PATHWAY: ncar05022 Help
Entry
Name
Pathways of neurodegeneration - multiple diseases - Sciurus carolinensis (gray squirrel)
Description
Neurodegeneration is generally defined as progressive, irreversible loss of neurons, which may affect either the peripheral or central nervous system (CNS). Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) include highly debilitating illnesses, such as Alzheimer (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington disease, spinocerebellar ataxias, and prion diseases (PrD). The hallmark event, which is thought to be at the root of these diseases, is the progressive accumulation of misfolded protein aggregates. Major basic processes include abnormal protein dynamics due to deficiency of the ubiquitin-proteosome-autophagy system, oxidative stress and free radical formation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and (secondary) disruptions of axonal transport.
Class
Human Diseases; Neurodegenerative disease
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
ncar05022 Pathways of neurodegeneration - multiple diseases
Ortholog table
Organism
Sciurus carolinensis (gray squirrel) [GN:
ncar ]
Gene
124964255 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634 ]
124994631 short transient receptor potential channel 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04966 ]
124970932 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958 ]
124983533 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04959 ]
124970656 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A-like [KO:K05209 ]
124964767 voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B [KO:K04849 ]
124982084 voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C [KO:K04850 ]
124968359 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D-like [KO:K04851 ]
124971751 voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F isoform X1 [KO:K04853 ]
124961645 voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S [KO:K04857 ]
124994866 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 6A-like [KO:K03065 ]
124991897 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 9 isoform X1 [KO:K06693 ]
124981390 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 11 isoform X1 [KO:K03036 ]
124982161 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 4 isoform X1 [KO:K03029 ]
124973164 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 4-like [KO:K03029 ]
124975004 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 4-like [KO:K03029 ]
124964751 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 8-like [KO:K03031 ]
124973604 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: proteasomal ubiquitin receptor ADRM1-like [KO:K06691 ]
124976087 vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein B/C [KO:K10707 ]
124986518 cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 alpha isoform X1 [KO:K09054 ]
124983170 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein-like [KO:K04452 ]
124991760 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: uncharacterized protein LOC124991760 [KO:K09027 ]
124962734 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1-like [KO:K03945 ]
124980697 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1-like [KO:K03945 ]
124971899 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03945 ]
124986769 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2 [KO:K03946 ]
124967150 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3 isoform X1 [KO:K03947 ]
124983813 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4-like 2 [KO:K03948 ]
124993505 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5-like [KO:K03949 ]
124991763 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5 [KO:K03949 ]
124982312 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03950 ]
124968718 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03951 ]
124985829 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8-like [KO:K03952 ]
124964968 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8 [KO:K03952 ]
124983572 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 9, mitochondrial [KO:K03953 ]
124979118 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03954 ]
124986398 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: acyl carrier protein, mitochondrial-like [KO:K03955 ]
124968683 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11-like [KO:K03956 ]
124983083 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12 [KO:K11352 ]
124967816 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13 [KO:K11353 ]
124977589 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03957 ]
124990972 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 2, mitochondrial [KO:K03958 ]
124980197 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03959 ]
124992578 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4 [KO:K03960 ]
124992876 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial [KO:K03961 ]
124987541 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial-like [KO:K03961 ]
124982958 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial-like [KO:K03961 ]
124983344 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial-like [KO:K03961 ]
124964468 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03962 ]
124968580 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03963 ]
124984628 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial [KO:K03964 ]
124962972 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9 [KO:K03965 ]
124970425 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10 [KO:K03966 ]
124971919 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11, mitochondrial [KO:K11351 ]
124987567 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4, mitochondrial [KO:K03937 ]
124992960 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5-like [KO:K03938 ]
124987606 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 6, mitochondrial [KO:K03939 ]
124958631 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 8, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03941 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
124994343 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial [KO:K03967 ]
124981096 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial-like [KO:K03967 ]
124961406 succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00236 ]
124958779 succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00237 ]
124993792 cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 1, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00414 ]
124985946 cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 2, mitochondrial-like [KO:K00415 ]
124976494 cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 6, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00416 ]
124977244 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 2, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02263 ]
124967440 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, mitochondrial [KO:K02263 ]
124963329 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A-related protein, mitochondrial [KO:K02270 ]
124988623 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ATP synthase subunit alpha, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02132 ]
124965845 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ATP synthase subunit alpha, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02132 ]
124994886 ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C2, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02128 ]
124961875 ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C2, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02128 ]
124958764 ATP synthase subunit d, mitochondrial-like isoform X1 [KO:K02138 ]
124980274 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM40 homolog [KO:K11518 ]
124994051 serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
124984768 serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
124982403 serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
124984583 tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6-like isoform X1 [KO:K04390 ]
124982607 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: leucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2-like [KO:K08844 ] [EC:2.7.11.1 ]
124983451 voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K15041 ]
124960323 microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B-like [KO:K10435 ]
124962379 microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3C-like [KO:K10435 ]
124979950 TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator isoform X1 [KO:K12650 ]
124964945 guanine nucleotide exchange factor C9orf72 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K23609 ]
124958674 activating molecule in BECN1-regulated autophagy protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17985 ]
124970455 WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K17908 ]
124980634 WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17908 ]
124970154 ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04392 ]
124989551 polyphosphoinositide phosphatase isoform X1 [KO:K22913 ] [EC:3.1.3.-]
124984003 tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A-like [KO:K03158 ]
124983857 tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1B-like isoform X1 [KO:K05141 ]
124987094 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: dynein axonemal heavy chain 5-like [KO:K10408 ]
124988587 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: dynein axonemal heavy chain 8-like [KO:K10408 ]
124991529 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: dynein axonemal heavy chain 10-like [KO:K10408 ]
124991625 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: dynein axonemal heavy chain 11-like [KO:K10408 ]
124968533 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: dynein axonemal heavy chain 1-like [KO:K10408 ]
124962941 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: dynein axonemal heavy chain 6-like [KO:K10408 ]
124980995 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: dynein axonemal heavy chain 7-like [KO:K10408 ]
124964088 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: dynein axonemal intermediate chain 1-like [KO:K10409 ]
124982584 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6-like [KO:K03068 ]
124961693 segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-1 isoform X1 [KO:K02353 ]
124981030 segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02353 ]
124988641 advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor isoform X1 [KO:K19722 ]
124969224 macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K05453 ]
Compound
C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C04549 1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
C04599 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
C11310 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
C16514 Amyloid beta protein 40
C16515 Amyloid beta protein 42
C21011 [Protein]-N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine
C21012 [Protein]-N(epsilon)-(carboxyethyl)lysine
Reference
Authors
Gan L, Cookson MR, Petrucelli L, La Spada AR
Title
Converging pathways in neurodegeneration, from genetics to mechanisms.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Dugger BN, Dickson DW
Title
Pathology of Neurodegenerative Diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Jellinger KA
Title
Basic mechanisms of neurodegeneration: a critical update.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Jellinger KA
Title
Recent advances in our understanding of neurodegeneration.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Van Bulck M, Sierra-Magro A, Alarcon-Gil J, Perez-Castillo A, Morales-Garcia JA
Title
Novel Approaches for the Treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ross CA, Poirier MA
Title
Protein aggregation and neurodegenerative disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Soto C, Pritzkow S
Title
Protein misfolding, aggregation, and conformational strains in neurodegenerative diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Dantuma NP, Bott LC
Title
The ubiquitin-proteasome system in neurodegenerative diseases: precipitating factor, yet part of the solution.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Zheng C, Geetha T, Babu JR
Title
Failure of ubiquitin proteasome system: risk for neurodegenerative diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Park H, Kang JH, Lee S
Title
Autophagy in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Hunter for Aggregates.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Malik BR, Maddison DC, Smith GA, Peters OM
Title
Autophagic and endo-lysosomal dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Metaxakis A, Ploumi C, Tavernarakis N
Title
Autophagy in Age-Associated Neurodegeneration.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Vidal RL, Matus S, Bargsted L, Hetz C
Title
Targeting autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Menzies FM, Fleming A, Caricasole A, Bento CF, Andrews SP, Ashkenazi A, Fullgrabe J, Jackson A, Jimenez Sanchez M, Karabiyik C, Licitra F, Lopez Ramirez A, Pavel M, Puri C, Renna M, Ricketts T, Schlotawa L, Vicinanza M, Won H, Zhu Y, Skidmore J, Rubinsztein DC
Title
Autophagy and Neurodegeneration: Pathogenic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Chu CT
Title
Mechanisms of selective autophagy and mitophagy: Implications for neurodegenerative diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kim I, Xu W, Reed JC
Title
Cell death and endoplasmic reticulum stress: disease relevance and therapeutic opportunities.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Doyle KM, Kennedy D, Gorman AM, Gupta S, Healy SJ, Samali A
Title
Unfolded proteins and endoplasmic reticulum stress in neurodegenerative disorders.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Halliday M, Hughes D, Mallucci GR
Title
Fine-tuning PERK signaling for neuroprotection.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Rozpedek-Kaminska W, Siwecka N, Wawrzynkiewicz A, Wojtczak R, Pytel D, Diehl JA, Majsterek I
Title
The PERK-Dependent Molecular Mechanisms as a Novel Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative Diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hetz C, Mollereau B
Title
Disturbance of endoplasmic reticulum proteostasis in neurodegenerative diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Bezprozvanny I
Title
Calcium signaling and neurodegenerative diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ureshino RP, Erustes AG, Bassani TB, Wachilewski P, Guarache GC, Nascimento AC, Costa AJ, Smaili SS, Pereira GJDS
Title
The Interplay between Ca(2+) Signaling Pathways and Neurodegeneration.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Golpich M, Amini E, Mohamed Z, Azman Ali R, Mohamed Ibrahim N, Ahmadiani A
Title
Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Biogenesis in Neurodegenerative diseases: Pathogenesis and Treatment.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Morfini GA, Burns M, Binder LI, Kanaan NM, LaPointe N, Bosco DA, Brown RH Jr, Brown H, Tiwari A, Hayward L, Edgar J, Nave KA, Garberrn J, Atagi Y, Song Y, Pigino G, Brady ST
Title
Axonal transport defects in neurodegenerative diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Gibbs KL, Greensmith L, Schiavo G
Title
Regulation of Axonal Transport by Protein Kinases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Millecamps S, Julien JP
Title
Axonal transport deficits and neurodegenerative diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Sleigh JN, Rossor AM, Fellows AD, Tosolini AP, Schiavo G
Title
Axonal transport and neurological disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Perlson E, Maday S, Fu MM, Moughamian AJ, Holzbaur EL
Title
Retrograde axonal transport: pathways to cell death?
Journal
Related pathway
ncar04141 Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
ncar04933 AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications
KO pathway
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