KEGG   PATHWAY: csab05171
Entry
csab05171                   Pathway                                
Name
Coronavirus disease - COVID-19 - Chlorocebus sabaeus (green monkey)
Description
Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious respiratory infection that is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infects alveolar epithelial cells [mainly alveolar epithelial type 2 (AEC2) cells] through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Upon the occupancy of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2, the increased serum level of free Angiotensin II (Ang II) due to a reduction of ACE2-mediated degradation promotes activation of the NF-kappa B pathway via Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), followed by  interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. SARS-CoV-2 also activates the innate immune system; macrophage stimulation triggers the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, and the "cytokine storm", which results in systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure. The combined effects of complement activation, dysregulated neutrophilia, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability appear to be intertwined to drive the severe features of COVID-19.
Class
Human Diseases; Infectious disease: viral
Pathway map
csab05171  Coronavirus disease - COVID-19
csab05171

Disease
H02398  COVID-19
Organism
Chlorocebus sabaeus (green monkey) [GN:csab]
Gene
103214626  [KO:K02908]
103214728  [KO:K02894]
103215165  C9; complement C9 [KO:K04000]
103215178  RPL37; ribosomal protein L37 [KO:K02922]
103215183  C7; complement C7 [KO:K03996]
103215186  C6; complement C6 [KO:K03995]
103215601  [KO:K02866]
103215686  IKBKB; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit beta [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
103215844  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103215928  [KO:K03991]
103215943  RPS24; ribosomal protein S24 [KO:K02974]
103216022  [KO:K02957]
103216112  [KO:K02898]
103216183  MBL2; mannose binding lectin 2 [KO:K03991]
103216382  CHUK; conserved helix-loop-helix ubiquitous kinase [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
103216384  [KO:K02981]
103216492  [KO:K02866]
103216627  [KO:K02987]
103216875  IFNAR1; interferon alpha and beta receptor subunit 1 [KO:K05130]
103216889  IFNAR2; interferon alpha and beta receptor subunit 2 [KO:K05131]
103216904  [KO:K02915]
103217190  IFIH1; interferon induced with helicase C domain 1 [KO:K12647] [EC:3.6.4.13]
103217529  STAT1; signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 [KO:K11220]
103217743  [KO:K02998]
103217820  RPL37A; ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
103218442  VWF; von Willebrand factor [KO:K03900]
103218446  TNFRSF1A; TNF receptor superfamily member 1A [KO:K03158]
103218499  [KO:K01331] [EC:3.4.21.42]
103218520  C3AR1; complement C3a receptor 1 [KO:K04009]
103218561  [KO:K02997]
103218857  C1S; complement C1s [KO:K01331] [EC:3.4.21.42]
103218858  C1R; complement C1r [KO:K01330] [EC:3.4.21.41]
103218914  C5; complement C5 [KO:K03994]
103218937  TLR4; toll like receptor 4 [KO:K10160]
103219071  [KO:K02868]
103219159  MX2; MX dynamin like GTPase 2 [KO:K14754]
103219174  MX1; MX dynamin like GTPase 1 [KO:K14754]
103219191  TMPRSS2; transmembrane protease, serine 2 [KO:K09633] [EC:3.4.21.122]
103219311  DDX58; DExD/H-box helicase 58 [KO:K12646] [EC:3.6.4.13]
103219366  [KO:K05414]
103219367  IFNA8; interferon alpha 8 [KO:K05414]
103219368  IFNA2; interferon alpha 2 [KO:K05414]
103219370  [KO:K05414]
103219372  [KO:K05414]
103219377  [KO:K05414]
103219378  [KO:K05414]
103219379  [KO:K05414]
103219381  [KO:K05414]
103219383  IFNB1; interferon beta 1 [KO:K05415]
103219399  RPS6; ribosomal protein S6 [KO:K02991]
103219736  SYK; spleen associated tyrosine kinase [KO:K05855] [EC:2.7.10.2]
103220182  [KO:K02962]
103220242  RPS27A; ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
103220461  [KO:K02987]
103220482  EIF2AK2; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 2 [KO:K16195] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103220846  ADAM17; ADAM metallopeptidase domain 17 [KO:K06059] [EC:3.4.24.86]
103220897  [KO:K02905]
103220913  RPS7; ribosomal protein S7 [KO:K02993]
103221032  RPSA; ribosomal protein SA [KO:K02998]
103221064  MYD88; myeloid differentiation primary response 88 [KO:K04729]
103221098  [KO:K02905]
103221212  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
103221259  RPL22L1; ribosomal protein L22 like 1 [KO:K02891]
103221595  MAPK13; mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103221596  MAPK14; mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103221611  IL6ST; interleukin 6 signal transducer [KO:K05060]
103221612  RPL10A; ribosomal protein L10a [KO:K02865]
103221637  RPS10; ribosomal protein S10 [KO:K02947]
103221669  RPS18; ribosomal protein S18 [KO:K02964]
103221723  C4B; complement component 4B [KO:K03989]
103221732  [KO:K03989]
103221735  C2; complement component 2 [KO:K01332] [EC:3.4.21.43]
103221872  [KO:K02978]
103222009  [KO:K02929]
103222237  F13A1; coagulation factor XIII A chain [KO:K03917] [EC:2.3.2.13]
103222378  [KO:K02973]
103222439  RPL17; ribosomal protein L17 [KO:K02880]
103222559  [KO:K02912]
103222594  PIK3R1; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 [KO:K02649]
103222806  [KO:K02870]
103222844  [KO:K02893]
103222941  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103223049  [KO:K02947]
103223207  [KO:K02905]
103223208  [KO:K02905]
103223209  [KO:K02905]
103223551  MAPK11; mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103223553  MAPK12; mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103223676  FCGR2A; Fc fragment of IgG receptor IIa [KO:K06472]
103223917  ADAR; adenosine deaminase, RNA specific [KO:K12968] [EC:3.5.4.37]
103223920  IL6R; interleukin 6 receptor [KO:K05055]
103223938  RPS27; ribosomal protein S27 [KO:K02978]
103224030  RPS23; ribosomal protein S23 [KO:K02973]
103224088  [KO:K06856]
103224427  RPL5; ribosomal protein L5 [KO:K02932]
103224682  JAK1; Janus kinase 1 [KO:K11217] [EC:2.7.10.2]
103224726  JUN; Jun proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit [KO:K04448]
103224737  C8B; complement C8 beta chain [KO:K03998]
103224738  C8A; complement C8 alpha chain [KO:K03997]
103224870  [KO:K02893]
103224900  PIK3R3; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 3 [KO:K02649]
103224933  RPS8; ribosomal protein S8 [KO:K02995]
103225393  RPL11; ribosomal protein L11 [KO:K02868]
103225408  C1QB; complement C1q B chain [KO:K03987]
103225409  C1QC; complement C1q C chain [KO:K03988]
103225410  C1QA; complement C1q A chain [KO:K03986]
103225618  MASP2; mannan binding lectin serine peptidase 2 [KO:K03993] [EC:3.4.21.104]
103225637  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
103225703  RPL22; ribosomal protein L22 [KO:K02891]
103225828  ISG15; ISG15 ubiquitin-like modifier [KO:K12159]
103226055  EGFR; epidermal growth factor receptor [KO:K04361] [EC:2.7.10.1]
103226064  [KO:K02866]
103226351  [KO:K02927]
103226390  IL6; interleukin 6 [KO:K05405]
103226415  RPL3L; ribosomal protein L3 like [KO:K02925]
103226440  RPS2; ribosomal protein S2 [KO:K02981]
103226449  [KO:K02930]
103227364  RELA; RELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit [KO:K04735]
103227436  RPL14; ribosomal protein L14 [KO:K02875]
103227713  RPL29; ribosomal protein L29 [KO:K02905]
103227820  [KO:K02905]
103227869  [KO:K02969]
103227923  [KO:K02955]
103228035  RPL32; ribosomal protein L32 [KO:K02912]
103228383  [KO:K02957]
103228432  RPL24; ribosomal protein L24 [KO:K02896]
103228509  [KO:K02898]
103228710  IRF9; interferon regulatory factor 9 [KO:K04693]
103228823  NFKBIA; NFKB inhibitor alpha [KO:K04734]
103228917  RPL10L; ribosomal protein L10 like [KO:K02866]
103228935  RPS29; ribosomal protein S29 [KO:K02980]
103228938  RPL36AL; ribosomal protein L36a like [KO:K02929]
103229352  FOS; Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit [KO:K04379]
103229403  [KO:K02891]
103229744  TRAF3; TNF receptor associated factor 3 [KO:K03174]
103229820  [KO:K06856]
103229828  [KO:K06856]
103229829  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103229838  [KO:K06856]
103229839  [KO:K06856]
103229845  [KO:K06856]
103229849  [KO:K06856]
103229850  [KO:K06856]
103229864  [KO:K06856]
103229935  [KO:K06856]
103229939  [KO:K06856]
103229942  [KO:K06856]
103229943  [KO:K06856]
103230198  IKBKE; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit epsilon [KO:K07211] [EC:2.7.11.10]
103230348  [KO:K02866]
103230379  F13B; coagulation factor XIII B chain [KO:K03906]
103230486  [KO:K02998]
103230532  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103230618  SELP; selectin P [KO:K06496]
103230749  FAU; FAU, ubiquitin like and ribosomal protein S30 fusion [KO:K02983]
103230928  NLRP3; NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 [KO:K12800]
103231084  [KO:K02929]
103231097  RPS17; ribosomal protein S17 [KO:K02962]
103231118  [KO:K02936]
103231537  RPS4Y1; ribosomal protein S4, Y-linked 1 [KO:K02987]
103231601  TLR7; toll like receptor 7 [KO:K05404]
103231602  TLR8; toll like receptor 8 [KO:K10170]
103231639  ACE2; angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 [KO:K09708] [EC:3.4.17.23]
103232177  [KO:K02987]
103232362  RPL36A; ribosomal protein L36a [KO:K02929]
103232382  [KO:K02866]
103232517  [KO:K02920]
103232654  [KO:K02938]
103232697  [KO:K02998]
103232815  IRAK1; interleukin 1 receptor associated kinase 1 [KO:K04730] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103232832  IKBKG; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit gamma [KO:K07210]
103232940  [KO:K02987]
103233336  [KO:K02928]
103233371  PLCG2; phospholipase C gamma 2 [KO:K05859] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103233487  RPL13; ribosomal protein L13 [KO:K02873]
103233571  CFD; complement factor D [KO:K01334] [EC:3.4.21.46]
103233608  RPS15; ribosomal protein S15 [KO:K02958]
103233745  RPL36; ribosomal protein L36 [KO:K02920]
103233759  [KO:K02912]
103233835  RPS28; ribosomal protein S28 [KO:K02979]
103233927  RPLP2; ribosomal protein lateral stalk subunit P2 [KO:K02943]
103234157  RPL18A; ribosomal protein L18a [KO:K02882]
103234186  UBA52; ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 [KO:K02927]
103234342  C3; complement C3 [KO:K03990]
103234360  TYK2; tyrosine kinase 2 [KO:K11219] [EC:2.7.10.2]
103234391  PIK3R2; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 2 [KO:K02649]
103234466  [KO:K02987]
103234643  NFKBIB; NFKB inhibitor beta [KO:K02581]
103234673  RPS16; ribosomal protein S16 [KO:K02960]
103234748  RPS19; ribosomal protein S19 [KO:K02966]
103234934  [KO:K02976]
103234937  C5AR1; complement C5a receptor 1 [KO:K04010]
103235039  RPL13A; ribosomal protein L13a [KO:K02872]
103235041  RPS11; ribosomal protein S11 [KO:K02949]
103235050  IRF3; interferon regulatory factor 3 [KO:K05411]
103235232  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103235259  RPS9; ribosomal protein S9 [KO:K02997]
103235312  RPL28; ribosomal protein L28 [KO:K02903]
103235456  RPS5; ribosomal protein S5 [KO:K02989]
103235786  CXCL8; C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 [KO:K10030]
103235824  CXCL10; C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 [KO:K12671]
103235918  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103236047  NFKB1; nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 [KO:K02580]
103236091  RPL34; ribosomal protein L34 [KO:K02915]
103236209  IL2; interleukin 2 [KO:K05429]
103236258  [KO:K02928]
103236354  [KO:K01313] [EC:3.4.21.5]
103236378  [KO:K02984]
103236399  [KO:K02949]
103236415  [KO:K10159]
103236419  FGB; fibrinogen beta chain [KO:K03904]
103236420  FGA; fibrinogen alpha chain [KO:K03903]
103236421  FGG; fibrinogen gamma chain [KO:K03905]
103236634  TLR3; toll like receptor 3 [KO:K05401]
103236820  RPS20; ribosomal protein S20 [KO:K02969]
103236971  RPL7; ribosomal protein L7 [KO:K02937]
103237185  RPL30; ribosomal protein L30 [KO:K02908]
103237317  [KO:K02962]
103237381  [KO:K02927]
103237554  TRAF6; TNF receptor associated factor 6 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
103237602  [KO:K02870]
103237648  RPL8; ribosomal protein L8 [KO:K02938]
103237908  [KO:K02872]
103238101  NRP1; neuropilin 1 [KO:K06724]
103238180  IRAK4; interleukin 1 receptor associated kinase 4 [KO:K04733] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103238280  [KO:K02900]
103238525  STAT2; signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 [KO:K11221]
103238605  [KO:K02953]
103238638  TBK1; TANK binding kinase 1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
103238804  [KO:K02912]
103239120  [KO:K02905]
103239133  [KO:K02964]
103239154  OAS1; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
103239155  OAS3; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 3 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
103239156  OAS2; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 2 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
103239219  [KO:K02924]
103239244  RPLP0; ribosomal protein lateral stalk subunit P0 [KO:K02941]
103239528  RPL6; ribosomal protein L6 [KO:K02934]
103239601  RPS13; ribosomal protein S13 [KO:K02953]
103239841  RPL12; ribosomal protein L12 [KO:K02870]
103239881  RPL35; ribosomal protein L35 [KO:K02918]
103240115  MAP3K7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
103240159  TAB2; TGF-beta activated kinase 1/MAP3K7 binding protein 2 [KO:K04404]
103240161  [KO:K02936]
103240328  [KO:K02949]
103240348  RPS12; ribosomal protein S12 [KO:K02951]
103240741  RPL27A; ribosomal protein L27a [KO:K02900]
103240829  MAS1; MAS1 proto-oncogene, G protein-coupled receptor [KO:K04303]
103241041  [KO:K02981]
103241115  [KO:K02929]
103241129  RPL31; ribosomal protein L31 [KO:K02910]
103241245  [KO:K02998]
103241278  IL1B; interleukin 1 beta [KO:K04519]
103241402  IL12A; interleukin 12A [KO:K05406]
103241511  AGTR1; angiotensin II receptor type 1 [KO:K04166]
103241599  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
103241642  [KO:K02924]
103241714  [KO:K02905]
103241722  [KO:K02976]
103241763  RPL15; ribosomal protein L15 [KO:K02877]
103241789  [KO:K02927]
103241865  [KO:K02929]
103241880  MASP1; mannan binding lectin serine peptidase 1 [KO:K03992] [EC:3.4.21.-]
103241936  [KO:K02976]
103242020  RPL35A; ribosomal protein L35a [KO:K02917]
103242359  RPL26; ribosomal protein L26 [KO:K02898]
103242630  RPL23A; ribosomal protein L23a [KO:K02893]
103242710  [KO:K14624]
103242926  [KO:K02949]
103243027  [KO:K02912]
103243068  RPS21; ribosomal protein S21 [KO:K02971]
103243171  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103243232  [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
103243233  [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
103243263  [KO:K02929]
103243276  [KO:K02889]
103243282  [KO:K02905]
103243377  RPL27; ribosomal protein L27 [KO:K02901]
103243410  STAT3; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 [KO:K04692]
103243424  [KO:K02976]
103243524  CSF3; colony stimulating factor 3 [KO:K05423]
103243550  RPL19; ribosomal protein L19 [KO:K02885]
103243557  RPL23; ribosomal protein L23 [KO:K02894]
103243799  [KO:K02929]
103243898  MB21D1; Mab-21 domain containing 1 [KO:K17834] [EC:2.7.7.86]
103244020  [KO:K02894]
103244172  [KO:K02868]
103244209  [KO:K02905]
103244503  CSF2; colony stimulating factor 2 [KO:K05427]
103244604  [KO:K02922]
103244640  TMEM173; transmembrane protein 173 [KO:K12654]
103244654  HBEGF; heparin binding EGF like growth factor [KO:K08523]
103244796  RPS14; ribosomal protein S14 [KO:K02955]
103244892  IL12B; interleukin 12B [KO:K05425]
103244983  RPL26L1; ribosomal protein L26 like 1 [KO:K02898]
103245120  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103245406  RPLP1; ribosomal protein lateral stalk subunit P1 [KO:K02942]
103245443  RPL4; ribosomal protein L4 [KO:K02930]
103245450  [KO:K02983]
103245512  RPS27L; ribosomal protein S27 like [KO:K02978]
103245593  RSL24D1; ribosomal L24 domain containing 1 [KO:K02896]
103245600  [KO:K02883]
103245987  PLCG1; phospholipase C gamma 1 [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103246174  [KO:K02934]
103246202  RPL9; ribosomal protein L9 [KO:K02940]
103246377  [KO:K02936]
103246577  [KO:K02905]
103246919  [KO:K02966]
103246967  [KO:K02987]
103246992  [KO:K02987]
103247342  RPL39; ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
103247433  RPL10; ribosomal protein L10 [KO:K02866]
103247465  CYBB; cytochrome b-245 heavy chain [KO:K21421] [EC:1.-.-.-]
103247496  [KO:K02925]
103247608  [KO:K06856]
103247611  MAVS; mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein [KO:K12648]
103248057  RPS3; ribosomal protein S3 [KO:K02985]
103248222  [KO:K02921]
103248335  MMP1; matrix metallopeptidase 1 [KO:K01388] [EC:3.4.24.7]
103248344  MMP3; matrix metallopeptidase 3 [KO:K01394] [EC:3.4.24.17]
103248363  [KO:K01370] [EC:3.4.22.36]
103248365  CASP1; caspase 1 [KO:K01370] [EC:3.4.22.36]
103248611  RPS25; ribosomal protein S25 [KO:K02975]
103248933  [KO:K01370] [EC:3.4.22.36]
103249052  RPL21; ribosomal protein L21 [KO:K02889]
108449896  CFB; complement factor B [KO:K01335] [EC:3.4.21.47]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00046  RNA
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00290  Fibrin
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00704  Superoxide
C00873  Angiotensin I
C02135  Angiotensin II
C15850  Angiotensin (1-7)
C20640  Cyclic GMP-AMP
Reference
PMID:33132005
  Authors
Harrison AG, Lin T, Wang P
  Title
Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Pathogenesis.
  Journal
Trends Immunol S1471-4906(20)30233-7 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2020.10.004
Reference
PMID:33077917
  Authors
Perico L, Benigni A, Casiraghi F, Ng LFP, Renia L, Remuzzi G
  Title
Immunity, endothelial injury and complement-induced coagulopathy in COVID-19.
  Journal
Nat Rev Nephrol 10.1038/s41581-020-00357-4 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41581-020-00357-4
Reference
PMID:32820801
  Authors
Battagello DS, Dragunas G, Klein MO, Ayub ALP, Velloso FJ, Correa RG
  Title
Unpuzzling COVID-19: tissue-related signaling pathways associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.
  Journal
Clin Sci (Lond) 134:2137-2160 (2020)
DOI:10.1042/CS20200904
Reference
PMID:32353634
  Authors
Felsenstein S, Herbert JA, McNamara PS, Hedrich CM
  Title
COVID-19: Immunology and treatment options.
  Journal
Clin Immunol 215:108448 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108448
Reference
PMID:33014208
  Authors
Hojyo S, Uchida M, Tanaka K, Hasebe R, Tanaka Y, Murakami M, Hirano T
  Title
How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality.
  Journal
Inflamm Regen 40:37 (2020)
DOI:10.1186/s41232-020-00146-3
Reference
PMID:32544563
  Authors
Mahmudpour M, Roozbeh J, Keshavarz M, Farrokhi S, Nabipour I
  Title
COVID-19 cytokine storm: The anger of inflammation.
  Journal
Cytokine 133:155151 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155151
Reference
PMID:32635353
  Authors
Farooqi F, Dhawan N, Morgan R, Dinh J, Nedd K, Yatzkan G
  Title
Treatment of Severe COVID-19 with Tocilizumab Mitigates Cytokine Storm and Averts Mechanical Ventilation During Acute Respiratory Distress: A Case Report and Literature Review.
  Journal
Trop Med Infect Dis 5:E112 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/tropicalmed5030112
Reference
PMID:32376392
  Authors
Jamilloux Y, Henry T, Belot A, Viel S, Fauter M, El Jammal T, Walzer T, Francois B, Seve P
  Title
Should we stimulate or suppress immune responses in COVID-19? Cytokine and anti-cytokine interventions.
  Journal
Autoimmun Rev 19:102567 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102567
Reference
PMID:32722596
  Authors
Kiselevskiy M, Shubina I, Chikileva I, Sitdikova S, Samoylenko I, Anisimova N, Kirgizov K, Suleimanova A, Gorbunova T, Varfolomeeva S
  Title
Immune Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Intoxication: Storm or Silence?
  Journal
Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 13:E166 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ph13080166
Reference
PMID:32922297
  Authors
Curran CS, Rivera DR, Kopp JB
  Title
COVID-19 Usurps Host Regulatory Networks.
  Journal
Front Pharmacol 11:1278 (2020)
DOI:10.3389/fphar.2020.01278
Reference
PMID:33055229
  Authors
Quan C, Li C, Ma H, Li Y, Zhang H
  Title
Immunopathogenesis of Coronavirus-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Potential Infection-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.
  Journal
Clin Microbiol Rev 34:e00074-20 (2020)
DOI:10.1128/CMR.00074-20
Reference
PMID:32973803
  Authors
Ahmed-Hassan H, Sisson B, Shukla RK, Wijewantha Y, Funderburg NT, Li Z, Hayes D Jr, Demberg T, Liyanage NPM
  Title
Innate Immune Responses to Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses and Other Significant Respiratory Viral Infections.
  Journal
Front Immunol 11:1979 (2020)
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01979
Reference
PMID:32346093
  Authors
Tay MZ, Poh CM, Renia L, MacAry PA, Ng LFP
  Title
The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:363-374 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8
Reference
PMID:32979938
  Authors
Xia H, Cao Z, Xie X, Zhang X, Chen JY, Wang H, Menachery VD, Rajsbaum R, Shi PY
  Title
Evasion of Type I Interferon by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Cell Rep 33:108234 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108234
Reference
PMID:32661197
  Authors
Hartenian E, Nandakumar D, Lari A, Ly M, Tucker JM, Glaunsinger BA
  Title
The molecular virology of coronaviruses.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 295:12910-12934 (2020)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.REV120.013930
Reference
PMID:32978971
  Authors
Amor S, Fernandez Blanco L, Baker D
  Title
Innate immunity during SARS-CoV-2: evasion strategies and activation trigger hypoxia and vascular damage.
  Journal
Clin Exp Immunol 202:193-209 (2020)
DOI:10.1111/cei.13523
Reference
PMID:32467561
  Authors
Catanzaro M, Fagiani F, Racchi M, Corsini E, Govoni S, Lanni C
  Title
Immune response in COVID-19: addressing a pharmacological challenge by targeting pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Signal Transduct Target Ther 5:84 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41392-020-0191-1
Reference
PMID:32687918
  Authors
Jafarzadeh A, Chauhan P, Saha B, Jafarzadeh S, Nemati M
  Title
Contribution of monocytes and macrophages to the local tissue inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19: Lessons from SARS and MERS, and potential therapeutic interventions.
  Journal
Life Sci 257:118102 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118102
Reference
PMID:32376901
  Authors
Merad M, Martin JC
  Title
Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:355-362 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0331-4
Reference
PMID:32246101
  Authors
South AM, Tomlinson L, Edmonston D, Hiremath S, Sparks MA
  Title
Controversies of renin-angiotensin system inhibition during the COVID-19 pandemic.
  Journal
Nat Rev Nephrol 16:305-307 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41581-020-0279-4
Reference
PMID:32433641
  Authors
Furuhashi M, Moniwa N, Takizawa H, Ura N, Shimamoto K
  Title
Potential differential effects of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on SARS-CoV-2 infection and lung injury in COVID-19.
  Journal
Hypertens Res 43:837-840 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41440-020-0478-1
Reference
PMID:32423094
  Authors
Gemmati D, Bramanti B, Serino ML, Secchiero P, Zauli G, Tisato V
  Title
COVID-19 and Individual Genetic Susceptibility/Receptivity: Role of ACE1/ACE2 Genes, Immunity, Inflammation and Coagulation. Might the Double X-chromosome in Females Be Protective against SARS-CoV-2 Compared to the Single X-Chromosome in Males?
  Journal
Int J Mol Sci 21:E3474 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ijms21103474
Reference
PMID:33184193
  Authors
Kielian M
  Title
Enhancing host cell infection by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Science 370:765-766 (2020)
DOI:10.1126/science.abf0732
Reference
PMID:32327719
  Authors
Risitano AM, Mastellos DC, Huber-Lang M, Yancopoulou D, Garlanda C, Ciceri F, Lambris JD
  Title
Complement as a target in COVID-19?
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:343-344 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0320-7
Reference
PMID:32461141
  Authors
Noris M, Benigni A, Remuzzi G
  Title
The case of complement activation in COVID-19 multiorgan impact.
  Journal
Kidney Int 98:314-322 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.013
Reference
PMID:32559343
  Authors
Polycarpou A, Howard M, Farrar CA, Greenlaw R, Fanelli G, Wallis R, Klavinskis LS, Sacks S
  Title
Rationale for targeting complement in COVID-19.
  Journal
EMBO Mol Med 12:e12642 (2020)
DOI:10.15252/emmm.202012642
Reference
PMID:32439870
  Authors
Teuwen LA, Geldhof V, Pasut A, Carmeliet P
  Title
COVID-19: the vasculature unleashed.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:389-391 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0343-0
Reference
PMID:32643798
  Authors
Jodele S, Kohl J
  Title
Tackling COVID-19 infection through complement-targeted immunotherapy.
  Journal
Br J Pharmacol 178:2832-2848 (2021)
DOI:10.1111/bph.15187
Reference
PMID:32608159
  Authors
Chauhan AJ, Wiffen LJ, Brown TP
  Title
COVID-19: A collision of complement, coagulation and inflammatory pathways.
  Journal
J Thromb Haemost 18:2110-2117 (2020)
DOI:10.1111/jth.14981
Reference
PMID:32558620
  Authors
Colling ME, Kanthi Y
  Title
COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: An exploration of mechanisms.
  Journal
Vasc Med 25:471-478 (2020)
DOI:10.1177/1358863X20932640
Reference
PMID:32586214
  Authors
McFadyen JD, Stevens H, Peter K
  Title
The Emerging Threat of (Micro)Thrombosis in COVID-19 and Its Therapeutic Implications.
  Journal
Circ Res 127:571-587 (2020)
DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317447
Reference
PMID:32995777
  Authors
Shi M, Wang L, Fontana P, Vora S, Zhang Y, Fu TM, Lieberman J, Wu H
  Title
SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 suppresses host but not viral translation through a bipartite mechanism.
  Journal
bioRxiv 2020.09.18.302901 (2020)
DOI:10.1101/2020.09.18.302901
Reference
PMID:32693241
  Authors
Paniri A, Akhavan-Niaki H
  Title
Emerging role of IL-6 and NLRP3 inflammasome as potential therapeutic targets to combat COVID-19: Role of lncRNAs in cytokine storm modulation.
  Journal
Life Sci 257:118114 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118114
Reference
PMID:32405269
  Authors
Omarjee L, Janin A, Perrot F, Laviolle B, Meilhac O, Mahe G
  Title
Targeting T-cell senescence and cytokine storm with rapamycin to prevent severe progression in COVID-19.
  Journal
Clin Immunol 216:108464 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108464
Reference
PMID:32337664
  Authors
Zhang S, Li L, Shen A, Chen Y, Qi Z
  Title
Rational Use of Tocilizumab in the Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia.
  Journal
Clin Drug Investig 40:511-518 (2020)
DOI:10.1007/s40261-020-00917-3
Related
pathway
csab03015  mRNA surveillance pathway
csab04144  Endocytosis
csab04270  Vascular smooth muscle contraction
csab04610  Complement and coagulation cascades
csab04611  Platelet activation
csab04613  Neutrophil extracellular trap formation
csab04614  Renin-angiotensin system
csab04620  Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
csab04621  NOD-like receptor signaling pathway
csab04622  RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway
csab04623  Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway
csab04630  JAK-STAT signaling pathway
csab04650  Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
csab04666  Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis
csab04668  TNF signaling pathway
csab04670  Leukocyte transendothelial migration
KO pathway
ko05171   

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