KEGG   PATHWAY: llv05171
Entry
llv05171                    Pathway                                
Name
Coronavirus disease - COVID-19 - Lutra lutra (Eurasian river otter)
Description
Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious respiratory infection that is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infects alveolar epithelial cells [mainly alveolar epithelial type 2 (AEC2) cells] through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Upon the occupancy of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2, the increased serum level of free Angiotensin II (Ang II) due to a reduction of ACE2-mediated degradation promotes activation of the NF-kappa B pathway via Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), followed by  interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. SARS-CoV-2 also activates the innate immune system; macrophage stimulation triggers the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, and the "cytokine storm", which results in systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure. The combined effects of complement activation, dysregulated neutrophilia, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability appear to be intertwined to drive the severe features of COVID-19.
Class
Human Diseases; Infectious disease: viral
Pathway map
llv05171  Coronavirus disease - COVID-19
llv05171

Organism
Lutra lutra (Eurasian river otter) [GN:llv]
Gene
125094004  transmembrane protease serine 2-like [KO:K09633] [EC:3.4.21.122]
125091709  angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 isoform X1 [KO:K09708] [EC:3.4.17.23]
125106011  neuropilin-1 isoform X1 [KO:K06724]
125086844  angiotensin-converting enzyme isoform X1 [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
125086845  angiotensin-converting enzyme-like protein Ace3 isoform X1 [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
125102905  proto-oncogene Mas [KO:K04303]
125098485  type-1 angiotensin II receptor [KO:K04166]
125091990  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cytochrome b-245 heavy chain-like [KO:K21421] [EC:1.-.-.-]
125093224  nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K02580]
125078405  transcription factor p65 isoform X1 [KO:K04735]
125103142  tumor necrosis factor isoform X1 [KO:K03156]
125081177  interleukin-6 [KO:K05405]
125109148  interleukin-1 beta [KO:K04519]
125099687  interleukin-12 subunit alpha [KO:K05406]
125101014  interleukin-12 subunit beta [KO:K05425]
125078732  stromelysin-1 [KO:K01394] [EC:3.4.24.17]
125078733  stromelysin-2-like [KO:K01394] [EC:3.4.24.17]
125078735  interstitial collagenase-like [KO:K01388] [EC:3.4.24.7]
125078737  interstitial collagenase-like [KO:K01388] [EC:3.4.24.7]
125088018  C-C motif chemokine 2 [KO:K14624]
125094403  interleukin-8 [KO:K10030]
125108380  disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17 isoform X1 [KO:K06059] [EC:3.4.24.86]
125107758  tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A-like isoform X1 [KO:K03158]
125105211  NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha [KO:K04734]
125088499  NF-kappa-B inhibitor beta isoform X1 [KO:K02581]
125100868  proheparin-binding EGF-like growth factor isoform X1 [KO:K08523]
125080419  epidermal growth factor receptor [KO:K04361] [EC:2.7.10.1]
125086464  interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha-like isoform X1 [KO:K05055]
125099966  interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K05060]
125097987  tyrosine-protein kinase JAK1 [KO:K11217] [EC:2.7.10.2]
125084878  non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2-like isoform X1 [KO:K11219] [EC:2.7.10.2]
125086956  signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04692]
125093350  interleukin-2 [KO:K05429]
125088175  granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-like [KO:K05423]
125100468  granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-like isoform X1 [KO:K05427]
125093857  C-X-C motif chemokine 10-like [KO:K12671]
125105482  40S ribosomal protein S2-like [KO:K02981]
125090503  40S ribosomal protein S2 [KO:K02981]
125079428  40S ribosomal protein S3 [KO:K02985]
125080491  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 40S ribosomal protein S3-like [KO:K02985]
125107746  40S ribosomal protein S3a [KO:K02984]
125093039  40S ribosomal protein S3a [KO:K02984]
125081321  40S ribosomal protein S3a-like [KO:K02984]
125097609  40S ribosomal protein S3a-like [KO:K02984]
125100319  40S ribosomal protein S4, X isoform-like [KO:K02987]
125092090  40S ribosomal protein S4 [KO:K02987]
125101127  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 40S ribosomal protein S4-like [KO:K02987]
125093708  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 40S ribosomal protein S4-like [KO:K02987]
125089032  40S ribosomal protein S5 [KO:K02989]
125084112  40S ribosomal protein S6 [KO:K02991]
125108249  40S ribosomal protein S7 [KO:K02993]
125095241  40S ribosomal protein S7-like [KO:K02993]
125080055  40S ribosomal protein S8-like [KO:K02995]
125098500  40S ribosomal protein S8 [KO:K02995]
125088844  40S ribosomal protein S9 [KO:K02997]
125102325  40S ribosomal protein S10-like [KO:K02947]
125103251  40S ribosomal protein S10 [KO:K02947]
125089883  40S ribosomal protein S11 [KO:K02949]
125102767  40S ribosomal protein S12 [KO:K02951]
125098922  40S ribosomal protein S12-like [KO:K02951]
125078217  40S ribosomal protein S13 [KO:K02953]
125108310  40S ribosomal protein S14-like [KO:K02955]
125100713  40S ribosomal protein S14 [KO:K02955]
125103900  40S ribosomal protein S14-like [KO:K02955]
125089215  40S ribosomal protein S15 [KO:K02958]
125090778  40S ribosomal protein S15a [KO:K02957]
125108825  40S ribosomal protein S15a-like [KO:K02957]
125102335  40S ribosomal protein S15a-like [KO:K02957]
125103870  40S ribosomal protein S15a [KO:K02957]
125088526  40S ribosomal protein S16 [KO:K02960]
125104752  40S ribosomal protein S17 [KO:K02962]
125102665  40S ribosomal protein S18 isoform X1 [KO:K02964]
125102202  40S ribosomal protein S19-like [KO:K02966]
125088806  40S ribosomal protein S19 [KO:K02966]
125084646  40S ribosomal protein S20-like [KO:K02969]
125098911  40S ribosomal protein S20 [KO:K02969]
125092182  40S ribosomal protein S20-like [KO:K02969]
125108904  40S ribosomal protein S21 [KO:K02971]
125081056  40S ribosomal protein S21-like [KO:K02971]
125100875  40S ribosomal protein S23 [KO:K02973]
125099188  40S ribosomal protein S24-like [KO:K02974]
125084935  40S ribosomal protein S24 isoform X1 [KO:K02974]
125085831  40S ribosomal protein S24-like [KO:K02974]
125095195  40S ribosomal protein S24-like [KO:K02974]
125105008  40S ribosomal protein S24-like [KO:K02974]
125080800  40S ribosomal protein S24-like [KO:K02974]
125099109  40S ribosomal protein S24-like [KO:K02974]
125104774  40S ribosomal protein S24-like [KO:K02974]
125110324  40S ribosomal protein S25 [KO:K02975]
125086179  40S ribosomal protein S26 [KO:K02976]
125106524  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 40S ribosomal protein S26-like [KO:K02976]
125091802  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
125092272  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
125085662  40S ribosomal protein S27 isoform X1 [KO:K02978]
125085924  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
125093966  40S ribosomal protein S27 [KO:K02978]
125105259  40S ribosomal protein S27-like isoform X1 [KO:K02978]
125098078  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
125108777  ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
125084841  ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
125085927  40S ribosomal protein S28 [KO:K02979]
125095168  40S ribosomal protein S28 [KO:K02979]
125090499  40S ribosomal protein S29-like [KO:K02980]
125105034  40S ribosomal protein S29 [KO:K02980]
125078686  FAU ubiquitin-like and ribosomal protein S30 [KO:K02983]
125102794  ubiquitin-like protein FUBI [KO:K02983]
125109785  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
125105456  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
125106245  40S ribosomal protein SA [KO:K02998]
125090739  60S ribosomal protein L3-like isoform X1 [KO:K02925]
125107289  60S ribosomal protein L3 isoform X1 [KO:K02925]
125109314  60S ribosomal protein L4-like [KO:K02930]
125103071  60S ribosomal protein L4-like [KO:K02930]
125105593  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L4-like [KO:K02930]
125097589  60S ribosomal protein L5 isoform X1 [KO:K02932]
125106000  60S ribosomal protein L5-like [KO:K02932]
125081917  60S ribosomal protein L6 [KO:K02934]
125089325  60S ribosomal protein L6-like [KO:K02934]
125090981  60S ribosomal protein L7-like [KO:K02937]
125102343  60S ribosomal protein L7 [KO:K02937]
125093967  60S ribosomal protein L7-like [KO:K02937]
125097645  60S ribosomal protein L7-like isoform X1 [KO:K02937]
125083861  60S ribosomal protein L7a [KO:K02936]
125098260  60S ribosomal protein L8 isoform X1 [KO:K02938]
125084432  60S ribosomal protein L9-like [KO:K02940]
125093652  60S ribosomal protein L9 isoform X1 [KO:K02940]
125099030  60S ribosomal protein L9-like [KO:K02940]
125091328  60S ribosomal protein L10 isoform X1 [KO:K02866]
125104801  60S ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
125102361  60S ribosomal protein L10a [KO:K02865]
125103187  60S ribosomal protein L10a [KO:K02865]
125083445  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L11-like [KO:K02868]
125085595  60S ribosomal protein L11-like [KO:K02868]
125098505  60S ribosomal protein L11 [KO:K02868]
125083408  60S ribosomal protein L12 [KO:K02870]
125088744  60S ribosomal protein L13 [KO:K02873]
125102696  60S ribosomal protein L13a-like [KO:K02872]
125089054  60S ribosomal protein L13a isoform X1 [KO:K02872]
125106155  60S ribosomal protein L14 [KO:K02875]
125105033  60S ribosomal protein L15 [KO:K02877]
125099980  60S ribosomal protein L17-like [KO:K02880]
125085242  60S ribosomal protein L17 [KO:K02880]
125103295  60S ribosomal protein L17-like [KO:K02880]
125096999  60S ribosomal protein L17-like [KO:K02880]
125081409  60S ribosomal protein L17-like [KO:K02880]
125082308  60S ribosomal protein L17 [KO:K02880]
125101722  ribosomal protein L18-like [KO:K02883]
125096268  ribosomal protein L18-like [KO:K02883]
125088652  ribosomal protein L18 [KO:K02883]
125100030  60S ribosomal protein L18a-like [KO:K02882]
125104449  60S ribosomal protein L18a-like [KO:K02882]
125082358  60S ribosomal protein L18a isoform X1 [KO:K02882]
125087306  60S ribosomal protein L19 [KO:K02885]
125100262  60S ribosomal protein L21-like [KO:K02889]
125084552  60S ribosomal protein L21-like [KO:K02889]
125108739  60S ribosomal protein L21 [KO:K02889]
125108948  60S ribosomal protein L21-like [KO:K02889]
125092996  60S ribosomal protein L21 [KO:K02889]
125095142  60S ribosomal protein L21-like [KO:K02889]
125087453  60S ribosomal protein L21-like [KO:K02889]
125096223  60S ribosomal protein L21 [KO:K02889]
125105600  60S ribosomal protein L21-like [KO:K02889]
125098018  60S ribosomal protein L21-like [KO:K02889]
125106955  60S ribosomal protein L21-like [KO:K02889]
125100284  60S ribosomal protein L22-like 1 isoform X1 [KO:K02891]
125098329  60S ribosomal protein L22 [KO:K02891]
125079930  60S ribosomal protein L23 [KO:K02894]
125087747  60S ribosomal protein L23 [KO:K02894]
125095853  60S ribosomal protein L23-like [KO:K02894]
125100156  60S ribosomal protein L23a [KO:K02893]
125108963  60S ribosomal protein L23a-like [KO:K02893]
125109921  60S ribosomal protein L23a-like [KO:K02893]
125109970  60S ribosomal protein L23a [KO:K02893]
125093643  60S ribosomal protein L23a-like [KO:K02893]
125087055  60S ribosomal protein L23a isoform X1 [KO:K02893]
125080407  60S ribosomal protein L23a [KO:K02893]
125080739  60S ribosomal protein L23a-like [KO:K02893]
125089230  60S ribosomal protein L23a-like [KO:K02893]
125089764  60S ribosomal protein L23a-like [KO:K02893]
125106678  60S ribosomal protein L23a-like [KO:K02893]
125099122  60S ribosomal protein L23a [KO:K02893]
125084994  60S ribosomal protein L23a-like [KO:K02893]
125102326  probable ribosome biogenesis protein RLP24 [KO:K02896]
125093794  probable ribosome biogenesis protein RLP24 [KO:K02896]
125088121  60S ribosomal protein L24-like [KO:K02896]
125096447  60S ribosomal protein L24 [KO:K02896]
125105105  probable ribosome biogenesis protein RLP24 [KO:K02896]
125099964  60S ribosomal protein L26-like 1 isoform X1 [KO:K02898]
125103126  60S ribosomal protein L26-like [KO:K02898]
125087309  60S ribosomal protein L26 [KO:K02898]
125080708  60S ribosomal protein L26-like [KO:K02898]
125081646  60S ribosomal protein L26 [KO:K02898]
125083125  60S ribosomal protein L26-like [KO:K02898]
125102625  60S ribosomal protein L27-like [KO:K02901]
125086793  60S ribosomal protein L27 [KO:K02901]
125094017  60S ribosomal protein L27a-like [KO:K02900]
125078934  60S ribosomal protein L27a [KO:K02900]
125089135  60S ribosomal protein L28 [KO:K02903]
125079242  60S ribosomal protein L29 [KO:K02905]
125084983  60S ribosomal protein L30-like [KO:K02908]
125097809  60S ribosomal protein L30 [KO:K02908]
125082386  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L30-like [KO:K02908]
125107248  60S ribosomal protein L30-like [KO:K02908]
125097403  60S ribosomal protein L30-like [KO:K02908]
125108328  60S ribosomal protein L31 [KO:K02910]
125085065  60S ribosomal protein L31 [KO:K02910]
125104291  60S ribosomal protein L31-like [KO:K02910]
125108429  60S ribosomal protein L32 [KO:K02912]
125085559  60S ribosomal protein L32-like [KO:K02912]
125094785  60S ribosomal protein L32-like [KO:K02912]
125095513  60S ribosomal protein L32-like [KO:K02912]
125105278  60S ribosomal protein L32-like [KO:K02912]
125082450  60S ribosomal protein L32-like [KO:K02912]
125098464  60S ribosomal protein L32-like [KO:K02912]
125093073  60S ribosomal protein L34-like [KO:K02915]
125093265  60S ribosomal protein L34 [KO:K02915]
125082861  60S ribosomal protein L34-like [KO:K02915]
125083441  60S ribosomal protein L35 [KO:K02918]
125083464  60S ribosomal protein L35a-like [KO:K02917]
125092202  60S ribosomal protein L35a-like [KO:K02917]
125086056  60S ribosomal protein L35a-like [KO:K02917]
125094036  60S ribosomal protein L35a-like [KO:K02917]
125103001  60S ribosomal protein L35a isoform X1 [KO:K02917]
125087679  60S ribosomal protein L35a [KO:K02917]
125087729  60S ribosomal protein L35a-like [KO:K02917]
125104977  60S ribosomal protein L35a-like [KO:K02917]
125082118  60S ribosomal protein L35a [KO:K02917]
125083121  60S ribosomal protein L35a-like [KO:K02917]
125088484  60S ribosomal protein L36 [KO:K02920]
125092101  60S ribosomal protein L36-like [KO:K02920]
125106745  60S ribosomal protein L36-like [KO:K02920]
125100165  60S ribosomal protein L37 [KO:K02922]
125082169  60S ribosomal protein L37-like [KO:K02922]
125083727  60S ribosomal protein L37a-like [KO:K02921]
125092067  60S ribosomal protein L37a-like [KO:K02921]
125092450  60S ribosomal protein L37a-like [KO:K02921]
125109739  60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
125085726  60S ribosomal protein L37a-like [KO:K02921]
125085776  60S ribosomal protein L37a-like [KO:K02921]
125093819  60S ribosomal protein L37a-like [KO:K02921]
125094244  60S ribosomal protein L37a-like [KO:K02921]
125095073  60S ribosomal protein L37a isoform X1 [KO:K02921]
125095308  60S ribosomal protein L37a-like [KO:K02921]
125096767  60S ribosomal protein L37a-like [KO:K02921]
125096768  60S ribosomal protein L37a-like [KO:K02921]
125096882  60S ribosomal protein L37a-like [KO:K02921]
125097156  60S ribosomal protein L37a-like [KO:K02921]
125097264  60S ribosomal protein L37a-like [KO:K02921]
125089036  60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
125098169  60S ribosomal protein L37a-like [KO:K02921]
125099105  60S ribosomal protein L37a-like [KO:K02921]
125087898  60S ribosomal protein L38 [KO:K02923]
125106003  60S ribosomal protein L38-like [KO:K02923]
125107664  60S ribosomal protein L39-like [KO:K02924]
125091363  60S ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
125099959  60S ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
125100322  60S ribosomal protein L39-like [KO:K02924]
125100368  60S ribosomal protein L39-like [KO:K02924]
125093058  60S ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
125109584  60S ribosomal protein L39-like [KO:K02924]
125078186  60S ribosomal protein L39-like [KO:K02924]
125094298  60S ribosomal protein L39-like [KO:K02924]
125079293  60S ribosomal protein L39-like [KO:K02924]
125095347  60S ribosomal protein L39-like [KO:K02924]
125095508  putative 60S ribosomal protein L39-like 5 [KO:K02924]
125104769  60S ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
125080884  60S ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
125105337  60S ribosomal protein L39-like [KO:K02924]
125081655  60S ribosomal protein L39-like [KO:K02924]
125082795  60S ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
125083142  60S ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
125090711  60S ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
125100166  ubiquitin-like [KO:K02927]
125108923  ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40-like isoform X1 [KO:K02927]
125102899  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40-like [KO:K02927]
125081993  ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 [KO:K02927]
125091609  60S ribosomal protein L36a [KO:K02929]
125102785  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
125103716  60S ribosomal protein L36a [KO:K02929]
125107627  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S acidic ribosomal protein P0-like [KO:K02941]
125081689  60S acidic ribosomal protein P0 [KO:K02941]
125104115  60S acidic ribosomal protein P1 [KO:K02942]
125104219  60S acidic ribosomal protein P1-like [KO:K02942]
125106936  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S acidic ribosomal protein P1-like [KO:K02942]
125078249  60S acidic ribosomal protein P2 isoform X1 [KO:K02943]
125083174  tyrosine-protein kinase SYK isoform X1 [KO:K05855] [EC:2.7.10.2]
125100627  phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
125103868  phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
125096824  phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
125099801  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
125082268  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
125097558  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649]
125109927  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11]
125089755  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05859] [EC:3.1.4.11]
125087644  protein kinase C alpha type isoform X1 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
125090366  protein kinase C beta type [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
125089171  protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
125081690  mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
125090203  mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
125101777  mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
125103018  mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
125096321  mitogen-activated protein kinase 13-like [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
125106184  mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
125106185  mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
125093126  toll-like receptor 2 [KO:K10159]
125083203  toll-like receptor 4 [KO:K10160]
125106441  myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 isoform X1 [KO:K04729]
125092074  toll-like receptor 7 [KO:K05404]
125091677  toll-like receptor 8 [KO:K10170]
125106124  interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 [KO:K04733] [EC:2.7.11.1]
125091300  interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K04730] [EC:2.7.11.1]
125078866  TNF receptor-associated factor 6 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
125102400  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7-like [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
125101867  TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 2 [KO:K04404]
125099732  mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
125084526  mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
125093137  mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
125105343  protein c-Fos [KO:K04379]
125098159  transcription factor Jun [KO:K04448]
125084339  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha-like [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
125094028  inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
125091312  NF-kappa-B essential modulator isoform X1 [KO:K07210]
125100831  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3-like [KO:K12800]
125091618  toll-like receptor 3 [KO:K05401]
125083628  antiviral innate immune response receptor RIG-I isoform X1 [KO:K12646] [EC:5.6.2.6]
125098897  ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 [KO:K12159]
125095477  interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing protein 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K12647] [EC:5.6.2.6]
125108204  mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein-like [KO:K12648]
125103668  TNF receptor-associated factor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K03174]
125085960  inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon isoform X1 [KO:K07211] [EC:2.7.11.10]
125106807  serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
125088511  interferon regulatory factor 3-like isoform X1 [KO:K05411]
125103240  cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-like [KO:K17834] [EC:2.7.7.86]
125099664  stimulator of interferon genes protein-like [KO:K12654]
125083482  interferon alpha-1/2-like [KO:K05414]
125083790  interferon alpha-2-like [KO:K05414]
125084017  interferon alpha-like [KO:K05414]
125084018  interferon alpha-1/2-like [KO:K05414]
125082970  interferon alpha-1/2-like [KO:K05414]
125083068  interferon alpha-1/2-like [KO:K05414]
125083069  interferon alpha-1/2-like [KO:K05414]
125083072  interferon alpha-1/2-like [KO:K05414]
125083073  interferon alpha-1/2-like [KO:K05414]
125083074  interferon alpha-1/2-like [KO:K05414]
125083075  interferon alpha-1/2-like [KO:K05414]
125083077  interferon alpha-1/2-like [KO:K05414]
125083078  interferon alpha-1/2-like [KO:K05414]
125083082  interferon alpha-1/2-like [KO:K05414]
125083083  interferon alpha-1/2-like [KO:K05414]
125083084  interferon alpha-1/2-like [KO:K05414]
125083789  interferon beta-like [KO:K05415]
125095023  interferon alpha/beta receptor 1-like [KO:K05130]
125095032  interferon alpha/beta receptor 2-like isoform X1 [KO:K05131]
125095018  signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-alpha/beta isoform X1 [KO:K11220]
125106747  signal transducer and activator of transcription 2-like isoform X1 [KO:K11221]
125104318  interferon regulatory factor 9-like [KO:K04693]
125086092  double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase-like isoform X1 [KO:K12968] [EC:3.5.4.37]
125082013  2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 3-like isoform X1 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
125082014  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 2-like [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
125082372  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 1-like [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
125093949  interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2-like [KO:K14754]
125093997  interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 [KO:K14754]
125108791  interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase-like isoform X1 [KO:K16195] [EC:2.7.11.1]
125092389  interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase-like isoform X1 [KO:K16195] [EC:2.7.11.1]
125089890  C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1-like [KO:K04010]
125106704  C3a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor-like [KO:K04009]
125086252  complement C3-like isoform X1 [KO:K03990]
125101522  complement factor B-like [KO:K01335] [EC:3.4.21.47]
125087404  complement factor D-like isoform X1 [KO:K01334] [EC:3.4.21.46]
125083237  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: complement C5-like [KO:K03994]
125100733  complement component C6-like [KO:K03995]
125100097  complement component C7-like [KO:K03996]
125099083  complement component C8 alpha chain-like [KO:K03997]
125099065  complement component C8 beta chain-like [KO:K03998]
125083614  complement component C8 gamma chain-like [KO:K03999]
125100734  complement component C9-like [KO:K04000]
125086200  P-selectin-like isoform X1 [KO:K06496]
125106168  von Willebrand factor-like [KO:K03900]
125099089  complement C1q subcomponent subunit A-like [KO:K03986]
125098971  complement C1q subcomponent subunit B-like [KO:K03987]
125099038  complement C1q subcomponent subunit C-like [KO:K03988]
125106219  complement C1r subcomponent [KO:K01330] [EC:3.4.21.41]
125106220  complement C1s subcomponent-like [KO:K01331] [EC:3.4.21.42]
125101523  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: complement C2-like [KO:K01332] [EC:3.4.21.43]
125101520  complement C4-A-like [KO:K03989]
125085160  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: mannose-binding protein A-like [KO:K03991]
125101939  mannan-binding lectin serine protease 1 isoform X1 [KO:K03992] [EC:3.4.21.-]
125097951  mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 isoform X1 [KO:K03993] [EC:3.4.21.104]
125078525  prothrombin [KO:K01313] [EC:3.4.21.5]
125102883  coagulation factor XIII A chain [KO:K03917] [EC:2.3.2.13]
125086418  coagulation factor XIII B chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K03906]
125093121  fibrinogen alpha chain-like [KO:K03903]
125093122  fibrinogen beta chain [KO:K03904]
125093120  fibrinogen gamma chain isoform X1 [KO:K03905]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00046  RNA
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00290  Fibrin
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00704  Superoxide
C00873  Angiotensin I
C02135  Angiotensin II
C15850  Angiotensin (1-7)
C20640  Cyclic GMP-AMP
Reference
PMID:33132005
  Authors
Harrison AG, Lin T, Wang P
  Title
Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Pathogenesis.
  Journal
Trends Immunol S1471-4906(20)30233-7 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2020.10.004
Reference
PMID:33077917
  Authors
Perico L, Benigni A, Casiraghi F, Ng LFP, Renia L, Remuzzi G
  Title
Immunity, endothelial injury and complement-induced coagulopathy in COVID-19.
  Journal
Nat Rev Nephrol 10.1038/s41581-020-00357-4 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41581-020-00357-4
Reference
PMID:32820801
  Authors
Battagello DS, Dragunas G, Klein MO, Ayub ALP, Velloso FJ, Correa RG
  Title
Unpuzzling COVID-19: tissue-related signaling pathways associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.
  Journal
Clin Sci (Lond) 134:2137-2160 (2020)
DOI:10.1042/CS20200904
Reference
PMID:32353634
  Authors
Felsenstein S, Herbert JA, McNamara PS, Hedrich CM
  Title
COVID-19: Immunology and treatment options.
  Journal
Clin Immunol 215:108448 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108448
Reference
PMID:33014208
  Authors
Hojyo S, Uchida M, Tanaka K, Hasebe R, Tanaka Y, Murakami M, Hirano T
  Title
How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality.
  Journal
Inflamm Regen 40:37 (2020)
DOI:10.1186/s41232-020-00146-3
Reference
PMID:32544563
  Authors
Mahmudpour M, Roozbeh J, Keshavarz M, Farrokhi S, Nabipour I
  Title
COVID-19 cytokine storm: The anger of inflammation.
  Journal
Cytokine 133:155151 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155151
Reference
PMID:32635353
  Authors
Farooqi F, Dhawan N, Morgan R, Dinh J, Nedd K, Yatzkan G
  Title
Treatment of Severe COVID-19 with Tocilizumab Mitigates Cytokine Storm and Averts Mechanical Ventilation During Acute Respiratory Distress: A Case Report and Literature Review.
  Journal
Trop Med Infect Dis 5:E112 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/tropicalmed5030112
Reference
PMID:32376392
  Authors
Jamilloux Y, Henry T, Belot A, Viel S, Fauter M, El Jammal T, Walzer T, Francois B, Seve P
  Title
Should we stimulate or suppress immune responses in COVID-19? Cytokine and anti-cytokine interventions.
  Journal
Autoimmun Rev 19:102567 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102567
Reference
PMID:32722596
  Authors
Kiselevskiy M, Shubina I, Chikileva I, Sitdikova S, Samoylenko I, Anisimova N, Kirgizov K, Suleimanova A, Gorbunova T, Varfolomeeva S
  Title
Immune Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Intoxication: Storm or Silence?
  Journal
Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 13:E166 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ph13080166
Reference
PMID:32922297
  Authors
Curran CS, Rivera DR, Kopp JB
  Title
COVID-19 Usurps Host Regulatory Networks.
  Journal
Front Pharmacol 11:1278 (2020)
DOI:10.3389/fphar.2020.01278
Reference
PMID:33055229
  Authors
Quan C, Li C, Ma H, Li Y, Zhang H
  Title
Immunopathogenesis of Coronavirus-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Potential Infection-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.
  Journal
Clin Microbiol Rev 34:e00074-20 (2020)
DOI:10.1128/CMR.00074-20
Reference
PMID:32973803
  Authors
Ahmed-Hassan H, Sisson B, Shukla RK, Wijewantha Y, Funderburg NT, Li Z, Hayes D Jr, Demberg T, Liyanage NPM
  Title
Innate Immune Responses to Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses and Other Significant Respiratory Viral Infections.
  Journal
Front Immunol 11:1979 (2020)
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01979
Reference
PMID:32346093
  Authors
Tay MZ, Poh CM, Renia L, MacAry PA, Ng LFP
  Title
The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:363-374 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8
Reference
PMID:32979938
  Authors
Xia H, Cao Z, Xie X, Zhang X, Chen JY, Wang H, Menachery VD, Rajsbaum R, Shi PY
  Title
Evasion of Type I Interferon by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Cell Rep 33:108234 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108234
Reference
PMID:32661197
  Authors
Hartenian E, Nandakumar D, Lari A, Ly M, Tucker JM, Glaunsinger BA
  Title
The molecular virology of coronaviruses.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 295:12910-12934 (2020)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.REV120.013930
Reference
PMID:32978971
  Authors
Amor S, Fernandez Blanco L, Baker D
  Title
Innate immunity during SARS-CoV-2: evasion strategies and activation trigger hypoxia and vascular damage.
  Journal
Clin Exp Immunol 202:193-209 (2020)
DOI:10.1111/cei.13523
Reference
PMID:32467561
  Authors
Catanzaro M, Fagiani F, Racchi M, Corsini E, Govoni S, Lanni C
  Title
Immune response in COVID-19: addressing a pharmacological challenge by targeting pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Signal Transduct Target Ther 5:84 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41392-020-0191-1
Reference
PMID:32687918
  Authors
Jafarzadeh A, Chauhan P, Saha B, Jafarzadeh S, Nemati M
  Title
Contribution of monocytes and macrophages to the local tissue inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19: Lessons from SARS and MERS, and potential therapeutic interventions.
  Journal
Life Sci 257:118102 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118102
Reference
PMID:32376901
  Authors
Merad M, Martin JC
  Title
Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:355-362 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0331-4
Reference
PMID:32246101
  Authors
South AM, Tomlinson L, Edmonston D, Hiremath S, Sparks MA
  Title
Controversies of renin-angiotensin system inhibition during the COVID-19 pandemic.
  Journal
Nat Rev Nephrol 16:305-307 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41581-020-0279-4
Reference
PMID:32433641
  Authors
Furuhashi M, Moniwa N, Takizawa H, Ura N, Shimamoto K
  Title
Potential differential effects of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on SARS-CoV-2 infection and lung injury in COVID-19.
  Journal
Hypertens Res 43:837-840 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41440-020-0478-1
Reference
PMID:32423094
  Authors
Gemmati D, Bramanti B, Serino ML, Secchiero P, Zauli G, Tisato V
  Title
COVID-19 and Individual Genetic Susceptibility/Receptivity: Role of ACE1/ACE2 Genes, Immunity, Inflammation and Coagulation. Might the Double X-chromosome in Females Be Protective against SARS-CoV-2 Compared to the Single X-Chromosome in Males?
  Journal
Int J Mol Sci 21:E3474 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ijms21103474
Reference
PMID:33184193
  Authors
Kielian M
  Title
Enhancing host cell infection by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Science 370:765-766 (2020)
DOI:10.1126/science.abf0732
Reference
PMID:32327719
  Authors
Risitano AM, Mastellos DC, Huber-Lang M, Yancopoulou D, Garlanda C, Ciceri F, Lambris JD
  Title
Complement as a target in COVID-19?
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:343-344 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0320-7
Reference
PMID:32461141
  Authors
Noris M, Benigni A, Remuzzi G
  Title
The case of complement activation in COVID-19 multiorgan impact.
  Journal
Kidney Int 98:314-322 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.013
Reference
PMID:32559343
  Authors
Polycarpou A, Howard M, Farrar CA, Greenlaw R, Fanelli G, Wallis R, Klavinskis LS, Sacks S
  Title
Rationale for targeting complement in COVID-19.
  Journal
EMBO Mol Med 12:e12642 (2020)
DOI:10.15252/emmm.202012642
Reference
PMID:32439870
  Authors
Teuwen LA, Geldhof V, Pasut A, Carmeliet P
  Title
COVID-19: the vasculature unleashed.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:389-391 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0343-0
Reference
PMID:32643798
  Authors
Jodele S, Kohl J
  Title
Tackling COVID-19 infection through complement-targeted immunotherapy.
  Journal
Br J Pharmacol 178:2832-2848 (2021)
DOI:10.1111/bph.15187
Reference
PMID:32608159
  Authors
Chauhan AJ, Wiffen LJ, Brown TP
  Title
COVID-19: A collision of complement, coagulation and inflammatory pathways.
  Journal
J Thromb Haemost 18:2110-2117 (2020)
DOI:10.1111/jth.14981
Reference
PMID:32558620
  Authors
Colling ME, Kanthi Y
  Title
COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: An exploration of mechanisms.
  Journal
Vasc Med 25:471-478 (2020)
DOI:10.1177/1358863X20932640
Reference
PMID:32586214
  Authors
McFadyen JD, Stevens H, Peter K
  Title
The Emerging Threat of (Micro)Thrombosis in COVID-19 and Its Therapeutic Implications.
  Journal
Circ Res 127:571-587 (2020)
DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317447
Reference
PMID:32995777
  Authors
Shi M, Wang L, Fontana P, Vora S, Zhang Y, Fu TM, Lieberman J, Wu H
  Title
SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 suppresses host but not viral translation through a bipartite mechanism.
  Journal
bioRxiv 2020.09.18.302901 (2020)
DOI:10.1101/2020.09.18.302901
Reference
PMID:32693241
  Authors
Paniri A, Akhavan-Niaki H
  Title
Emerging role of IL-6 and NLRP3 inflammasome as potential therapeutic targets to combat COVID-19: Role of lncRNAs in cytokine storm modulation.
  Journal
Life Sci 257:118114 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118114
Reference
PMID:32405269
  Authors
Omarjee L, Janin A, Perrot F, Laviolle B, Meilhac O, Mahe G
  Title
Targeting T-cell senescence and cytokine storm with rapamycin to prevent severe progression in COVID-19.
  Journal
Clin Immunol 216:108464 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108464
Reference
PMID:32337664
  Authors
Zhang S, Li L, Shen A, Chen Y, Qi Z
  Title
Rational Use of Tocilizumab in the Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia.
  Journal
Clin Drug Investig 40:511-518 (2020)
DOI:10.1007/s40261-020-00917-3
Related
pathway
llv03015  mRNA surveillance pathway
llv04144  Endocytosis
llv04270  Vascular smooth muscle contraction
llv04610  Complement and coagulation cascades
llv04611  Platelet activation
llv04613  Neutrophil extracellular trap formation
llv04614  Renin-angiotensin system
llv04620  Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
llv04621  NOD-like receptor signaling pathway
llv04622  RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway
llv04623  Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway
llv04630  JAK-STAT signaling pathway
llv04650  Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
llv04666  Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis
llv04668  TNF signaling pathway
llv04670  Leukocyte transendothelial migration
KO pathway
ko05171   
LinkDB

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