KEGG   PATHWAY: ppad05171
Entry
ppad05171                   Pathway                                
Name
Coronavirus disease - COVID-19 - Panthera pardus (leopard)
Description
Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious respiratory infection that is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infects alveolar epithelial cells [mainly alveolar epithelial type 2 (AEC2) cells] through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Upon the occupancy of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2, the increased serum level of free Angiotensin II (Ang II) due to a reduction of ACE2-mediated degradation promotes activation of the NF-kappa B pathway via Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), followed by  interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. SARS-CoV-2 also activates the innate immune system; macrophage stimulation triggers the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, and the "cytokine storm", which results in systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure. The combined effects of complement activation, dysregulated neutrophilia, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability appear to be intertwined to drive the severe features of COVID-19.
Class
Human Diseases; Infectious disease: viral
Pathway map
ppad05171  Coronavirus disease - COVID-19
ppad05171

Organism
Panthera pardus (leopard) [GN:ppad]
Gene
109249809  TMPRSS2; transmembrane protease serine 2 [KO:K09633] [EC:3.4.21.122]
109248320  ACE2; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 isoform X1 [KO:K09708] [EC:3.4.17.23]
109276303  NRP1; neuropilin-1 isoform X1 [KO:K06724]
109277113  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: angiotensin-converting enzyme-like [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
109277114  angiotensin-converting enzyme isoform X1 [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
109245393  MAS1; proto-oncogene Mas [KO:K04303]
109260696  AGTR1; type-1 angiotensin II receptor [KO:K04166]
109248000  cytochrome b-245 heavy chain isoform X1 [KO:K21421] [EC:1.-.-.-]
109247385  NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K02580]
109246747  RELA; transcription factor p65 isoform X1 [KO:K04735]
109260532  TNF; tumor necrosis factor [KO:K03156]
109263814  IL6; interleukin-6 isoform X1 [KO:K05405]
109264508  IL1B; interleukin-1 beta [KO:K04519]
109262066  IL12A; interleukin-12 subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K05406]
109257574  IL12B; interleukin-12 subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K05425]
109257540  stromelysin-1 [KO:K01394] [EC:3.4.24.17]
109257509  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: interstitial collagenase-like [KO:K01388] [EC:3.4.24.7]
109257536  interstitial collagenase-like [KO:K01388] [EC:3.4.24.7]
109251929  C-C motif chemokine 2 [KO:K14624]
109277765  interleukin-8 [KO:K10030]
109268814  ADAM17; disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17 isoform X1 [KO:K06059] [EC:3.4.24.86]
109276143  TNFRSF1A; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A [KO:K03158]
109253320  NFKBIA; NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha [KO:K04734]
109269589  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: NF-kappa-B inhibitor beta-like [KO:K02581]
109256623  NFKBIB; NF-kappa-B inhibitor beta isoform X1 [KO:K02581]
109252164  HBEGF; proheparin-binding EGF-like growth factor [KO:K08523]
109267979  EGFR; epidermal growth factor receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04361] [EC:2.7.10.1]
109256188  IL6R; interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha [KO:K05055]
109246341  IL6ST; interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K05060]
109266731  JAK1; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK1 [KO:K11217] [EC:2.7.10.2]
109254113  TYK2; non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2 isoform X1 [KO:K11219] [EC:2.7.10.2]
109258518  STAT3; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04692]
109248906  IL2; interleukin-2 [KO:K05429]
109247436  CSF3; granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [KO:K05423]
109250814  CSF2; granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [KO:K05427]
109277489  CXCL10; C-X-C motif chemokine 10 [KO:K12671]
109278133  RPS2; 40S ribosomal protein S2 [KO:K02981]
109267210  RPS3; 40S ribosomal protein S3 [KO:K02985]
109262536  RPS3A; 40S ribosomal protein S3a [KO:K02984]
109260685  RPS4X; 40S ribosomal protein S4, X isoform [KO:K02987]
109250634  40S ribosomal protein S4-like [KO:K02987]
109260447  RPS5; 40S ribosomal protein S5 [KO:K02989]
109247060  RPS6; 40S ribosomal protein S6 isoform X1 [KO:K02991]
109263409  RPS7; 40S ribosomal protein S7 [KO:K02993]
109254817  RPS8; 40S ribosomal protein S8 [KO:K02995]
109259259  RPS9; 40S ribosomal protein S9 [KO:K02997]
109271476  RPS10; 40S ribosomal protein S10 [KO:K02947]
109253058  RPS11; 40S ribosomal protein S11 [KO:K02949]
109259479  40S ribosomal protein S11-like [KO:K02949]
109265444  40S ribosomal protein S11-like [KO:K02949]
109249913  RPS12; 40S ribosomal protein S12 [KO:K02951]
109264103  40S ribosomal protein S12 [KO:K02951]
109271197  RPS13; 40S ribosomal protein S13 [KO:K02953]
109275960  RPS14; 40S ribosomal protein S14 [KO:K02955]
109257698  RPS15; 40S ribosomal protein S15 [KO:K02958]
109278391  RPS15A; 40S ribosomal protein S15a isoform X1 [KO:K02957]
109250403  40S ribosomal protein S15a [KO:K02957]
109256849  40S ribosomal protein S15a-like [KO:K02957]
109256583  RPS16; 40S ribosomal protein S16 [KO:K02960]
109273506  RPS17; 40S ribosomal protein S17 [KO:K02962]
109264273  40S ribosomal protein S17-like [KO:K02962]
109249189  40S ribosomal protein S17-like [KO:K02962]
109271437  RPS18; 40S ribosomal protein S18 isoform X1 [KO:K02964]
109258017  RPS19; 40S ribosomal protein S19 isoform X1 [KO:K02966]
109274349  40S ribosomal protein S20-like [KO:K02969]
109250300  RPS20; 40S ribosomal protein S20 [KO:K02969]
109245143  40S ribosomal protein S21-like [KO:K02971]
109274909  RPS23; 40S ribosomal protein S23 [KO:K02973]
109264462  RPS24; 40S ribosomal protein S24 isoform X1 [KO:K02974]
109268818  40S ribosomal protein S24-like isoform X1 [KO:K02974]
109253308  40S ribosomal protein S24-like [KO:K02974]
109278545  RPS25; 40S ribosomal protein S25 [KO:K02975]
109270314  RPS26; 40S ribosomal protein S26 [KO:K02976]
109264234  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
109258666  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
109257563  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
109250297  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
109246467  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
109262885  RPS27L; 40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
109259026  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
109268167  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
109270201  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
109278849  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
109257779  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
109252147  RPS27A; ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
109255456  ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a-like [KO:K02977]
109254216  RPS28; 40S ribosomal protein S28 [KO:K02979]
109266526  40S ribosomal protein S29-like [KO:K02980]
109268521  RPS29; 40S ribosomal protein S29 [KO:K02980]
109246712  FAU; ubiquitin-like protein fubi and ribosomal protein S30 isoform X1 [KO:K02983]
109248779  RPSA; 40S ribosomal protein SA isoform X1 [KO:K02998]
109265582  RPL3; 60S ribosomal protein L3 isoform X1 [KO:K02925]
109278131  60S ribosomal protein L3-like [KO:K02925]
109278132  60S ribosomal protein L3-like [KO:K02925]
109262815  RPL4; 60S ribosomal protein L4 isoform X1 [KO:K02930]
109274784  60S ribosomal protein L5 [KO:K02932]
109259962  RPL5; 60S ribosomal protein L5 isoform X1 [KO:K02932]
109277631  RPL6; 60S ribosomal protein L6 [KO:K02934]
109277649  60S ribosomal protein L6-like [KO:K02934]
109269349  RPL7; 60S ribosomal protein L7 [KO:K02937]
109270258  60S ribosomal protein L7a-like [KO:K02936]
109258258  RPL7A; 60S ribosomal protein L7a [KO:K02936]
109258324  RPL8; 60S ribosomal protein L8 [KO:K02938]
109246160  RPL9; 60S ribosomal protein L9 [KO:K02940]
109267057  60S ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
109251237  60S ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
109254794  60S ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
109268527  RPL10L; 60S ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
109248423  60S ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
109261154  RPL10; 60S ribosomal protein L10 isoform X1 [KO:K02866]
109271501  RPL10A; 60S ribosomal protein L10a [KO:K02865]
109274300  RPL11; 60S ribosomal protein L11 [KO:K02868]
109250132  RPL12; 60S ribosomal protein L12 [KO:K02870]
109277398  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L12-like [KO:K02870]
109245527  RPL13; 60S ribosomal protein L13 [KO:K02873]
109253060  RPL13A; 60S ribosomal protein L13a [KO:K02872]
109248795  RPL14; 60S ribosomal protein L14 [KO:K02875]
109251404  RPL15; 60S ribosomal protein L15 [KO:K02877]
109266631  60S ribosomal protein L17-like [KO:K02880]
109275729  60S ribosomal protein L17 [KO:K02880]
109253127  RPL18; 60S ribosomal protein L18 [KO:K02883]
109247591  RPL18A; 60S ribosomal protein L18a [KO:K02882]
109247408  RPL19; 60S ribosomal protein L19 [KO:K02885]
109266135  RPL21; 60S ribosomal protein L21 [KO:K02889]
109274015  RPL22; 60S ribosomal protein L22 [KO:K02891]
109275123  RPL22L1; 60S ribosomal protein L22-like 1 isoform X1 [KO:K02891]
109247402  RPL23; 60S ribosomal protein L23 [KO:K02894]
109251843  RPL23A; 60S ribosomal protein L23a [KO:K02893]
109266331  RPL24; 60S ribosomal protein L24 [KO:K02896]
109261726  60S ribosomal protein L24-like [KO:K02896]
109262958  RSL24D1; probable ribosome biogenesis protein RLP24 [KO:K02896]
109245888  RPL26; 60S ribosomal protein L26 [KO:K02898]
109267513  RPL26L1; 60S ribosomal protein L26-like 1 [KO:K02898]
109250436  60S ribosomal protein L26-like [KO:K02898]
109258515  RPL27; 60S ribosomal protein L27 [KO:K02901]
109271107  RPL27A; 60S ribosomal protein L27a [KO:K02900]
109248111  60S ribosomal protein L28-like [KO:K02903]
109259929  RPL28; 60S ribosomal protein L28 [KO:K02903]
109262030  60S ribosomal protein L29 [KO:K02905]
109247887  60S ribosomal protein L29-like [KO:K02905]
109271826  60S ribosomal protein L30-like [KO:K02908]
109271133  60S ribosomal protein L30-like [KO:K02908]
109278039  RPL30; 60S ribosomal protein L30 [KO:K02908]
109275595  60S ribosomal protein L30-like [KO:K02908]
109255835  60S ribosomal protein L30-like [KO:K02908]
109271018  60S ribosomal protein L30-like [KO:K02908]
109271019  60S ribosomal protein L30-like [KO:K02908]
109268190  RPL31; 60S ribosomal protein L31 isoform X1 [KO:K02910]
109268248  60S ribosomal protein L31-like [KO:K02910]
109277402  60S ribosomal protein L31-like [KO:K02910]
109269961  60S ribosomal protein L32-like [KO:K02912]
109257489  RPL32; 60S ribosomal protein L32 [KO:K02912]
109247856  RPL34; 60S ribosomal protein L34 [KO:K02915]
109250178  RPL35; 60S ribosomal protein L35 [KO:K02918]
109263291  60S ribosomal protein L35-like [KO:K02918]
109266525  RPL35A; 60S ribosomal protein L35a [KO:K02917]
109246387  60S ribosomal protein L35a [KO:K02917]
109255931  RPL36; 60S ribosomal protein L36 [KO:K02920]
109278452  60S ribosomal protein L37-like [KO:K02922]
109275844  RPL37; 60S ribosomal protein L37 [KO:K02922]
109265096  RPL37A; 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
109265612  60S ribosomal protein L37a-like [KO:K02921]
109265810  putative 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
109269787  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L37a-like [KO:K02921]
109277151  RPL38; 60S ribosomal protein L38 [KO:K02923]
109271871  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L39-like [KO:K02924]
109247993  60S ribosomal protein L39-like [KO:K02924]
109250761  RPL39; 60S ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
109253778  60S ribosomal protein L39-like [KO:K02924]
109277372  60S ribosomal protein L39-like [KO:K02924]
109247632  UBA52; ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 [KO:K02927]
109248369  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
109258842  RPL36A; 60S ribosomal protein L36a [KO:K02929]
109268518  RPL36AL; 60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
109275564  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
109276537  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
109277544  RPLP0; 60S acidic ribosomal protein P0 [KO:K02941]
109266632  60S acidic ribosomal protein P1-like [KO:K02942]
109269827  60S acidic ribosomal protein P1-like [KO:K02942]
109262773  RPLP1; 60S acidic ribosomal protein P1 [KO:K02942]
109259790  RPLP2; 60S acidic ribosomal protein P2 isoform X1 [KO:K02943]
109275517  SYK; tyrosine-protein kinase SYK isoform X1 [KO:K05855] [EC:2.7.10.2]
109274075  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
109275159  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
109259912  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
109266953  PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649]
109275060  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
109247606  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
109272437  PLCG1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11]
109245637  PLCG2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 [KO:K05859] [EC:3.1.4.11]
109277056  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type isoform X1 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
109255537  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta type isoform X1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
109259277  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type isoform X1 [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
109259699  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
109261343  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
109265257  MAPK11; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
109265767  mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
109271512  MAPK14; mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
109271515  MAPK13; mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
109262509  TLR2; toll-like receptor 2 [KO:K10159]
109269905  TLR4; toll-like receptor 4 isoform X1 [KO:K10160]
109248749  MYD88; myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 isoform X1 [KO:K04729]
109248292  TLR7; toll-like receptor 7 isoform X1 [KO:K05404]
109248293  TLR8; toll-like receptor 8 [KO:K10170]
109248991  IRAK4; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 [KO:K04733] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109259848  IRAK1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 [KO:K04730] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109279193  TRAF6; TNF receptor-associated factor 6 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
109263420  MAP3K7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 isoform X1 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
109252493  TAB2; TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 2 [KO:K04404]
109278973  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
109276314  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
109264550  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
109253856  FOS; proto-oncogene c-Fos [KO:K04379]
109266785  JUN; transcription factor AP-1 [KO:K04448]
109272766  CHUK; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
109262264  IKBKB; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
109261148  IKBKG; NF-kappa-B essential modulator [KO:K07210]
109261721  NF-kappa-B essential modulator-like [KO:K07210]
109260338  NLRP3; NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K12800]
109250994  TLR3; toll-like receptor 3 [KO:K05401]
109252056  DDX58; probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX58 isoform X1 [KO:K12646] [EC:5.6.2.6]
109273903  ISG15; ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 [KO:K12159]
109272005  IFIH1; interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K12647] [EC:5.6.2.6]
109274754  MAVS; mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein isoform X1 [KO:K12648]
109274594  TNF receptor-associated factor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K03174]
109257640  IKBKE; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon isoform X1 [KO:K07211] [EC:2.7.11.10]
109270431  TBK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 isoform X1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
109253050  IRF3; interferon regulatory factor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05411]
109248226  MB21D1; cyclic GMP-AMP synthase isoform X1 [KO:K17834] [EC:2.7.7.86]
109252151  TMEM173; stimulator of interferon genes protein [KO:K12654]
109247112  interferon alpha-2-like [KO:K05414]
109247120  interferon alpha-like [KO:K05414]
109247123  interferon alpha-like [KO:K05414]
109261306  interferon alpha-like [KO:K05414]
109261307  interferon alpha [KO:K05414]
109247124  IFNB1; interferon beta [KO:K05415]
109249714  IFNAR1; interferon alpha/beta receptor 1 [KO:K05130]
109249711  IFNAR2; interferon alpha/beta receptor 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05131]
109274693  STAT1; signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-alpha/beta [KO:K11220]
109270329  STAT2; signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 isoform X1 [KO:K11221]
109254992  IRF9; interferon regulatory factor 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04693]
109256299  ADAR; double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase isoform X1 [KO:K12968] [EC:3.5.4.37]
109277795  OAS3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 3 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
109277626  OAS1; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 1 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
109249807  interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1-like [KO:K14754]
109249666  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2-like [KO:K14754]
109265829  EIF2AK2; interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K16195] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109253169  C5AR1; C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1 [KO:K04010]
109276067  C3AR1; C3a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor [KO:K04009]
109261021  C3; complement C3 isoform X1 [KO:K03990]
109261022  complement C3-like [KO:K03990]
109260506  CFB; complement factor B [KO:K01335] [EC:3.4.21.47]
109257710  CFD; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: complement factor D [KO:K01334] [EC:3.4.21.46]
109269880  complement C5-like isoform X1 [KO:K03994]
109269885  complement C5-like [KO:K03994]
109275850  C6; complement component C6 [KO:K03995]
109275846  C7; complement component C7 isoform X1 [KO:K03996]
109266793  C8A; complement component C8 alpha chain [KO:K03997]
109266794  C8B; complement component C8 beta chain isoform X1 [KO:K03998]
109258782  C8G; complement component C8 gamma chain isoform X1 [KO:K03999]
109275834  C9; complement component C9 [KO:K04000]
109252059  SELP; P-selectin isoform X1 [KO:K06496]
109276146  VWF; von Willebrand factor [KO:K03900]
109274281  C1QA; complement C1q subcomponent subunit A [KO:K03986]
109274283  C1QB; complement C1q subcomponent subunit B [KO:K03987]
109274282  C1QC; complement C1q subcomponent subunit C [KO:K03988]
109276088  C1R; complement C1r subcomponent isoform X1 [KO:K01330] [EC:3.4.21.41]
109276089  C1S; complement C1s subcomponent [KO:K01331] [EC:3.4.21.42]
109260505  C2; complement C2 isoform X1 [KO:K01332] [EC:3.4.21.43]
109260502  complement C4-A-like isoform X1 [KO:K03989]
109264485  MBL2; mannose-binding protein C [KO:K03991]
109275285  MASP1; mannan-binding lectin serine protease 1 isoform X1 [KO:K03992] [EC:3.4.21.-]
109274100  MASP2; mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 isoform X1 [KO:K03993] [EC:3.4.21.104]
109245108  F2; prothrombin [KO:K01313] [EC:3.4.21.5]
109249435  F13A1; coagulation factor XIII A chain isoform X1 [KO:K03917] [EC:2.3.2.13]
109255650  F13B; coagulation factor XIII B chain isoform X1 [KO:K03906]
109262500  FGA; fibrinogen alpha chain [KO:K03903]
109262501  FGB; fibrinogen beta chain [KO:K03904]
109262499  FGG; fibrinogen gamma chain isoform X1 [KO:K03905]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00046  RNA
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00290  Fibrin
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00704  Superoxide
C00873  Angiotensin I
C02135  Angiotensin II
C15850  Angiotensin (1-7)
C20640  Cyclic GMP-AMP
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  Title
Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Pathogenesis.
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Trends Immunol S1471-4906(20)30233-7 (2020)
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Immunity, endothelial injury and complement-induced coagulopathy in COVID-19.
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Nat Rev Nephrol 10.1038/s41581-020-00357-4 (2020)
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  Title
Unpuzzling COVID-19: tissue-related signaling pathways associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.
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Clin Sci (Lond) 134:2137-2160 (2020)
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PMID:32353634
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Felsenstein S, Herbert JA, McNamara PS, Hedrich CM
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COVID-19: Immunology and treatment options.
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Clin Immunol 215:108448 (2020)
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PMID:33014208
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How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality.
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Inflamm Regen 40:37 (2020)
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PMID:32544563
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COVID-19 cytokine storm: The anger of inflammation.
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Cytokine 133:155151 (2020)
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PMID:32635353
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  Title
Treatment of Severe COVID-19 with Tocilizumab Mitigates Cytokine Storm and Averts Mechanical Ventilation During Acute Respiratory Distress: A Case Report and Literature Review.
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Trop Med Infect Dis 5:E112 (2020)
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PMID:32376392
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Should we stimulate or suppress immune responses in COVID-19? Cytokine and anti-cytokine interventions.
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Autoimmun Rev 19:102567 (2020)
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Immune Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Intoxication: Storm or Silence?
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Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 13:E166 (2020)
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PMID:32922297
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Curran CS, Rivera DR, Kopp JB
  Title
COVID-19 Usurps Host Regulatory Networks.
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Front Pharmacol 11:1278 (2020)
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PMID:33055229
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  Title
Immunopathogenesis of Coronavirus-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Potential Infection-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.
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Clin Microbiol Rev 34:e00074-20 (2020)
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PMID:32973803
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Ahmed-Hassan H, Sisson B, Shukla RK, Wijewantha Y, Funderburg NT, Li Z, Hayes D Jr, Demberg T, Liyanage NPM
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Innate Immune Responses to Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses and Other Significant Respiratory Viral Infections.
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Front Immunol 11:1979 (2020)
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PMID:32346093
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Tay MZ, Poh CM, Renia L, MacAry PA, Ng LFP
  Title
The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention.
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Nat Rev Immunol 20:363-374 (2020)
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PMID:32979938
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Xia H, Cao Z, Xie X, Zhang X, Chen JY, Wang H, Menachery VD, Rajsbaum R, Shi PY
  Title
Evasion of Type I Interferon by SARS-CoV-2.
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Cell Rep 33:108234 (2020)
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  Title
The molecular virology of coronaviruses.
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J Biol Chem 295:12910-12934 (2020)
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  Title
Innate immunity during SARS-CoV-2: evasion strategies and activation trigger hypoxia and vascular damage.
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Clin Exp Immunol 202:193-209 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32467561
  Authors
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  Title
Immune response in COVID-19: addressing a pharmacological challenge by targeting pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Signal Transduct Target Ther 5:84 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32687918
  Authors
Jafarzadeh A, Chauhan P, Saha B, Jafarzadeh S, Nemati M
  Title
Contribution of monocytes and macrophages to the local tissue inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19: Lessons from SARS and MERS, and potential therapeutic interventions.
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Life Sci 257:118102 (2020)
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PMID:32376901
  Authors
Merad M, Martin JC
  Title
Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages.
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Nat Rev Immunol 20:355-362 (2020)
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PMID:32246101
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  Title
Controversies of renin-angiotensin system inhibition during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Nat Rev Nephrol 16:305-307 (2020)
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Potential differential effects of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on SARS-CoV-2 infection and lung injury in COVID-19.
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Hypertens Res 43:837-840 (2020)
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PMID:32423094
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COVID-19 and Individual Genetic Susceptibility/Receptivity: Role of ACE1/ACE2 Genes, Immunity, Inflammation and Coagulation. Might the Double X-chromosome in Females Be Protective against SARS-CoV-2 Compared to the Single X-Chromosome in Males?
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Int J Mol Sci 21:E3474 (2020)
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Enhancing host cell infection by SARS-CoV-2.
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Science 370:765-766 (2020)
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Complement as a target in COVID-19?
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Nat Rev Immunol 20:343-344 (2020)
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  Title
The case of complement activation in COVID-19 multiorgan impact.
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Kidney Int 98:314-322 (2020)
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Rationale for targeting complement in COVID-19.
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EMBO Mol Med 12:e12642 (2020)
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PMID:32439870
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Teuwen LA, Geldhof V, Pasut A, Carmeliet P
  Title
COVID-19: the vasculature unleashed.
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Nat Rev Immunol 20:389-391 (2020)
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PMID:32643798
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Jodele S, Kohl J
  Title
Tackling COVID-19 infection through complement-targeted immunotherapy.
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Br J Pharmacol 178:2832-2848 (2021)
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Reference
PMID:32608159
  Authors
Chauhan AJ, Wiffen LJ, Brown TP
  Title
COVID-19: A collision of complement, coagulation and inflammatory pathways.
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J Thromb Haemost 18:2110-2117 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32558620
  Authors
Colling ME, Kanthi Y
  Title
COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: An exploration of mechanisms.
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Vasc Med 25:471-478 (2020)
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PMID:32586214
  Authors
McFadyen JD, Stevens H, Peter K
  Title
The Emerging Threat of (Micro)Thrombosis in COVID-19 and Its Therapeutic Implications.
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Circ Res 127:571-587 (2020)
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Shi M, Wang L, Fontana P, Vora S, Zhang Y, Fu TM, Lieberman J, Wu H
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SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 suppresses host but not viral translation through a bipartite mechanism.
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bioRxiv 2020.09.18.302901 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32693241
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Paniri A, Akhavan-Niaki H
  Title
Emerging role of IL-6 and NLRP3 inflammasome as potential therapeutic targets to combat COVID-19: Role of lncRNAs in cytokine storm modulation.
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Life Sci 257:118114 (2020)
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PMID:32405269
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Omarjee L, Janin A, Perrot F, Laviolle B, Meilhac O, Mahe G
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Targeting T-cell senescence and cytokine storm with rapamycin to prevent severe progression in COVID-19.
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Clin Immunol 216:108464 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32337664
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Zhang S, Li L, Shen A, Chen Y, Qi Z
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Rational Use of Tocilizumab in the Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia.
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Clin Drug Investig 40:511-518 (2020)
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Related
pathway
ppad03015  mRNA surveillance pathway
ppad04144  Endocytosis
ppad04270  Vascular smooth muscle contraction
ppad04610  Complement and coagulation cascades
ppad04611  Platelet activation
ppad04613  Neutrophil extracellular trap formation
ppad04614  Renin-angiotensin system
ppad04620  Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
ppad04621  NOD-like receptor signaling pathway
ppad04622  RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway
ppad04623  Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway
ppad04630  JAK-STAT signaling pathway
ppad04650  Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
ppad04666  Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis
ppad04668  TNF signaling pathway
ppad04670  Leukocyte transendothelial migration
KO pathway
ko05171   
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