KEGG   PATHWAY: mcc05171
Entry
mcc05171                    Pathway                                
Name
Coronavirus disease - COVID-19 - Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey)
Description
Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious respiratory infection that is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infects alveolar epithelial cells [mainly alveolar epithelial type 2 (AEC2) cells] through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Upon the occupancy of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2, the increased serum level of free Angiotensin II (Ang II) due to a reduction of ACE2-mediated degradation promotes activation of the NF-kappa B pathway via Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), followed by  interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. SARS-CoV-2 also activates the innate immune system; macrophage stimulation triggers the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, and the "cytokine storm", which results in systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure. The combined effects of complement activation, dysregulated neutrophilia, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability appear to be intertwined to drive the severe features of COVID-19.
Class
Human Diseases; Infectious disease: viral
Pathway map
mcc05171  Coronavirus disease - COVID-19
mcc05171

Organism
Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) [GN:mcc]
Gene
715138  TMPRSS2; transmembrane protease serine 2 isoform X3 [KO:K09633] [EC:3.4.21.122]
712790  ACE2; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 precursor [KO:K09708] [EC:3.4.17.23]
697755  NRP1; neuropilin-1 precursor [KO:K06724]
100428661  ACE; angiotensin-converting enzyme isoform X1 [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
703105  MAS1; proto-oncogene Mas [KO:K04303]
712773  AGTR1; type-1 angiotensin II receptor isoform X2 [KO:K04166]
696542  CYBB; cytochrome b-245 heavy chain [KO:K21421] [EC:1.-.-.-]
710324  NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit [KO:K02580]
715919  RELA; transcription factor p65 isoform X1 [KO:K04735]
715467  TNF; tumor necrosis factor [KO:K03156]
705819  IL6; interleukin-6 precursor [KO:K05405]
704701  IL1B; interleukin-1 beta precursor [KO:K04519]
703205  IL12A; interleukin-12 subunit alpha [KO:K05406]
694747  IL12B; interleukin-12 subunit beta precursor [KO:K05425]
703762  MMP3; stromelysin-1 [KO:K01394] [EC:3.4.24.17]
703653  MMP1; interstitial collagenase [KO:K01388] [EC:3.4.24.7]
574138  CCL2; C-C motif chemokine 2 precursor [KO:K14624]
613028  CXCL8; interleukin-8 precursor [KO:K10030]
694429  ADAM17; disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17 [KO:K06059] [EC:3.4.24.86]
722033  TNFRSF1A; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A [KO:K03158]
695335  NFKBIA; NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha [KO:K04734]
694844  NFKBIB; NF-kappa-B inhibitor beta [KO:K02581]
695559  HBEGF; proheparin-binding EGF-like growth factor precursor [KO:K08523]
613027  EGFR; epidermal growth factor receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04361] [EC:2.7.10.1]
716690  IL6R; interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha isoform X2 [KO:K05055]
574127  IL6ST; interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta precursor [KO:K05060]
677689  JAK1; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK1 [KO:K11217] [EC:2.7.10.2]
574130  TYK2; non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2 isoform X1 [KO:K11219] [EC:2.7.10.2]
574128  STAT3; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04692]
708017  IL2; interleukin-2 precursor [KO:K05429]
698961  CSF3; granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [KO:K05423]
574371  CSF2; granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor precursor [KO:K05427]
574243  CXCL10; C-X-C motif chemokine 10 precursor [KO:K12671]
693615  RPS2; 40S ribosomal protein S2 [KO:K02981]
707090  40S ribosomal protein S2-like [KO:K02981]
106996191  40S ribosomal protein S2 [KO:K02981]
695748  RPS3; 40S ribosomal protein S3 [KO:K02985]
703455  40S ribosomal protein S3a [KO:K02984]
702514  40S ribosomal protein S4, X isoform-like [KO:K02987]
699397  RPS4X; 40S ribosomal protein S4, X isoform [KO:K02987]
100270700  RPS4Y1; 40S ribosomal protein S4, Y isoform 1 [KO:K02987]
100270701  RPS4Y2; 40S ribosomal protein S4, Y isoform 2 [KO:K02987]
717838  40S ribosomal protein S4-like [KO:K02987]
694067  40S ribosomal protein S4, X isoform-like [KO:K02987]
711259  RPS5; 40S ribosomal protein S5 [KO:K02989]
712274  40S ribosomal protein S6 [KO:K02991]
721900  RPS7; 40S ribosomal protein S7 [KO:K02993]
703957  RPS8; 40S ribosomal protein S8 [KO:K02995]
694053  RPS9; 40S ribosomal protein S9 [KO:K02997]
718606  RPS10; 40S ribosomal protein S10 [KO:K02947]
114670541  40S ribosomal protein S10-like [KO:K02947]
100430766  40S ribosomal protein S10-like [KO:K02947]
708539  40S ribosomal protein S10 [KO:K02947]
718844  RPS11; 40S ribosomal protein S11 [KO:K02949]
106994001  40S ribosomal protein S11-like [KO:K02949]
706532  40S ribosomal protein S11-like [KO:K02949]
114675582  40S ribosomal protein S11-like [KO:K02949]
706087  40S ribosomal protein S12 [KO:K02951]
711318  40S ribosomal protein S12-like [KO:K02951]
708419  RPS12; 40S ribosomal protein S12 [KO:K02951]
697513  RPS13; 40S ribosomal protein S13 [KO:K02953]
694712  40S ribosomal protein S13-like [KO:K02953]
710901  RPS14; 40S ribosomal protein S14 [KO:K02955]
707241  RPS15; 40S ribosomal protein S15 [KO:K02958]
100425632  40S ribosomal protein S15-like [KO:K02958]
106994970  RPS15A; 40S ribosomal protein S15a [KO:K02957]
721996  40S ribosomal protein S15a-like [KO:K02957]
114670812  40S ribosomal protein S15a [KO:K02957]
697219  RPS16; 40S ribosomal protein S16 [KO:K02960]
114676316  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 40S ribosomal protein S16 [KO:K02960]
100425105  RPS17L; 40S ribosomal protein S17 [KO:K02962]
114673092  40S ribosomal protein S17 [KO:K02962]
695895  40S ribosomal protein S17-like [KO:K02962]
697548  40S ribosomal protein S17-like [KO:K02962]
706414  RPS18; 40S ribosomal protein S18 [KO:K02964]
717289  40S ribosomal protein S18 [KO:K02964]
106998255  40S ribosomal protein S18-like [KO:K02964]
706281  RPS19; 40S ribosomal protein S19 [KO:K02966]
695327  40S ribosomal protein S20 [KO:K02969]
695790  RPS20; 40S ribosomal protein S20 [KO:K02969]
699565  RPS21; 40S ribosomal protein S21 isoform X1 [KO:K02971]
693947  40S ribosomal protein S23 [KO:K02973]
711914  RPS23; 40S ribosomal protein S23 [KO:K02973]
708965  RPS24; 40S ribosomal protein S24 [KO:K02974]
705596  40S ribosomal protein S24 [KO:K02974]
695218  40S ribosomal protein S25 [KO:K02975]
702593  RPS25; 40S ribosomal protein S25 [KO:K02975]
711319  RPS26; 40S ribosomal protein S26 [KO:K02976]
106999718  40S ribosomal protein S26-like [KO:K02976]
702760  40S ribosomal protein S26-like [KO:K02976]
699166  40S ribosomal protein S26-like [KO:K02976]
696068  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
705483  RPS27L; 40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
719289  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
712160  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
694967  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
100425072  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
100423207  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
704267  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
106992521  RPS27; 40S ribosomal protein S27 isoform X1 [KO:K02978]
100428069  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
100427254  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
100427696  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
106997304  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
712267  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
106999080  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
718909  RPS27A; 40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
106992282  RPS27A; ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
707133  RPS28; 40S ribosomal protein S28 [KO:K02979]
704016  RPS29; 40S ribosomal protein S29 [KO:K02980]
693820  40S ribosomal protein S29 [KO:K02980]
716761  FAU; ubiquitin-like protein fubi and ribosomal protein S30 [KO:K02983]
708140  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
701691  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
693293  RPSA; 40S ribosomal protein SA [KO:K02998]
710477  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
720748  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
100427278  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
697065  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
114677128  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
106996346  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
698792  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
107000151  40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
707176  RPL3; 60S ribosomal protein L3 [KO:K02925]
693424  RPL3L; 60S ribosomal protein L3-like isoform X2 [KO:K02925]
693573  60S ribosomal protein L3 [KO:K02925]
709201  60S ribosomal protein L3-like [KO:K02925]
710590  RPL4; 60S ribosomal protein L4 [KO:K02930]
706896  RPL5; 60S ribosomal protein L5 isoform X1 [KO:K02932]
106998156  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L5-like [KO:K02932]
710287  60S ribosomal protein L6-like [KO:K02934]
712133  RPL6; 60S ribosomal protein L6 [KO:K02934]
701250  60S ribosomal protein L7 [KO:K02937]
698049  RPL7; 60S ribosomal protein L7 [KO:K02937]
722215  RPL7A; 60S ribosomal protein L7a [KO:K02936]
704062  60S ribosomal protein L7a-like [KO:K02936]
708535  RPL8; 60S ribosomal protein L8 [KO:K02938]
706496  60S ribosomal protein L9 [KO:K02940]
699362  RPL9; 60S ribosomal protein L9 [KO:K02940]
716530  60S ribosomal protein L9-like [KO:K02940]
707414  60S ribosomal protein L10 [KO:K02866]
702986  RPL10L; 60S ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
700795  RPL10; 60S ribosomal protein L10 [KO:K02866]
706793  60S ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
709376  60S ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
694799  60S ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
106995394  60S ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
106993579  60S ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
106999723  60S ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
718783  RPL10A; 60S ribosomal protein L10a [KO:K02865]
106996912  RPL11; 60S ribosomal protein L11 [KO:K02868]
705400  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L11-like [KO:K02868]
707504  RPL12; 60S ribosomal protein L12 [KO:K02870]
720019  60S ribosomal protein L12 [KO:K02870]
700603  RPL13; 60S ribosomal protein L13 [KO:K02873]
574314  RPL13A; 60S ribosomal protein L13a [KO:K02872]
698713  60S ribosomal protein L13a-like [KO:K02872]
700008  60S ribosomal protein L13a-like [KO:K02872]
718244  RPL14; 60S ribosomal protein L14 isoform X1 [KO:K02875]
114669857  60S ribosomal protein L14 [KO:K02875]
701255  RPL15; 60S ribosomal protein L15 [KO:K02877]
698967  RPL17; 60S ribosomal protein L17 [KO:K02880]
702723  60S ribosomal protein L17 [KO:K02880]
704083  60S ribosomal protein L17 [KO:K02880]
718136  RPL18; 60S ribosomal protein L18 [KO:K02883]
704394  60S ribosomal protein L18 [KO:K02883]
700872  60S ribosomal protein L18a-like [KO:K02882]
717246  60S ribosomal protein L18a-like [KO:K02882]
719242  60S ribosomal protein L18a isoform X2 [KO:K02882]
114674035  RPL18A; 60S ribosomal protein L18a [KO:K02882]
695987  RPL19; 60S ribosomal protein L19 [KO:K02885]
701156  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L19 [KO:K02885]
710306  RPL21; 60S ribosomal protein L21 isoform X1 [KO:K02889]
711174  60S ribosomal protein L21 [KO:K02889]
712987  60S ribosomal protein L21 [KO:K02889]
695815  RPL22L1; 60S ribosomal protein L22-like 1 isoform X1 [KO:K02891]
703794  60S ribosomal protein L22 [KO:K02891]
703050  RPL22; 60S ribosomal protein L22 [KO:K02891]
694719  RPL23; 60S ribosomal protein L23 [KO:K02894]
718737  60S ribosomal protein L23a [KO:K02893]
706606  60S ribosomal protein L23a [KO:K02893]
710490  RPL23A; 60S ribosomal protein L23a [KO:K02893]
704012  60S ribosomal protein L23a-like [KO:K02893]
697612  RSL24D1; probable ribosome biogenesis protein RLP24 [KO:K02896]
702381  RPL24; 60S ribosomal protein L24 [KO:K02896]
717378  RPL26; 60S ribosomal protein L26 [KO:K02898]
696785  60S ribosomal protein L26 [KO:K02898]
703230  RPL26L1; 60S ribosomal protein L26-like 1 [KO:K02898]
696134  60S ribosomal protein L26 [KO:K02898]
712352  RPL27; 60S ribosomal protein L27 [KO:K02901]
708863  RPL27A; 60S ribosomal protein L27a [KO:K02900]
698197  60S ribosomal protein L27a-like [KO:K02900]
700345  RPL28; 60S ribosomal protein L28 [KO:K02903]
708074  60S ribosomal protein L29-like [KO:K02905]
704510  60S ribosomal protein L29-like [KO:K02905]
698602  RPL29; ribosomal protein L29 [KO:K02905]
716320  60S ribosomal protein L29-like [KO:K02905]
106998794  60S ribosomal protein L29-like [KO:K02905]
107000483  60S ribosomal protein L29-like [KO:K02905]
703120  RPL30; 60S ribosomal protein L30 [KO:K02908]
114677736  60S ribosomal protein L30-like [KO:K02908]
710744  RPL31; 60S ribosomal protein L31 [KO:K02910]
714171  60S ribosomal protein L31 [KO:K02910]
699375  60S ribosomal protein L32 [KO:K02912]
694196  RPL32; 60S ribosomal protein L32 [KO:K02912]
696636  RPL34; 60S ribosomal protein L34 [KO:K02915]
702677  60S ribosomal protein L34 [KO:K02915]
704365  60S ribosomal protein L34 [KO:K02915]
693604  RPL35; 60S ribosomal protein L35 [KO:K02918]
714858  RPL35A; 60S ribosomal protein L35a [KO:K02917]
700150  RPL36; 60S ribosomal protein L36 [KO:K02920]
719244  60S ribosomal protein L36-like [KO:K02920]
695667  RPL37; 60S ribosomal protein L37 [KO:K02922]
703853  60S ribosomal protein L37 [KO:K02922]
114671097  60S ribosomal protein L37 [KO:K02922]
114674108  60S ribosomal protein L37-like [KO:K02922]
696415  RPL37A; 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
106992289  RPL37A; 60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
114678167  60S ribosomal protein L37a-like [KO:K02921]
701508  RPL38; 60S ribosomal protein L38 [KO:K02923]
100423661  60S ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
106997918  60S ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
100426446  RPL39; ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
100423295  putative 60S ribosomal protein L39-like 5 [KO:K02924]
107000401  60S ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
107000809  60S ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
106999480  60S ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
100423364  putative 60S ribosomal protein L39-like 5 [KO:K02924]
720243  UBA52; ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 [KO:K02927]
708161  ubiquitin-like isoform X2 [KO:K02927]
704498  ubiquitin [KO:K02927]
708858  RPL41; 60S ribosomal protein L41 [KO:K02928]
706548  RPL36AL; 60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
703365  60S ribosomal protein L36a [KO:K02929]
700425  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
709650  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
708644  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
713497  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
706181  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
106994132  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
703648  60S ribosomal protein L36a [KO:K02929]
703919  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
705067  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
574363  RPLP0; 60S acidic ribosomal protein P0 [KO:K02941]
695442  RPLP1; 60S acidic ribosomal protein P1 [KO:K02942]
713991  60S acidic ribosomal protein P1 [KO:K02942]
700698  RPLP2; 60S acidic ribosomal protein P2 [KO:K02943]
721002  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: immunoglobulin heavy variable 4-39 [KO:K06856]
106999628  immunoglobulin heavy variable 4-4 [KO:K06856]
114675805  uncharacterized protein LOC114675805 [KO:K06856]
720935  immunoglobulin heavy variable 4-61 [KO:K06856]
720985  immunoglobulin heavy variable 4-59 [KO:K06856]
714419  uncharacterized protein LOC714419 [KO:K06856]
721083  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: immunoglobulin heavy variable 4-28 [KO:K06856]
722278  immunoglobulin heavy variable 4-59 [KO:K06856]
106996003  immunoglobulin heavy variable 4-38-2 [KO:K06856]
720452  Ig heavy chain V region MOPC 315 isoform X1 [KO:K06856]
720904  immunoglobulin heavy variable 4-59 isoform X1 [KO:K06856]
114679736  uncharacterized protein LOC114679736 [KO:K06856]
719996  FCGR2A; low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor II-a precursor [KO:K06472]
704102  SYK; tyrosine-protein kinase SYK [KO:K05855] [EC:2.7.10.2]
716098  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
709959  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
710552  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
707310  PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649]
719367  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
698996  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha [KO:K02649]
697069  PLCG1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11]
714173  PLCG2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05859] [EC:3.1.4.11]
718412  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
701195  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta type [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
720263  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
708938  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
698569  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
715745  MAPK12; mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
715794  MAPK11; mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
718976  MAPK14; mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
719085  MAPK13; mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
574290  TLR2; toll-like receptor 2 precursor [KO:K10159]
574360  TLR4; toll-like receptor 4 precursor [KO:K10160]
696494  MYD88; myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 [KO:K04729]
574291  TLR7; toll-like receptor 7 [KO:K05404]
574292  TLR8; toll-like receptor 8 precursor [KO:K10170]
700568  IRAK4; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 [KO:K04733] [EC:2.7.11.1]
699919  IRAK1; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 [KO:K04730] [EC:2.7.11.1]
716907  TRAF6; TNF receptor-associated factor 6 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
703101  MAP3K7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 isoform X1 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
696875  TAB2; TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 2 [KO:K04404]
699736  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform 1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
711115  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
715782  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X2 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
702077  FOS; proto-oncogene c-Fos [KO:K04379]
716452  JUN; transcription factor AP-1 [KO:K04448]
709511  CHUK; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha isoform X3 [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
704683  IKBKB; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
701237  IKBKG; NF-kappa-B essential modulator isoform X1 [KO:K07210]
701278  NLRP3; NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 [KO:K12800]
706568  caspase-1 [KO:K01370] [EC:3.4.22.36]
100426388  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: caspase-1-like [KO:K01370] [EC:3.4.22.36]
574378  TLR3; toll-like receptor 3 precursor [KO:K05401]
704638  DDX58; probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX58 [KO:K12646] [EC:5.6.2.6]
700141  ISG15; ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 [KO:K12159]
702024  IFIH1; interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing protein 1 [KO:K12647] [EC:5.6.2.6]
717616  MAVS; mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein [KO:K12648]
693961  TRAF3; TNF receptor-associated factor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K03174]
695607  IKBKE; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon [KO:K07211] [EC:2.7.11.10]
717427  TBK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
718970  IRF3; interferon regulatory factor 3 [KO:K05411]
717665  CGAS; cyclic GMP-AMP synthase [KO:K17834] [EC:2.7.7.86]
694353  TMEM173; stimulator of interferon genes protein [KO:K12654]
709948  IFNA2; interferon alpha-2 precursor [KO:K05414]
709755  IFNA8; interferon alpha-8 [KO:K05414]
710751  interferon alpha-17-like [KO:K05414]
694631  interferon alpha-1/13-like [KO:K05414]
710487  interferon alpha-14 [KO:K05414]
710528  interferon alpha-1/13 [KO:K05414]
710568  interferon alpha-4-like [KO:K05414]
710654  IFNA10; interferon alpha-4 precursor [KO:K05414]
711252  IFNA21; interferon alpha-21 [KO:K05414]
709559  IFNA13; interferon alpha-1/13 precursor [KO:K05414]
711088  interferon alpha-17-like [KO:K05414]
106992322  interferon alpha-17 [KO:K05414]
710848  interferon alpha-17 [KO:K05414]
106995851  IFNA6; interferon alpha-6 [KO:K05414]
114672663  interferon alpha-17-like [KO:K05414]
114672664  interferon alpha-17-like [KO:K05414]
711414  IFNB1; interferon beta precursor [KO:K05415]
699604  IFNAR1; interferon alpha/beta receptor 1 precursor [KO:K05130]
699726  IFNAR2; interferon alpha/beta receptor 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05131]
693650  STAT1; signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-alpha/beta [KO:K11220]
712694  STAT2; signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 [KO:K11221]
715335  IRF9; interferon regulatory factor 9 [KO:K04693]
718759  ADAR; double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase isoform X5 [KO:K12968] [EC:3.5.4.37]
712265  OAS1; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 1 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
712401  OAS2; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 2 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
712342  OAS3; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
715186  MX1; interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 [KO:K14754]
780935  MX2; interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 [KO:K14754]
708912  EIF2AK2; interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase [KO:K16195] [EC:2.7.11.1]
718056  C5AR1; C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1 [KO:K04010]
716086  C3AR1; C3a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor [KO:K04009]
703613  C3; complement C3 [KO:K03990]
716809  CFB; complement factor B [KO:K01335] [EC:3.4.21.47]
721138  CFD; complement factor D [KO:K01334] [EC:3.4.21.46]
700467  C5; complement C5 isoform X1 [KO:K03994]
696266  C6; complement component C6 [KO:K03995]
696926  C7; complement component C7 isoform X2 [KO:K03996]
716114  C8A; complement component C8 alpha chain [KO:K03997]
716155  C8B; complement component C8 beta chain isoform X1 [KO:K03998]
721647  C8G; complement component C8 gamma chain [KO:K03999]
694223  C9; complement component C9 [KO:K04000]
701277  SELP; P-selectin [KO:K06496]
722019  VWF; von Willebrand factor precursor [KO:K03900]
708477  C1QA; complement C1q subcomponent subunit A [KO:K03986]
718307  C1QB; complement C1q subcomponent subunit B [KO:K03987]
708589  C1QC; complement C1q subcomponent subunit C precursor [KO:K03988]
722133  complement C1r subcomponent isoform X2 [KO:K01330] [EC:3.4.21.41]
722144  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: complement C1r subcomponent-like [KO:K01330] [EC:3.4.21.41]
714589  C1S; complement C1s subcomponent [KO:K01331] [EC:3.4.21.42]
106997899  C2; complement C2 isoform X1 [KO:K01332] [EC:3.4.21.43]
721200  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: complement C4-A [KO:K03989]
723314  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: complement C4-B-like [KO:K03989]
702652  MBL2; mannose-binding protein C precursor [KO:K03991]
707965  MBP-A; mannose-binding protein A [KO:K03991]
114680587  mannose-binding protein A-like [KO:K03991]
708206  MASP1; mannan-binding lectin serine protease 1 isoform X1 [KO:K03992] [EC:3.4.21.-]
722714  MASP2; mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 isoform X1 [KO:K03993] [EC:3.4.21.104]
712729  F2; prothrombin precursor [KO:K01313] [EC:3.4.21.5]
711264  F13A1; coagulation factor XIII A chain isoform X1 [KO:K03917] [EC:2.3.2.13]
711237  F13B; coagulation factor XIII B chain isoform X1 [KO:K03906]
698244  FGA; fibrinogen alpha chain isoform X1 [KO:K03903]
698487  FGB; fibrinogen beta chain [KO:K03904]
698363  FGG; fibrinogen gamma chain isoform X1 [KO:K03905]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00046  RNA
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00290  Fibrin
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00704  Superoxide
C00873  Angiotensin I
C02135  Angiotensin II
C15850  Angiotensin (1-7)
C20640  Cyclic GMP-AMP
Reference
PMID:33132005
  Authors
Harrison AG, Lin T, Wang P
  Title
Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Pathogenesis.
  Journal
Trends Immunol S1471-4906(20)30233-7 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2020.10.004
Reference
PMID:33077917
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Perico L, Benigni A, Casiraghi F, Ng LFP, Renia L, Remuzzi G
  Title
Immunity, endothelial injury and complement-induced coagulopathy in COVID-19.
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Nat Rev Nephrol 10.1038/s41581-020-00357-4 (2020)
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PMID:32820801
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Battagello DS, Dragunas G, Klein MO, Ayub ALP, Velloso FJ, Correa RG
  Title
Unpuzzling COVID-19: tissue-related signaling pathways associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.
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Clin Sci (Lond) 134:2137-2160 (2020)
DOI:10.1042/CS20200904
Reference
PMID:32353634
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Felsenstein S, Herbert JA, McNamara PS, Hedrich CM
  Title
COVID-19: Immunology and treatment options.
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Clin Immunol 215:108448 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108448
Reference
PMID:33014208
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Hojyo S, Uchida M, Tanaka K, Hasebe R, Tanaka Y, Murakami M, Hirano T
  Title
How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality.
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Inflamm Regen 40:37 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32544563
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Mahmudpour M, Roozbeh J, Keshavarz M, Farrokhi S, Nabipour I
  Title
COVID-19 cytokine storm: The anger of inflammation.
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Cytokine 133:155151 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32635353
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  Title
Treatment of Severe COVID-19 with Tocilizumab Mitigates Cytokine Storm and Averts Mechanical Ventilation During Acute Respiratory Distress: A Case Report and Literature Review.
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Trop Med Infect Dis 5:E112 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/tropicalmed5030112
Reference
PMID:32376392
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Jamilloux Y, Henry T, Belot A, Viel S, Fauter M, El Jammal T, Walzer T, Francois B, Seve P
  Title
Should we stimulate or suppress immune responses in COVID-19? Cytokine and anti-cytokine interventions.
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Autoimmun Rev 19:102567 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32722596
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Kiselevskiy M, Shubina I, Chikileva I, Sitdikova S, Samoylenko I, Anisimova N, Kirgizov K, Suleimanova A, Gorbunova T, Varfolomeeva S
  Title
Immune Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Intoxication: Storm or Silence?
  Journal
Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 13:E166 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ph13080166
Reference
PMID:32922297
  Authors
Curran CS, Rivera DR, Kopp JB
  Title
COVID-19 Usurps Host Regulatory Networks.
  Journal
Front Pharmacol 11:1278 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:33055229
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Quan C, Li C, Ma H, Li Y, Zhang H
  Title
Immunopathogenesis of Coronavirus-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Potential Infection-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.
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Clin Microbiol Rev 34:e00074-20 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32973803
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Ahmed-Hassan H, Sisson B, Shukla RK, Wijewantha Y, Funderburg NT, Li Z, Hayes D Jr, Demberg T, Liyanage NPM
  Title
Innate Immune Responses to Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses and Other Significant Respiratory Viral Infections.
  Journal
Front Immunol 11:1979 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32346093
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Tay MZ, Poh CM, Renia L, MacAry PA, Ng LFP
  Title
The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:363-374 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8
Reference
PMID:32979938
  Authors
Xia H, Cao Z, Xie X, Zhang X, Chen JY, Wang H, Menachery VD, Rajsbaum R, Shi PY
  Title
Evasion of Type I Interferon by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Cell Rep 33:108234 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108234
Reference
PMID:32661197
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Hartenian E, Nandakumar D, Lari A, Ly M, Tucker JM, Glaunsinger BA
  Title
The molecular virology of coronaviruses.
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J Biol Chem 295:12910-12934 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32978971
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Amor S, Fernandez Blanco L, Baker D
  Title
Innate immunity during SARS-CoV-2: evasion strategies and activation trigger hypoxia and vascular damage.
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Clin Exp Immunol 202:193-209 (2020)
DOI:10.1111/cei.13523
Reference
PMID:32467561
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Catanzaro M, Fagiani F, Racchi M, Corsini E, Govoni S, Lanni C
  Title
Immune response in COVID-19: addressing a pharmacological challenge by targeting pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Signal Transduct Target Ther 5:84 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32687918
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Jafarzadeh A, Chauhan P, Saha B, Jafarzadeh S, Nemati M
  Title
Contribution of monocytes and macrophages to the local tissue inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19: Lessons from SARS and MERS, and potential therapeutic interventions.
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Life Sci 257:118102 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118102
Reference
PMID:32376901
  Authors
Merad M, Martin JC
  Title
Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages.
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Nat Rev Immunol 20:355-362 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32246101
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South AM, Tomlinson L, Edmonston D, Hiremath S, Sparks MA
  Title
Controversies of renin-angiotensin system inhibition during the COVID-19 pandemic.
  Journal
Nat Rev Nephrol 16:305-307 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32433641
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Furuhashi M, Moniwa N, Takizawa H, Ura N, Shimamoto K
  Title
Potential differential effects of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on SARS-CoV-2 infection and lung injury in COVID-19.
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Hypertens Res 43:837-840 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32423094
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Gemmati D, Bramanti B, Serino ML, Secchiero P, Zauli G, Tisato V
  Title
COVID-19 and Individual Genetic Susceptibility/Receptivity: Role of ACE1/ACE2 Genes, Immunity, Inflammation and Coagulation. Might the Double X-chromosome in Females Be Protective against SARS-CoV-2 Compared to the Single X-Chromosome in Males?
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Int J Mol Sci 21:E3474 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ijms21103474
Reference
PMID:33184193
  Authors
Kielian M
  Title
Enhancing host cell infection by SARS-CoV-2.
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Science 370:765-766 (2020)
DOI:10.1126/science.abf0732
Reference
PMID:32327719
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Risitano AM, Mastellos DC, Huber-Lang M, Yancopoulou D, Garlanda C, Ciceri F, Lambris JD
  Title
Complement as a target in COVID-19?
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:343-344 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32461141
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Noris M, Benigni A, Remuzzi G
  Title
The case of complement activation in COVID-19 multiorgan impact.
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Kidney Int 98:314-322 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.013
Reference
PMID:32559343
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Polycarpou A, Howard M, Farrar CA, Greenlaw R, Fanelli G, Wallis R, Klavinskis LS, Sacks S
  Title
Rationale for targeting complement in COVID-19.
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EMBO Mol Med 12:e12642 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32439870
  Authors
Teuwen LA, Geldhof V, Pasut A, Carmeliet P
  Title
COVID-19: the vasculature unleashed.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:389-391 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32643798
  Authors
Jodele S, Kohl J
  Title
Tackling COVID-19 infection through complement-targeted immunotherapy.
  Journal
Br J Pharmacol 178:2832-2848 (2021)
DOI:10.1111/bph.15187
Reference
PMID:32608159
  Authors
Chauhan AJ, Wiffen LJ, Brown TP
  Title
COVID-19: A collision of complement, coagulation and inflammatory pathways.
  Journal
J Thromb Haemost 18:2110-2117 (2020)
DOI:10.1111/jth.14981
Reference
PMID:32558620
  Authors
Colling ME, Kanthi Y
  Title
COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: An exploration of mechanisms.
  Journal
Vasc Med 25:471-478 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32586214
  Authors
McFadyen JD, Stevens H, Peter K
  Title
The Emerging Threat of (Micro)Thrombosis in COVID-19 and Its Therapeutic Implications.
  Journal
Circ Res 127:571-587 (2020)
DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317447
Reference
PMID:32995777
  Authors
Shi M, Wang L, Fontana P, Vora S, Zhang Y, Fu TM, Lieberman J, Wu H
  Title
SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 suppresses host but not viral translation through a bipartite mechanism.
  Journal
bioRxiv 2020.09.18.302901 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32693241
  Authors
Paniri A, Akhavan-Niaki H
  Title
Emerging role of IL-6 and NLRP3 inflammasome as potential therapeutic targets to combat COVID-19: Role of lncRNAs in cytokine storm modulation.
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Life Sci 257:118114 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32405269
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Omarjee L, Janin A, Perrot F, Laviolle B, Meilhac O, Mahe G
  Title
Targeting T-cell senescence and cytokine storm with rapamycin to prevent severe progression in COVID-19.
  Journal
Clin Immunol 216:108464 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108464
Reference
PMID:32337664
  Authors
Zhang S, Li L, Shen A, Chen Y, Qi Z
  Title
Rational Use of Tocilizumab in the Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia.
  Journal
Clin Drug Investig 40:511-518 (2020)
DOI:10.1007/s40261-020-00917-3
Related
pathway
mcc03015  mRNA surveillance pathway
mcc04144  Endocytosis
mcc04270  Vascular smooth muscle contraction
mcc04610  Complement and coagulation cascades
mcc04611  Platelet activation
mcc04613  Neutrophil extracellular trap formation
mcc04614  Renin-angiotensin system
mcc04620  Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
mcc04621  NOD-like receptor signaling pathway
mcc04622  RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway
mcc04623  Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway
mcc04630  JAK-STAT signaling pathway
mcc04650  Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
mcc04666  Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis
mcc04668  TNF signaling pathway
mcc04670  Leukocyte transendothelial migration
KO pathway
ko05171   
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