Entry
Name
Lipid and atherosclerosis - Physeter catodon (sperm whale)
Description
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease marked by a narrowing of the arteries from lipid-rich plaques present within the walls of arterial blood vessels. It represents the root cause of the majority of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and their complications, including conditions such as coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction and stroke. An elevated level of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol constitutes a major risk factor for genesis of atherosclerosis. LDL can accumulate within the blood vessel wall and undergo modification by oxidation. Oxidized LDL (oxLDL) leads to endothelial dysfunction leading to expression of adhesion molecules and recruitment of monocyte in subendothelial space. The monocytes proliferate, differentiate into macrophages, and take up the lipoproteins, forming cholesterol-engorged "foam cells." With the time, the foam cells die, leaving a 'necrotic core' of crystalline cholesterol and cell debris. Smooth muscle cells proliferate and migrate into the region, laying down a protective cap over the lesion. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1), which mediates the recognition and internalization of oxLDL, is involved in all of these events critical in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Class
Human Diseases; Cardiovascular disease
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Ortholog table
Organism
Physeter catodon (sperm whale) [GN:
pcad ]
Gene
102984815 ARHGEF1; rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 isoform X6 [KO:K12330 ]
102986098 PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
102978952 PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
102977108 PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
102975555 PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649 ]
102991779 PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649 ]
102991192 PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X2 [KO:K02649 ]
102989864 POU2F1; POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K09364 ]
102995233 POU2F3; POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09364 ]
102986691 POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 2 isoform X11 [KO:K09364 ]
102979165 CD40; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5 [KO:K03160 ]
102976074 AGER; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor [KO:K19722 ]
102990276 RAC1; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 isoform X2 [KO:K04392 ]
102976764 STAT3; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04692 ]
102975958 CDC42; cell division control protein 42 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K04393 ]
102981135 NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K02580 ]
102979086 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: vascular cell adhesion protein 1-like [KO:K06527 ]
102985097 FAS; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 isoform X1 [KO:K04390 ]
102982689 HSPA8; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein [KO:K03283 ]
102974358 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein-like [KO:K03283 ]
102989030 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein-like [KO:K03283 ]
102990601 HSPA6; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: heat shock 70 kDa protein 6 [KO:K03283 ]
102983803 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein-like [KO:K03283 ]
102973375 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein-like [KO:K03283 ]
102986227 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein-like [KO:K03283 ]
102980083 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha-like [KO:K04079 ]
102978403 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: heat shock protein HSP 90-beta-like [KO:K04079 ]
102979480 TIRAP; toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter protein [KO:K05403 ]
102974002 MYD88; myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 isoform X1 [KO:K04729 ]
102983590 TAB1; TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 1 isoform X3 [KO:K04403 ]
102996495 TAB2; TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04404 ]
102988467 TICAM2; TIR domain-containing adapter molecule 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05409 ]
102975438 TANK; TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator isoform X2 [KO:K12650 ]
102986529 PPARG; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma isoform X3 [KO:K08530 ]
102981375 growth-regulated protein homolog gamma-like isoform X1 [KO:K05505 ]
102976103 NLRP3; NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 [KO:K12800 ]
102983292 ATF6; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 alpha isoform X3 [KO:K09054 ]
102987621 ERO1A; ERO1-like protein alpha isoform X2 [KO:K10950 ] [EC:1.8.4.-]
102980540 CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
102988954 CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X25 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
102994812 CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X2 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
102975968 EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237 ]
102984157 ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374 ]
102979910 ABCA1; phospholipid-transporting ATPase ABCA1 isoform X3 [KO:K05641 ]
102992099 NFE2L2; nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05638 ]
102986634 apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD [KO:K12799 ]
102995954 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD [KO:K12799 ]
102980841 VLDLR; very low-density lipoprotein receptor isoform X1 [KO:K20053 ]
114484431 NFATC1; nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04446 ]
102993777 NFATC2; nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 2 isoform X5 [KO:K17332 ]
102984161 NFATC3; nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 3 isoform X1 [KO:K17333 ]
102995357 PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X2 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
102983015 PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
102992700 PLCG1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01116 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
102973173 PPP3CC; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform X2 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
102990815 PPP3CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X8 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
112065477 PPP3R2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calcineurin subunit B type 2 [KO:K06268 ]
102992913 TNFSF10; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 10 isoform X1 [KO:K04721 ]
102979472 tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10B [KO:K04722 ]
102980036 tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10B isoform X1 [KO:K04722 ]
102980613 TNFRSF1A; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A isoform X1 [KO:K03158 ]
102979864 FASLG; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 [KO:K04389 ]
102994125 APAF1; apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K02084 ]
Compound
C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C05981 Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
C21011 [Protein]-N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine
C21012 [Protein]-N(epsilon)-(carboxyethyl)lysine
Reference
Authors
Hopkins PN
Title
Molecular biology of atherosclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Weber C, Noels H
Title
Atherosclerosis: current pathogenesis and therapeutic options.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Tabas I, Garcia-Cardena G, Owens GK
Title
Recent insights into the cellular biology of atherosclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Tall AR, Yvan-Charvet L
Title
Cholesterol, inflammation and innate immunity.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kattoor AJ, Goel A, Mehta JL
Title
LOX-1: Regulation, Signaling and Its Role in Atherosclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mehta JL, Li D
Title
Identification, regulation and function of a novel lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Li D, Mehta JL
Title
Intracellular signaling of LOX-1 in endothelial cell apoptosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lubrano V, Balzan S
Title
LOX-1 and ROS, inseparable factors in the process of endothelial damage.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Xu S, Ogura S, Chen J, Little PJ, Moss J, Liu P
Title
LOX-1 in atherosclerosis: biological functions and pharmacological modifiers.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mitra S, Goyal T, Mehta JL
Title
Oxidized LDL, LOX-1 and atherosclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lu J, Mitra S, Wang X, Khaidakov M, Mehta JL
Title
Oxidative stress and lectin-like ox-LDL-receptor LOX-1 in atherogenesis and tumorigenesis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ou HC, Song TY, Yeh YC, Huang CY, Yang SF, Chiu TH, Tsai KL, Chen KL, Wu YJ, Tsai CS, Chang LY, Kuo WW, Lee SD
Title
EGCG protects against oxidized LDL-induced endothelial dysfunction by inhibiting LOX-1-mediated signaling.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Chen XP, Zhang TT, Du GH
Title
Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1, a new promising target for the therapy of atherosclerosis?
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mattaliano MD, Wooters J, Shih HH, Paulsen JE
Title
ROCK2 associates with lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 and mediates oxidized LDL-induced IL-8 production.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Salvador B, Arranz A, Francisco S, Cordoba L, Punzon C, Llamas MA, Fresno M
Title
Modulation of endothelial function by Toll like receptors.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Moore KJ, Sheedy FJ, Fisher EA
Title
Macrophages in atherosclerosis: a dynamic balance.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Butoi E, Gan AM, Manduteanu I
Title
Molecular and functional interactions among monocytes/macrophages and smooth muscle cells and their relevance for atherosclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Sheedy FJ, Moore KJ
Title
IL-1 signaling in atherosclerosis: sibling rivalry.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Moore KJ, Tabas I
Title
Macrophages in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Gui T, Shimokado A, Sun Y, Akasaka T, Muragaki Y
Title
Diverse roles of macrophages in atherosclerosis: from inflammatory biology to biomarker discovery.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Collot-Teixeira S, Martin J, McDermott-Roe C, Poston R, McGregor JL
Title
CD36 and macrophages in atherosclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Park YM, Febbraio M, Silverstein RL
Title
CD36 modulates migration of mouse and human macrophages in response to oxidized LDL and may contribute to macrophage trapping in the arterial intima.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Park YM
Title
CD36, a scavenger receptor implicated in atherosclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Seimon TA, Nadolski MJ, Liao X, Magallon J, Nguyen M, Feric NT, Koschinsky ML, Harkewicz R, Witztum JL, Tsimikas S, Golenbock D, Moore KJ, Tabas I
Title
Atherogenic lipids and lipoproteins trigger CD36-TLR2-dependent apoptosis in macrophages undergoing endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Nimgulkar C, Ghosh S, Sankar AB, Uday KP, Surekha MV, Madhusudhanachary P, Annapurna BR, Raghu P, Bharatraj DK
Title
Combination of spices and herbal extract restores macrophage foam cell migration and abrogates the athero-inflammatory signalling cascade of atherogenesis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Canton J, Neculai D, Grinstein S
Title
Scavenger receptors in homeostasis and immunity.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Erridge C
Title
The roles of Toll-like receptors in atherosclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Seneviratne AN, Sivagurunathan B, Monaco C
Title
Toll-like receptors and macrophage activation in atherosclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Miller YI, Choi SH, Wiesner P, Fang L, Harkewicz R, Hartvigsen K, Boullier A, Gonen A, Diehl CJ, Que X, Montano E, Shaw PX, Tsimikas S, Binder CJ, Witztum JL
Title
Oxidation-specific epitopes are danger-associated molecular patterns recognized by pattern recognition receptors of innate immunity.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Tabas I
Title
The role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the progression of atherosclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Grootaert MOJ, Moulis M, Roth L, Martinet W, Vindis C, Bennett MR, De Meyer GRY
Title
Vascular smooth muscle cell death, autophagy and senescence in atherosclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lipskaia L, Pourci ML, Delomenie C, Combettes L, Goudouneche D, Paul JL, Capiod T, Lompre AM
Title
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and calcium-activated transcription pathways are required for VLDL-induced smooth muscle cell proliferation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Cervantes Gracia K, Llanas-Cornejo D, Husi H
Title
CVD and Oxidative Stress.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hansson GK, Hermansson A
Title
The immune system in atherosclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Roy H, Bhardwaj S, Yla-Herttuala S
Title
Molecular genetics of atherosclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lusis AJ, Fogelman AM, Fonarow GC
Title
Genetic basis of atherosclerosis: part I: new genes and pathways.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lusis AJ, Mar R, Pajukanta P
Title
Genetics of atherosclerosis.
Journal
Related pathway
pcad04141 Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
pcad04620 Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
pcad04621 NOD-like receptor signaling pathway
pcad04670 Leukocyte transendothelial migration
pcad05418 Fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis
KO pathway
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