [KO:K12648]
105547858  TRAF3; TNF receptor-associated factor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K03174]
105554628  IKBKE; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon [KO:K07211] [EC:2.7.11.10]
105534224  TBK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
105528977  IRF3; interferon regulatory factor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05411]
105544565  MB21D1; cyclic GMP-AMP synthase [KO:K17834] [EC:2.7.7.86]
105551820  TMEM173; stimulator of interferon genes protein [KO:K12654]
105533798  interferon alpha-1/13 [KO:K05414]
105533799  IFNA8; interferon alpha-8 [KO:K05414]
105533800  IFNA2; interferon alpha-2 [KO:K05414]
105537891  IFNA6; interferon alpha-6 [KO:K05414]
105537892  interferon alpha-14 [KO:K05414]
105537894  interferon alpha-17 isoform X1 [KO:K05414]
105545746  IFNB1; interferon beta [KO:K05415]
105546382  interferon alpha/beta receptor 1-like [KO:K05130]
105553144  IFNAR1; interferon alpha/beta receptor 1 [KO:K05130]
105546376  IFNAR2; interferon alpha/beta receptor 2 [KO:K05131]
105535217  STAT1; signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-alpha/beta isoform X1 [KO:K11220]
105529948  STAT2; signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 isoform X1 [KO:K11221]
105532728  IRF9; interferon regulatory factor 9 [KO:K04693]
105544819  ADAR; double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase [KO:K12968] [EC:3.5.4.37]
105552284  OAS1; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
105552285  OAS3; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 3 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
105552286  OAS2; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 2 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
105542585  MX1; interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 [KO:K14754]
105542586  MX2; interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 [KO:K14754]
105530227  EIF2AK2; interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K16195] [EC:2.7.11.1]
105531781  C5AR1; C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1 [KO:K04010]
105552608  C3AR1; C3a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor [KO:K04009]
105530124  C3; complement C3 [KO:K03990]
105554196  CFB; complement factor B isoform X1 [KO:K01335] [EC:3.4.21.47]
105546332  C5; complement C5 [KO:K03994]
105529268  C6; complement component C6 isoform X1 [KO:K03995]
105529257  C7; complement component C7 [KO:K03996]
105534913  C8A; complement component C8 alpha chain [KO:K03997]
105534914  C8B; complement component C8 beta chain isoform X1 [KO:K03998]
105543268  C8G; complement component C8 gamma chain [KO:K03999]
105529122  C9; complement component C9 [KO:K04000]
105539601  SELP; P-selectin isoform X1 [KO:K06496]
105541774  VWF; von Willebrand factor [KO:K03900]
105529431  C1QA; complement C1q subcomponent subunit A [KO:K03986]
105529433  C1QB; complement C1q subcomponent subunit B [KO:K03987]
105529432  C1QC; complement C1q subcomponent subunit C isoform X1 [KO:K03988]
105541822  complement C1r subcomponent isoform X1 [KO:K01330] [EC:3.4.21.41]
105541845  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: complement C1r subcomponent-like [KO:K01330] [EC:3.4.21.41]
105541823  C1S; complement C1s subcomponent isoform X1 [KO:K01331] [EC:3.4.21.42]
105554204  C2; complement C2 [KO:K01332] [EC:3.4.21.43]
105554206  C4A; complement C4-A [KO:K03989]
105546941  MBL2; mannose-binding protein C [KO:K03991]
105534686  mannose-binding protein A-like isoform X1 [KO:K03991]
105534688  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: mannose-binding protein A-like [KO:K03991]
105527857  MASP1; mannan-binding lectin serine protease 1 isoform X1 [KO:K03992] [EC:3.4.21.-]
105551392  MASP2; mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 isoform X1 [KO:K03993] [EC:3.4.21.104]
105554807  F2; prothrombin [KO:K01313] [EC:3.4.21.5]
105542885  F13A1; coagulation factor XIII A chain isoform X1 [KO:K03917] [EC:2.3.2.13]
105550734  F13B; coagulation factor XIII B chain [KO:K03906]
105532320  FGA; fibrinogen alpha chain isoform X1 [KO:K03903]
105532319  FGB; fibrinogen beta chain isoform X1 [KO:K03904]
105532321  FGG; fibrinogen gamma chain isoform X1 [KO:K03905]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00046  RNA
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00290  Fibrin
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00704  Superoxide
C00873  Angiotensin I
C02135  Angiotensin II
C15850  Angiotensin (1-7)
C20640  Cyclic GMP-AMP
Reference
PMID:33132005
  Authors
Harrison AG, Lin T, Wang P
  Title
Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Pathogenesis.
  Journal
Trends Immunol S1471-4906(20)30233-7 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2020.10.004
Reference
PMID:33077917
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Perico L, Benigni A, Casiraghi F, Ng LFP, Renia L, Remuzzi G
  Title
Immunity, endothelial injury and complement-induced coagulopathy in COVID-19.
  Journal
Nat Rev Nephrol 10.1038/s41581-020-00357-4 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41581-020-00357-4
Reference
PMID:32820801
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Battagello DS, Dragunas G, Klein MO, Ayub ALP, Velloso FJ, Correa RG
  Title
Unpuzzling COVID-19: tissue-related signaling pathways associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.
  Journal
Clin Sci (Lond) 134:2137-2160 (2020)
DOI:10.1042/CS20200904
Reference
PMID:32353634
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Felsenstein S, Herbert JA, McNamara PS, Hedrich CM
  Title
COVID-19: Immunology and treatment options.
  Journal
Clin Immunol 215:108448 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108448
Reference
PMID:33014208
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Hojyo S, Uchida M, Tanaka K, Hasebe R, Tanaka Y, Murakami M, Hirano T
  Title
How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality.
  Journal
Inflamm Regen 40:37 (2020)
DOI:10.1186/s41232-020-00146-3
Reference
PMID:32544563
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Mahmudpour M, Roozbeh J, Keshavarz M, Farrokhi S, Nabipour I
  Title
COVID-19 cytokine storm: The anger of inflammation.
  Journal
Cytokine 133:155151 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155151
Reference
PMID:32635353
  Authors
Farooqi F, Dhawan N, Morgan R, Dinh J, Nedd K, Yatzkan G
  Title
Treatment of Severe COVID-19 with Tocilizumab Mitigates Cytokine Storm and Averts Mechanical Ventilation During Acute Respiratory Distress: A Case Report and Literature Review.
  Journal
Trop Med Infect Dis 5:E112 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/tropicalmed5030112
Reference
PMID:32376392
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Jamilloux Y, Henry T, Belot A, Viel S, Fauter M, El Jammal T, Walzer T, Francois B, Seve P
  Title
Should we stimulate or suppress immune responses in COVID-19? Cytokine and anti-cytokine interventions.
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Autoimmun Rev 19:102567 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102567
Reference
PMID:32722596
  Authors
Kiselevskiy M, Shubina I, Chikileva I, Sitdikova S, Samoylenko I, Anisimova N, Kirgizov K, Suleimanova A, Gorbunova T, Varfolomeeva S
  Title
Immune Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Intoxication: Storm or Silence?
  Journal
Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 13:E166 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ph13080166
Reference
PMID:32922297
  Authors
Curran CS, Rivera DR, Kopp JB
  Title
COVID-19 Usurps Host Regulatory Networks.
  Journal
Front Pharmacol 11:1278 (2020)
DOI:10.3389/fphar.2020.01278
Reference
PMID:33055229
  Authors
Quan C, Li C, Ma H, Li Y, Zhang H
  Title
Immunopathogenesis of Coronavirus-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Potential Infection-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.
  Journal
Clin Microbiol Rev 34:e00074-20 (2020)
DOI:10.1128/CMR.00074-20
Reference
PMID:32973803
  Authors
Ahmed-Hassan H, Sisson B, Shukla RK, Wijewantha Y, Funderburg NT, Li Z, Hayes D Jr, Demberg T, Liyanage NPM
  Title
Innate Immune Responses to Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses and Other Significant Respiratory Viral Infections.
  Journal
Front Immunol 11:1979 (2020)
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01979
Reference
PMID:32346093
  Authors
Tay MZ, Poh CM, Renia L, MacAry PA, Ng LFP
  Title
The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:363-374 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8
Reference
PMID:32979938
  Authors
Xia H, Cao Z, Xie X, Zhang X, Chen JY, Wang H, Menachery VD, Rajsbaum R, Shi PY
  Title
Evasion of Type I Interferon by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Cell Rep 33:108234 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108234
Reference
PMID:32661197
  Authors
Hartenian E, Nandakumar D, Lari A, Ly M, Tucker JM, Glaunsinger BA
  Title
The molecular virology of coronaviruses.
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J Biol Chem 295:12910-12934 (2020)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.REV120.013930
Reference
PMID:32978971
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Amor S, Fernandez Blanco L, Baker D
  Title
Innate immunity during SARS-CoV-2: evasion strategies and activation trigger hypoxia and vascular damage.
  Journal
Clin Exp Immunol 202:193-209 (2020)
DOI:10.1111/cei.13523
Reference
PMID:32467561
  Authors
Catanzaro M, Fagiani F, Racchi M, Corsini E, Govoni S, Lanni C
  Title
Immune response in COVID-19: addressing a pharmacological challenge by targeting pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Signal Transduct Target Ther 5:84 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41392-020-0191-1
Reference
PMID:32687918
  Authors
Jafarzadeh A, Chauhan P, Saha B, Jafarzadeh S, Nemati M
  Title
Contribution of monocytes and macrophages to the local tissue inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19: Lessons from SARS and MERS, and potential therapeutic interventions.
  Journal
Life Sci 257:118102 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118102
Reference
PMID:32376901
  Authors
Merad M, Martin JC
  Title
Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:355-362 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0331-4
Reference
PMID:32246101
  Authors
South AM, Tomlinson L, Edmonston D, Hiremath S, Sparks MA
  Title
Controversies of renin-angiotensin system inhibition during the COVID-19 pandemic.
  Journal
Nat Rev Nephrol 16:305-307 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41581-020-0279-4
Reference
PMID:32433641
  Authors
Furuhashi M, Moniwa N, Takizawa H, Ura N, Shimamoto K
  Title
Potential differential effects of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on SARS-CoV-2 infection and lung injury in COVID-19.
  Journal
Hypertens Res 43:837-840 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41440-020-0478-1
Reference
PMID:32423094
  Authors
Gemmati D, Bramanti B, Serino ML, Secchiero P, Zauli G, Tisato V
  Title
COVID-19 and Individual Genetic Susceptibility/Receptivity: Role of ACE1/ACE2 Genes, Immunity, Inflammation and Coagulation. Might the Double X-chromosome in Females Be Protective against SARS-CoV-2 Compared to the Single X-Chromosome in Males?
  Journal
Int J Mol Sci 21:E3474 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ijms21103474
Reference
PMID:33184193
  Authors
Kielian M
  Title
Enhancing host cell infection by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Science 370:765-766 (2020)
DOI:10.1126/science.abf0732
Reference
PMID:32327719
  Authors
Risitano AM, Mastellos DC, Huber-Lang M, Yancopoulou D, Garlanda C, Ciceri F, Lambris JD
  Title
Complement as a target in COVID-19?
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:343-344 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0320-7
Reference
PMID:32461141
  Authors
Noris M, Benigni A, Remuzzi G
  Title
The case of complement activation in COVID-19 multiorgan impact.
  Journal
Kidney Int 98:314-322 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.013
Reference
PMID:32559343
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Polycarpou A, Howard M, Farrar CA, Greenlaw R, Fanelli G, Wallis R, Klavinskis LS, Sacks S
  Title
Rationale for targeting complement in COVID-19.
  Journal
EMBO Mol Med 12:e12642 (2020)
DOI:10.15252/emmm.202012642
Reference
PMID:32439870
  Authors
Teuwen LA, Geldhof V, Pasut A, Carmeliet P
  Title
COVID-19: the vasculature unleashed.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:389-391 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0343-0
Reference
PMID:32643798
  Authors
Jodele S, Kohl J
  Title
Tackling COVID-19 infection through complement-targeted immunotherapy.
  Journal
Br J Pharmacol 178:2832-2848 (2021)
DOI:10.1111/bph.15187
Reference
PMID:32608159
  Authors
Chauhan AJ, Wiffen LJ, Brown TP
  Title
COVID-19: A collision of complement, coagulation and inflammatory pathways.
  Journal
J Thromb Haemost 18:2110-2117 (2020)
DOI:10.1111/jth.14981
Reference
PMID:32558620
  Authors
Colling ME, Kanthi Y
  Title
COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: An exploration of mechanisms.
  Journal
Vasc Med 25:471-478 (2020)
DOI:10.1177/1358863X20932640
Reference
PMID:32586214
  Authors
McFadyen JD, Stevens H, Peter K
  Title
The Emerging Threat of (Micro)Thrombosis in COVID-19 and Its Therapeutic Implications.
  Journal
Circ Res 127:571-587 (2020)
DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317447
Reference
PMID:32995777
  Authors
Shi M, Wang L, Fontana P, Vora S, Zhang Y, Fu TM, Lieberman J, Wu H
  Title
SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 suppresses host but not viral translation through a bipartite mechanism.
  Journal
bioRxiv 2020.09.18.302901 (2020)
DOI:10.1101/2020.09.18.302901
Reference
PMID:32693241
  Authors
Paniri A, Akhavan-Niaki H
  Title
Emerging role of IL-6 and NLRP3 inflammasome as potential therapeutic targets to combat COVID-19: Role of lncRNAs in cytokine storm modulation.
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Life Sci 257:118114 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118114
Reference
PMID:32405269
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Omarjee L, Janin A, Perrot F, Laviolle B, Meilhac O, Mahe G
  Title
Targeting T-cell senescence and cytokine storm with rapamycin to prevent severe progression in COVID-19.
  Journal
Clin Immunol 216:108464 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108464
Reference
PMID:32337664
  Authors
Zhang S, Li L, Shen A, Chen Y, Qi Z
  Title
Rational Use of Tocilizumab in the Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia.
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Clin Drug Investig 40:511-518 (2020)
DOI:10.1007/s40261-020-00917-3
Related
pathway
mleu03015  mRNA surveillance pathway
mleu04144  Endocytosis
mleu04270  Vascular smooth muscle contraction
mleu04610  Complement and coagulation cascades
mleu04611  Platelet activation
mleu04613  Neutrophil extracellular trap formation
mleu04614  Renin-angiotensin system
mleu04620  Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
mleu04621  NOD-like receptor signaling pathway
mleu04622  RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway
mleu04623  Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway
mleu04630  JAK-STAT signaling pathway
mleu04650  Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
mleu04666  Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis
mleu04668  TNF signaling pathway
mleu04670  Leukocyte transendothelial migration
KO pathway
ko05171   
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