Entry
Name
Alzheimer disease - Mirounga leonina (Southern elephant seal)
Description
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a chronic disorder that slowly destroys neurons and causes serious cognitive disability. AD is associated with senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Amyloid-beta (Abeta), a major component of senile plaques, has various pathological effects on cell and organelle function. To date genetic studies have revealed four genes that may be linked to autosomal dominant or familial early onset AD (FAD). These four genes include: amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PS1), presenilin 2 (PS2) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE). All mutations associated with APP and PS proteins can lead to an increase in the production of Abeta peptides, specfically the more amyloidogenic form, Abeta42. It was proposed that Abeta form Ca2+ permeable pores and bind to and modulate multiple synaptic proteins, including NMDAR, mGluR5 and VGCC, leading to the overfilling of neurons with calcium ions. Consequently, cellular Ca2+ disruptions will lead to neuronal apoptosis, autophagy deficits, mitochondrial abnormality, defective neurotransmission, impaired synaptic plasticity and neurodegeneration in AD. FAD-linked PS1 mutation downregulates the unfolded protein response and leads to vulnerability to ER stress.
Class
Human Diseases; Neurodegenerative disease
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Disease
Organism
Mirounga leonina (Southern elephant seal) [GN:
mlx ]
Gene
117997916 NDUFA3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03947 ]
117998612 NDUFA6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03950 ]
117998657 ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374 ]
117998841 APAF1; apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K02084 ]
117998878 NDUFA12; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12 [KO:K11352 ]
117999311 WIPI2; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2 [KO:K17908 ]
117999990 DVL2; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02353 ]
118000336 PSMD4; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 4 isoform X1 [KO:K03029 ]
118001326 ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04960 ]
118002128 EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237 ]
118002179 ATG14; beclin 1-associated autophagy-related key regulator [KO:K17889 ]
118002393 ATG2B; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog B isoform X1 [KO:K17906 ]
118002671 PSMC6; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 10B isoform X1 [KO:K03064 ]
118002675 NDUFB1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03957 ]
118003092 PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
118003137 CALML4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calmodulin-like protein 4 [KO:K02183 ]
118004250 APBB1; amyloid-beta A4 precursor protein-binding family B member 1 [KO:K04529 ]
118004424 PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
118005112 NDUFS7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 7, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03940 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
118005236 ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958 ]
118005260 NDUFA13; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13 [KO:K11353 ]
118005325 PSMD6; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 6 [KO:K03037 ]
118005738 NDUFA11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11 [KO:K03956 ]
118005924 NDUFB7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03963 ]
118005969 NDUFA7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03951 ]
118006042 PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649 ]
118006050 CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851 ]
118006183 NDUFS6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 6, mitochondrial [KO:K03939 ]
118006277 SDHA; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00234 ] [EC:1.3.5.1 ]
118006556 PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
118006688 NDUFB5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial [KO:K03961 ]
118006887 DVL3; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3 isoform X1 [KO:K02353 ]
118006897 PSMD2; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 2 [KO:K03028 ]
118007053 NDUFB4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4 [KO:K03960 ]
118007769 EIF2AK2; interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K16195 ] [EC:2.7.11.1 ]
118008679 NDUFA4L2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4-like 2 [KO:K03948 ]
118008682 LRP1; prolow-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04550 ]
118008780 ATP5MC2; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C2, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02128 ]
118008847 SLC11A2; natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 2 [KO:K21398 ]
118008972 CACNA1F; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F isoform X1 [KO:K04853 ]
118009645 NDUFB11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11, mitochondrial [KO:K11351 ]
118009917 VDAC3; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K15041 ]
118011244 PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
118011247 PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
118011878 NDUFA10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03954 ]
118011954 PSMD1; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 1 [KO:K03032 ]
118012157 NDUFB3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03959 ]
118012306 ATP5MC3; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C3, mitochondrial [KO:K02128 ]
118012403 PSMD14; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 14 [KO:K03030 ]
118012420 NDUFA1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03945 ]
118012958 FAS; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 [KO:K04390 ]
118013236 SDHD; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00237 ]
118014015 NDUFS2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03935 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
118014021 SDHC; succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K00236 ]
118014029 ATF6; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 alpha [KO:K09054 ]
118014221 CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S isoform X1 [KO:K04857 ]
118014818 RB1CC1; RB1-inducible coiled-coil protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17589 ]
118015199 NDUFB9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9 [KO:K03965 ]
118015811 AMBRA1; activating molecule in BECN1-regulated autophagy protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17985 ]
118015844 NDUFS3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 3, mitochondrial [KO:K03936 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
118016016 ATG2A; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog A isoform X1 [KO:K17906 ]
118016147 NDUFS8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 8, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03941 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
118016153 LRP5; low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 [KO:K03068 ]
118016235 PSMD13; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 13 isoform X1 [KO:K03039 ]
118016634 VDAC1; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 [KO:K05862 ]
118016727 NDUFA2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2 [KO:K03946 ]
118016863 PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
118017734 NDUFA8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8 isoform X1 [KO:K03952 ]
118018036 NDUFB6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6 isoform X1 [KO:K03962 ]
118018172 GRIN1; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05208 ]
118018432 PSMD9; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 9 [KO:K06693 ]
118018787 ATP5PF; ATP synthase-coupling factor 6, mitochondrial [KO:K02131 ]
118019006 ATP5PB; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit B1, mitochondrial [KO:K02127 ]
118019025 CSF1; macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05453 ]
118019468 PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649 ]
118019589 NDUFS5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5 [KO:K03938 ]
118019953 SDHB; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K00235 ] [EC:1.3.5.1 ]
118020028 PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
118020123 DVL1; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-1 isoform X1 [KO:K02353 ]
118021036 NDUFA5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5 isoform X1 [KO:K03949 ]
118021161 NDUFB2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 2, mitochondrial [KO:K03958 ]
118021556 PPP3CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
118021601 ATP5F1C; ATP synthase subunit gamma, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02136 ]
118021712 NDUFB10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10 [KO:K03966 ]
118021936 VDAC2; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 [KO:K15040 ]
118022080 PPP3CC; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
118022312 NDUFC1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial [KO:K03967 ]
118022700 PSMD8; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 8 [KO:K03031 ]
118023608 PSMD7; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 7 [KO:K03038 ]
118024030 ADRM1; proteasomal ubiquitin receptor ADRM1 isoform X1 [KO:K06691 ]
118024338 WIPI1; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1 [KO:K17908 ]
118024353 PSMD12; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 12 [KO:K03035 ]
118024372 ERN1; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 isoform X1 [KO:K08852 ] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
118024383 PSMC5; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 8 isoform X1 [KO:K03066 ]
118024792 ATP5MC1; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C1, mitochondrial [KO:K02128 ]
118024848 PSMD3; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 3 [KO:K03033 ]
118025000 NDUFB8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03964 ]
118025330 PSMD11; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 11 isoform X1 [KO:K03036 ]
118025560 ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04959 ]
118025656 LRP6; low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 isoform X1 [KO:K03068 ]
118025746 TNFRSF1A; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A isoform X1 [KO:K03158 ]
118025758 NDUFA9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 9, mitochondrial [KO:K03953 ]
118025809 CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X1 [KO:K04850 ]
118026266 GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634 ]
118026972 NDUFV3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 3, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03944 ]
118027044 PPP3CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
118027047 NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K02580 ]
118027195 AGER; advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor [KO:K19722 ]
Compound
C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C04549 1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
C05981 Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
C16514 Amyloid beta protein 40
C16515 Amyloid beta protein 42
C21011 [Protein]-N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine
C21012 [Protein]-N(epsilon)-(carboxyethyl)lysine
Reference
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Title
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Reference
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Title
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Related pathway
mlx04141 Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
mlx04933 AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications
KO pathway