Entry
Name
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Sciurus carolinensis (gray squirrel)
Description
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. In 90% of patients, ALS is sporadic, with no clear genetic linkage. On the other hand, the remaining 10% of cases show familial inheritance, with mutations in SOD1, TDP43(TARDBP), FUS, or C9orf72 genes being the most frequent causes. In spite of such difference, familial ALS and sporadic ALS have similarities in their pathological features. Proposed disease mechanisms contributing to motor neuron degeneration in ALS are: impaired proteostasis, aberrant RNA processing, mitochondrial disfunction and oxidative stress, microglia activation, and axonal dysfunction.
Class
Human Diseases; Neurodegenerative disease
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Ortholog table
Organism
Sciurus carolinensis (gray squirrel) [GN:
ncar ]
Gene
124962734 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1-like [KO:K03945 ]
124980697 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1-like [KO:K03945 ]
124971899 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03945 ]
124986769 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2 [KO:K03946 ]
124967150 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3 isoform X1 [KO:K03947 ]
124983813 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4-like 2 [KO:K03948 ]
124993505 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5-like [KO:K03949 ]
124991763 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5 [KO:K03949 ]
124982312 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03950 ]
124968718 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03951 ]
124985829 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8-like [KO:K03952 ]
124964968 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8 [KO:K03952 ]
124983572 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 9, mitochondrial [KO:K03953 ]
124979118 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03954 ]
124986398 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: acyl carrier protein, mitochondrial-like [KO:K03955 ]
124968683 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11-like [KO:K03956 ]
124983083 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12 [KO:K11352 ]
124967816 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13 [KO:K11353 ]
124977589 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03957 ]
124990972 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 2, mitochondrial [KO:K03958 ]
124980197 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03959 ]
124992578 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4 [KO:K03960 ]
124992876 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial [KO:K03961 ]
124987541 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial-like [KO:K03961 ]
124982958 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial-like [KO:K03961 ]
124983344 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial-like [KO:K03961 ]
124964468 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03962 ]
124968580 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03963 ]
124984628 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial [KO:K03964 ]
124962972 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9 [KO:K03965 ]
124970425 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10 [KO:K03966 ]
124971919 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11, mitochondrial [KO:K11351 ]
124987567 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4, mitochondrial [KO:K03937 ]
124992960 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5-like [KO:K03938 ]
124987606 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 6, mitochondrial [KO:K03939 ]
124958631 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 8, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03941 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
124994343 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial [KO:K03967 ]
124981096 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial-like [KO:K03967 ]
124961406 succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00236 ]
124958779 succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00237 ]
124993792 cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 1, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00414 ]
124985946 cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 2, mitochondrial-like [KO:K00415 ]
124976494 cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 6, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00416 ]
124977244 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 2, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02263 ]
124967440 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, mitochondrial [KO:K02263 ]
124963329 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A-related protein, mitochondrial [KO:K02270 ]
124988623 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ATP synthase subunit alpha, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02132 ]
124965845 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ATP synthase subunit alpha, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02132 ]
124994886 ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C2, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02128 ]
124961875 ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C2, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02128 ]
124958764 ATP synthase subunit d, mitochondrial-like isoform X1 [KO:K02138 ]
124980274 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM40 homolog [KO:K11518 ]
124960323 microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B-like [KO:K10435 ]
124962379 microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3C-like [KO:K10435 ]
124979950 TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator isoform X1 [KO:K12650 ]
124964945 guanine nucleotide exchange factor C9orf72 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K23609 ]
124958674 activating molecule in BECN1-regulated autophagy protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17985 ]
124970455 WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K17908 ]
124980634 WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17908 ]
124970154 ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04392 ]
124989551 polyphosphoinositide phosphatase isoform X1 [KO:K22913 ] [EC:3.1.3.-]
124994051 serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
124984768 serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
124982403 serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
124994866 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 6A-like [KO:K03065 ]
124991897 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 9 isoform X1 [KO:K06693 ]
124981390 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 11 isoform X1 [KO:K03036 ]
124982161 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 4 isoform X1 [KO:K03029 ]
124973164 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 4-like [KO:K03029 ]
124975004 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 4-like [KO:K03029 ]
124964751 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 8-like [KO:K03031 ]
124973604 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: proteasomal ubiquitin receptor ADRM1-like [KO:K06691 ]
124994243 heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1-like isoform X1 [KO:K12741 ]
124990988 heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A3-like isoform X1 [KO:K12741 ]
124970956 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A3-like [KO:K12741 ]
124980340 heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A3 isoform X1 [KO:K12741 ]
124963255 heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1-like isoform X1 [KO:K12741 ]
124982220 heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 isoform X1 [KO:K12741 ]
124966627 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A3-like [KO:K12741 ]
124991022 heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins A2/B1 isoform X1 [KO:K13158 ]
124960084 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: nuclear pore complex protein Nup98-Nup96-like [KO:K14297 ]
124988119 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: nuclear pore membrane glycoprotein 210-like [KO:K14314 ]
124978052 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: nuclear envelope pore membrane protein POM 121C-like [KO:K14316 ]
124970283 nuclear envelope pore membrane protein POM 121C-like isoform X1 [KO:K14316 ]
124979624 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: nuclear pore complex protein Nup88-like [KO:K14318 ]
124962933 E3 SUMO-protein ligase RanBP2 isoform X1 [KO:K12172 ] [EC:2.3.2.-]
124990856 coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain-containing protein 10, mitochondrial [KO:K22759 ]
124976087 vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein B/C [KO:K10707 ]
124986518 cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 alpha isoform X1 [KO:K09054 ]
124983170 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein-like [KO:K04452 ]
124991760 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: uncharacterized protein LOC124991760 [KO:K09027 ]
124984003 tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A-like [KO:K03158 ]
124983857 tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1B-like isoform X1 [KO:K05141 ]
124987094 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: dynein axonemal heavy chain 5-like [KO:K10408 ]
124988587 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: dynein axonemal heavy chain 8-like [KO:K10408 ]
124991529 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: dynein axonemal heavy chain 10-like [KO:K10408 ]
124991625 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: dynein axonemal heavy chain 11-like [KO:K10408 ]
124968533 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: dynein axonemal heavy chain 1-like [KO:K10408 ]
124962941 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: dynein axonemal heavy chain 6-like [KO:K10408 ]
124980995 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: dynein axonemal heavy chain 7-like [KO:K10408 ]
124964088 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: dynein axonemal intermediate chain 1-like [KO:K10409 ]
124970656 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A-like [KO:K05209 ]
124982587 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: pro-neuregulin-1, membrane-bound isoform-like [KO:K05455 ]
124976125 pro-neuregulin-4, membrane-bound isoform-like isoform X1 [KO:K05458 ]
Compound
C04549 1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
Reference
Authors
Brown RH, Al-Chalabi A
Title
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Webster CP, Smith EF, Shaw PJ, De Vos KJ
Title
Protein Homeostasis in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Therapeutic Opportunities?
Journal
Reference
Authors
Valko K, Ciesla L
Title
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mathis S, Goizet C, Soulages A, Vallat JM, Masson GL
Title
Genetics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A review.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Turner MR, Hardiman O, Benatar M, Brooks BR, Chio A, de Carvalho M, Ince PG, Lin C, Miller RG, Mitsumoto H, Nicholson G, Ravits J, Shaw PJ, Swash M, Talbot K, Traynor BJ, Van den Berg LH, Veldink JH, Vucic S, Kiernan MC
Title
Controversies and priorities in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Pasinelli P, Brown RH
Title
Molecular biology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: insights from genetics.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Goodall EF, Morrison KE
Title
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (motor neuron disease): proposed mechanisms and pathways to treatment.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Smith EF, Shaw PJ, De Vos KJ
Title
The role of mitochondria in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kodavati M, Wang H, Hegde ML
Title
Altered Mitochondrial Dynamics in Motor Neuron Disease: An Emerging Perspective.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hervias I, Beal MF, Manfredi G
Title
Mitochondrial dysfunction and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Bacman SR, Bradley WG, Moraes CT
Title
Mitochondrial involvement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: trigger or target?
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lin MT, Beal MF
Title
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Bendotti C, Bao Cutrona M, Cheroni C, Grignaschi G, Lo Coco D, Peviani M, Tortarolo M, Veglianese P, Zennaro E
Title
Inter- and intracellular signaling in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Simpson EP, Yen AA, Appel SH
Title
Oxidative Stress: a common denominator in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Bendotti C, Carri MT
Title
Lessons from models of SOD1-linked familial ALS.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Robertson J, Kriz J, Nguyen MD, Julien JP
Title
Pathways to motor neuron degeneration in transgenic mouse models.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Eve DJ, Dennis JS, Citron BA
Title
Transcription factor p53 in degenerating spinal cords.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Bahar E, Kim H, Yoon H
Title
ER Stress-Mediated Signaling: Action Potential and Ca(2+) as Key Players.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Bezprozvanny I
Title
Calcium signaling and neurodegenerative diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
von Lewinski F, Keller BU
Title
Ca2+, mitochondria and selective motoneuron vulnerability: implications for ALS.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Julien JP.
Title
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. unfolding the toxicity of the misfolded.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hand CK, Rouleau GA
Title
Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Barber SC, Mead RJ, Shaw PJ
Title
Oxidative stress in ALS: a mechanism of neurodegeneration and a therapeutic target.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Prasad A, Bharathi V, Sivalingam V, Girdhar A, Patel BK
Title
Molecular Mechanisms of TDP-43 Misfolding and Pathology in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Nguyen DKH, Thombre R, Wang J
Title
Autophagy as a common pathway in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lee JK, Shin JH, Lee JE, Choi EJ
Title
Role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Oakes JA, Davies MC, Collins MO
Title
TBK1: a new player in ALS linking autophagy and neuroinflammation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ramesh N, Pandey UB
Title
Autophagy Dysregulation in ALS: When Protein Aggregates Get Out of Hand.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kunita R, Otomo A, Mizumura H, Suzuki-Utsunomiya K, Hadano S, Ikeda JE
Title
The Rab5 activator ALS2/alsin acts as a novel Rac1 effector through Rac1-activated endocytosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hadano S, Kunita R, Otomo A, Suzuki-Utsunomiya K, Ikeda JE
Title
Molecular and cellular function of ALS2/alsin: implication of membrane dynamics in neuronal development and degeneration.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ruffoli R, Bartalucci A, Frati A, Fornai F
Title
Ultrastructural studies of ALS mitochondria connect altered function and permeability with defects of mitophagy and mitochondriogenesis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Menzies FM, Fleming A, Rubinsztein DC
Title
Compromised autophagy and neurodegenerative diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Casterton RL, Hunt RJ, Fanto M
Title
Pathomechanism Heterogeneity in the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia Disease Spectrum: Providing Focus Through the Lens of Autophagy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lin G, Mao D, Bellen HJ
Title
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Pathogenesis Converges on Defects in Protein Homeostasis Associated with TDP-43 Mislocalization and Proteasome-Mediated Degradation Overload.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hetz C, Mollereau B
Title
Disturbance of endoplasmic reticulum proteostasis in neurodegenerative diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Xiang C, Wang Y, Zhang H, Han F
Title
The role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in neurodegenerative disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hughes D, Mallucci GR
Title
The unfolded protein response in neurodegenerative disorders - therapeutic modulation of the PERK pathway.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Doyle KM, Kennedy D, Gorman AM, Gupta S, Healy SJ, Samali A
Title
Unfolded proteins and endoplasmic reticulum stress in neurodegenerative disorders.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Turner BJ, Atkin JD
Title
ER stress and UPR in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Nishitoh H, Kadowaki H, Nagai A, Maruyama T, Yokota T, Fukutomi H, Noguchi T, Matsuzawa A, Takeda K, Ichijo H
Title
ALS-linked mutant SOD1 induces ER stress- and ASK1-dependent motor neuron death by targeting Derlin-1.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Walker AK, Atkin JD
Title
Stress signaling from the endoplasmic reticulum: A central player in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Renaud L, Picher-Martel V, Codron P, Julien JP
Title
Key role of UBQLN2 in pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Nguyen HP, Van Broeckhoven C, van der Zee J
Title
ALS Genes in the Genomic Era and their Implications for FTD.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Atkin G, Paulson H
Title
Ubiquitin pathways in neurodegenerative disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kim JM, Billington E, Reyes A, Notarianni T, Sage J, Agbas E, Taylor M, Monast I, Stanford JA, Agbas A
Title
Impaired Cu-Zn Superoxide Dismutase (SOD1) and Calcineurin (Cn) Interaction in ALS: A Presumed Consequence for TDP-43 and Zinc Aggregation in Tg SOD1(G93A) Rodent Spinal Cord Tissue.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Benarroch EE
Title
Sigma-1 receptor and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Millecamps S, Julien JP
Title
Axonal transport deficits and neurodegenerative diseases.
Journal
Related pathway
ncar04141 Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
KO pathway
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