KEGG   PATHWAY: hsa05171
Entry
hsa05171                    Pathway                                
Name
Coronavirus disease - COVID-19 - Homo sapiens (human)
Description
Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious respiratory infection that is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infects alveolar epithelial cells [mainly alveolar epithelial type 2 (AEC2) cells] through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Upon the occupancy of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2, the increased serum level of free Angiotensin II (Ang II) due to a reduction of ACE2-mediated degradation promotes activation of the NF-kappa B pathway via Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), followed by  interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. SARS-CoV-2 also activates the innate immune system; macrophage stimulation triggers the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, and the "cytokine storm", which results in systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure. The combined effects of complement activation, dysregulated neutrophilia, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability appear to be intertwined to drive the severe features of COVID-19.
Class
Human Diseases; Infectious disease: viral
Pathway map
hsa05171  Coronavirus disease - COVID-19
hsa05171

Network
  Element
N01307  SARS-CoV-2 S to AngII-AT1R-NOX2 signaling pathway
N01309  SARS-CoV-2 nsp3 to MDA5-IRF7/3 signaling pathway
N01310  SARS-CoV-2 nsp13 to RIG-I-IRF7/3 signaling pathway
N01312  SARS-CoV-2 S to lectin pathway of complement cascade
N01314  SARS-CoV-2 S to classical pathway of complement cascade
N01316  SARS-CoV-2 S/N to lectin pathway of coagulation cascade
N01318  SARS-CoV-2 nsp1 to translation initiation
N01319  SARS-CoV-2 nsp6 and ORF6 to RIG-I-IRF7/3 signaling pathway
N01320  SARS-CoV-2 nsp3 to RIG-I-IRF7/3 signaling pathway
N01321  SARS-CoV-2 nsp1/6/13, ORF3a/6/7b and M to IFN signaling pathway
N01322  SARS-CoV-2 nsp6/13 and ORF7a/7b to IFN signaling pathway
Disease
H02398  COVID-19
Drug
D10308  Baricitinib (JAN/USAN/INN)
D12118  Nezulcitinib (USAN)
D12261  Enpatoran (USAN/INN)
D12942  Talfirastide (USAN/INN)
Organism
Homo sapiens (human) [GN:hsa]
Gene
7113  TMPRSS2; transmembrane serine protease 2 [KO:K09633] [EC:3.4.21.122]
59272  ACE2; angiotensin converting enzyme 2 [KO:K09708] [EC:3.4.17.23]
8829  NRP1; neuropilin 1 [KO:K06724]
1636  ACE; angiotensin I converting enzyme [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
4142  MAS1; MAS1 proto-oncogene, G protein-coupled receptor [KO:K04303]
185  AGTR1; angiotensin II receptor type 1 [KO:K04166]
1536  CYBB; cytochrome b-245 beta chain [KO:K21421] [EC:1.-.-.-]
4790  NFKB1; nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 [KO:K02580]
5970  RELA; RELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit [KO:K04735]
7124  TNF; tumor necrosis factor [KO:K03156]
3569  IL6; interleukin 6 [KO:K05405]
3553  IL1B; interleukin 1 beta [KO:K04519]
3592  IL12A; interleukin 12A [KO:K05406]
3593  IL12B; interleukin 12B [KO:K05425]
4314  MMP3; matrix metallopeptidase 3 [KO:K01394] [EC:3.4.24.17]
4312  MMP1; matrix metallopeptidase 1 [KO:K01388] [EC:3.4.24.7]
6347  CCL2; C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 [KO:K14624]
3576  CXCL8; C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 [KO:K10030]
6868  ADAM17; ADAM metallopeptidase domain 17 [KO:K06059] [EC:3.4.24.86]
7132  TNFRSF1A; TNF receptor superfamily member 1A [KO:K03158]
4792  NFKBIA; NFKB inhibitor alpha [KO:K04734]
4793  NFKBIB; NFKB inhibitor beta [KO:K02581]
1839  HBEGF; heparin binding EGF like growth factor [KO:K08523]
1956  EGFR; epidermal growth factor receptor [KO:K04361] [EC:2.7.10.1]
3570  IL6R; interleukin 6 receptor [KO:K05055]
3572  IL6ST; interleukin 6 cytokine family signal transducer [KO:K05060]
3716  JAK1; Janus kinase 1 [KO:K11217] [EC:2.7.10.2]
7297  TYK2; tyrosine kinase 2 [KO:K11219] [EC:2.7.10.2]
6774  STAT3; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 [KO:K04692]
3558  IL2; interleukin 2 [KO:K05429]
1440  CSF3; colony stimulating factor 3 [KO:K05423]
1437  CSF2; colony stimulating factor 2 [KO:K05427]
3627  CXCL10; C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 [KO:K12671]
6187  RPS2; ribosomal protein S2 [KO:K02981]
6188  RPS3; ribosomal protein S3 [KO:K02985]
6189  RPS3A; ribosomal protein S3A [KO:K02984]
6192  RPS4Y1; ribosomal protein S4 Y-linked 1 [KO:K02987]
6191  RPS4X; ribosomal protein S4 X-linked [KO:K02987]
140032  RPS4Y2; ribosomal protein S4 Y-linked 2 [KO:K02987]
6193  RPS5; ribosomal protein S5 [KO:K02989]
6194  RPS6; ribosomal protein S6 [KO:K02991]
6201  RPS7; ribosomal protein S7 [KO:K02993]
6202  RPS8; ribosomal protein S8 [KO:K02995]
102723573  40S ribosomal protein S8-like [KO:K02995]
102724737  40S ribosomal protein S8-like [KO:K02995]
6203  RPS9; ribosomal protein S9 [KO:K02997]
6204  RPS10; ribosomal protein S10 [KO:K02947]
100529239  RPS10-NUDT3; RPS10-NUDT3 readthrough [KO:K02947]
6205  RPS11; ribosomal protein S11 [KO:K02949]
6206  RPS12; ribosomal protein S12 [KO:K02951]
6207  RPS13; ribosomal protein S13 [KO:K02953]
6208  RPS14; ribosomal protein S14 [KO:K02955]
6209  RPS15; ribosomal protein S15 [KO:K02958]
6210  RPS15A; ribosomal protein S15a [KO:K02957]
6217  RPS16; ribosomal protein S16 [KO:K02960]
6218  RPS17; ribosomal protein S17 [KO:K02962]
6222  RPS18; ribosomal protein S18 [KO:K02964]
6223  RPS19; ribosomal protein S19 [KO:K02966]
6224  RPS20; ribosomal protein S20 [KO:K02969]
6227  RPS21; ribosomal protein S21 [KO:K02971]
6228  RPS23; ribosomal protein S23 [KO:K02973]
6229  RPS24; ribosomal protein S24 [KO:K02974]
6230  RPS25; ribosomal protein S25 [KO:K02975]
6231  RPS26; ribosomal protein S26 [KO:K02976]
6232  RPS27; ribosomal protein S27 [KO:K02978]
51065  RPS27L; ribosomal protein S27 like [KO:K02978]
6233  RPS27A; ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
6234  RPS28; ribosomal protein S28 [KO:K02979]
6235  RPS29; ribosomal protein S29 [KO:K02980]
2197  FAU; FAU ubiquitin like and ribosomal protein S30 fusion [KO:K02983]
3921  RPSA; ribosomal protein SA [KO:K02998]
388524  RPSA2; ribosomal protein SA 2 [KO:K02998]
6123  RPL3L; ribosomal protein L3 like [KO:K02925]
6122  RPL3; ribosomal protein L3 [KO:K02925]
6124  RPL4; ribosomal protein L4 [KO:K02930]
6125  RPL5; ribosomal protein L5 [KO:K02932]
6128  RPL6; ribosomal protein L6 [KO:K02934]
6129  RPL7; ribosomal protein L7 [KO:K02937]
6130  RPL7A; ribosomal protein L7a [KO:K02936]
6132  RPL8; ribosomal protein L8 [KO:K02938]
6133  RPL9; ribosomal protein L9 [KO:K02940]
140801  RPL10L; ribosomal protein L10 like [KO:K02866]
6134  RPL10; ribosomal protein L10 [KO:K02866]
4736  RPL10A; ribosomal protein L10a [KO:K02865]
6135  RPL11; ribosomal protein L11 [KO:K02868]
6136  RPL12; ribosomal protein L12 [KO:K02870]
6137  RPL13; ribosomal protein L13 [KO:K02873]
23521  RPL13A; ribosomal protein L13a [KO:K02872]
9045  RPL14; ribosomal protein L14 [KO:K02875]
6138  RPL15; ribosomal protein L15 [KO:K02877]
6139  RPL17; ribosomal protein L17 [KO:K02880]
100526842  RPL17-C18orf32; RPL17-C18orf32 readthrough [KO:K02880]
6141  RPL18; ribosomal protein L18 [KO:K02883]
6142  RPL18A; ribosomal protein L18a [KO:K02882]
6143  RPL19; ribosomal protein L19 [KO:K02885]
6144  RPL21; ribosomal protein L21 [KO:K02889]
200916  RPL22L1; ribosomal protein L22 like 1 [KO:K02891]
6146  RPL22; ribosomal protein L22 [KO:K02891]
9349  RPL23; ribosomal protein L23 [KO:K02894]
6147  RPL23A; ribosomal protein L23a [KO:K02893]
51187  RSL24D1; ribosomal L24 domain containing 1 [KO:K02896]
6152  RPL24; ribosomal protein L24 [KO:K02896]
6154  RPL26; ribosomal protein L26 [KO:K02898]
51121  RPL26L1; ribosomal protein L26 like 1 [KO:K02898]
6155  RPL27; ribosomal protein L27 [KO:K02901]
6157  RPL27A; ribosomal protein L27a [KO:K02900]
6158  RPL28; ribosomal protein L28 [KO:K02903]
6159  RPL29; ribosomal protein L29 [KO:K02905]
6156  RPL30; ribosomal protein L30 [KO:K02908]
6160  RPL31; ribosomal protein L31 [KO:K02910]
6161  RPL32; ribosomal protein L32 [KO:K02912]
6164  RPL34; ribosomal protein L34 [KO:K02915]
11224  RPL35; ribosomal protein L35 [KO:K02918]
6165  RPL35A; ribosomal protein L35a [KO:K02917]
25873  RPL36; ribosomal protein L36 [KO:K02920]
6167  RPL37; ribosomal protein L37 [KO:K02922]
6168  RPL37A; ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
6169  RPL38; ribosomal protein L38 [KO:K02923]
6170  RPL39; ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
7311  UBA52; ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 [KO:K02927]
6171  RPL41; ribosomal protein L41 [KO:K02928]
6166  RPL36AL; ribosomal protein L36a like [KO:K02929]
6173  RPL36A; ribosomal protein L36a [KO:K02929]
100529097  RPL36A-HNRNPH2; RPL36A-HNRNPH2 readthrough [KO:K02929]
6175  RPLP0; ribosomal protein lateral stalk subunit P0 [KO:K02941]
6176  RPLP1; ribosomal protein lateral stalk subunit P1 [KO:K02942]
6181  RPLP2; ribosomal protein lateral stalk subunit P2 [KO:K02943]
102723407  IGH; immunoglobulin heavy variable 4-38-2-like [KO:K06856]
2212  FCGR2A; Fc gamma receptor IIa [KO:K06472]
6850  SYK; spleen associated tyrosine kinase [KO:K05855] [EC:2.7.10.2]
5290  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
5293  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
5291  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
5295  PIK3R1; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 [KO:K02649]
5296  PIK3R2; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 2 [KO:K02649]
8503  PIK3R3; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 3 [KO:K02649]
110117499  P3R3URF-PIK3R3; P3R3URF-PIK3R3 readthrough [KO:K02649]
5335  PLCG1; phospholipase C gamma 1 [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11]
5336  PLCG2; phospholipase C gamma 2 [KO:K05859] [EC:3.1.4.11]
5578  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
5579  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
5582  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
5594  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5595  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5600  MAPK11; mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
6300  MAPK12; mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5603  MAPK13; mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
1432  MAPK14; mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
7097  TLR2; toll like receptor 2 [KO:K10159]
7099  TLR4; toll like receptor 4 [KO:K10160]
4615  MYD88; MYD88 innate immune signal transduction adaptor [KO:K04729]
51284  TLR7; toll like receptor 7 [KO:K05404]
51311  TLR8; toll like receptor 8 [KO:K10170]
51135  IRAK4; interleukin 1 receptor associated kinase 4 [KO:K04733] [EC:2.7.11.1]
3654  IRAK1; interleukin 1 receptor associated kinase 1 [KO:K04730] [EC:2.7.11.1]
7189  TRAF6; TNF receptor associated factor 6 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
6885  MAP3K7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
23118  TAB2; TGF-beta activated kinase 1 (MAP3K7) binding protein 2 [KO:K04404]
5599  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5602  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5601  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
2353  FOS; Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit [KO:K04379]
3725  JUN; Jun proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit [KO:K04448]
1147  CHUK; component of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase complex [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
3551  IKBKB; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit beta [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
8517  IKBKG; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K07210]
114548  NLRP3; NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 [KO:K12800]
834  CASP1; caspase 1 [KO:K01370] [EC:3.4.22.36]
7098  TLR3; toll like receptor 3 [KO:K05401]
23586  RIGI; RNA sensor RIG-I [KO:K12646] [EC:5.6.2.6]
9636  ISG15; ISG15 ubiquitin like modifier [KO:K12159]
64135  IFIH1; interferon induced with helicase C domain 1 [KO:K12647] [EC:5.6.2.6]
57506  MAVS; mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein [KO:K12648]
7187  TRAF3; TNF receptor associated factor 3 [KO:K03174]
9641  IKBKE; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit epsilon [KO:K07211] [EC:2.7.11.10]
29110  TBK1; TANK binding kinase 1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
3661  IRF3; interferon regulatory factor 3 [KO:K05411]
115004  CGAS; cyclic GMP-AMP synthase [KO:K17834] [EC:2.7.7.86]
340061  STING1; stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1 [KO:K12654]
3439  IFNA1; interferon alpha 1 [KO:K05414]
3440  IFNA2; interferon alpha 2 [KO:K05414]
3441  IFNA4; interferon alpha 4 [KO:K05414]
3442  IFNA5; interferon alpha 5 [KO:K05414]
3443  IFNA6; interferon alpha 6 [KO:K05414]
3444  IFNA7; interferon alpha 7 [KO:K05414]
3445  IFNA8; interferon alpha 8 [KO:K05414]
3446  IFNA10; interferon alpha 10 [KO:K05414]
3447  IFNA13; interferon alpha 13 [KO:K05414]
3448  IFNA14; interferon alpha 14 [KO:K05414]
3449  IFNA16; interferon alpha 16 [KO:K05414]
3451  IFNA17; interferon alpha 17 [KO:K05414]
3452  IFNA21; interferon alpha 21 [KO:K05414]
3456  IFNB1; interferon beta 1 [KO:K05415]
3454  IFNAR1; interferon alpha and beta receptor subunit 1 [KO:K05130]
3455  IFNAR2; interferon alpha and beta receptor subunit 2 [KO:K05131]
6772  STAT1; signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 [KO:K11220]
6773  STAT2; signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 [KO:K11221]
10379  IRF9; interferon regulatory factor 9 [KO:K04693]
103  ADAR; adenosine deaminase RNA specific [KO:K12968] [EC:3.5.4.37]
4938  OAS1; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
4939  OAS2; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 2 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
4940  OAS3; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 3 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
4599  MX1; MX dynamin like GTPase 1 [KO:K14754]
4600  MX2; MX dynamin like GTPase 2 [KO:K14754]
5610  EIF2AK2; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 2 [KO:K16195] [EC:2.7.11.1]
728  C5AR1; complement C5a receptor 1 [KO:K04010]
719  C3AR1; complement C3a receptor 1 [KO:K04009]
718  C3; complement C3 [KO:K03990]
629  CFB; complement factor B [KO:K01335] [EC:3.4.21.47]
1675  CFD; complement factor D [KO:K01334] [EC:3.4.21.46]
727  C5; complement C5 [KO:K03994]
729  C6; complement C6 [KO:K03995]
730  C7; complement C7 [KO:K03996]
731  C8A; complement C8 alpha chain [KO:K03997]
732  C8B; complement C8 beta chain [KO:K03998]
733  C8G; complement C8 gamma chain [KO:K03999]
735  C9; complement C9 [KO:K04000]
6403  SELP; selectin P [KO:K06496]
7450  VWF; von Willebrand factor [KO:K03900]
712  C1QA; complement C1q A chain [KO:K03986]
713  C1QB; complement C1q B chain [KO:K03987]
714  C1QC; complement C1q C chain [KO:K03988]
715  C1R; complement C1r [KO:K01330] [EC:3.4.21.41]
716  C1S; complement C1s [KO:K01331] [EC:3.4.21.42]
717  C2; complement C2 [KO:K01332] [EC:3.4.21.43]
720  C4A; complement C4A (Chido/Rodgers blood group) [KO:K03989]
721  C4B; complement C4B (Chido/Rodgers blood group) [KO:K03989]
100293534  C4B_2; complement component 4B (Chido/Rodgers blood group), copy 2 [KO:K03989]
110384692  complement C4A (Rodgers blood group)-like [KO:K03989]
4153  MBL2; mannose binding lectin 2 [KO:K03991]
5648  MASP1; MBL associated serine protease 1 [KO:K03992] [EC:3.4.21.-]
10747  MASP2; MBL associated serine protease 2 [KO:K03993] [EC:3.4.21.104]
2147  F2; coagulation factor II, thrombin [KO:K01313] [EC:3.4.21.5]
2162  F13A1; coagulation factor XIII A chain [KO:K03917] [EC:2.3.2.13]
2165  F13B; coagulation factor XIII B chain [KO:K03906]
2243  FGA; fibrinogen alpha chain [KO:K03903]
2244  FGB; fibrinogen beta chain [KO:K03904]
2266  FGG; fibrinogen gamma chain [KO:K03905]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00046  RNA
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00290  Fibrin
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00704  Superoxide
C00873  Angiotensin I
C02135  Angiotensin II
C15850  Angiotensin (1-7)
C20640  Cyclic GMP-AMP
Reference
PMID:33132005
  Authors
Harrison AG, Lin T, Wang P
  Title
Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Pathogenesis.
  Journal
Trends Immunol S1471-4906(20)30233-7 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2020.10.004
Reference
PMID:33077917
  Authors
Perico L, Benigni A, Casiraghi F, Ng LFP, Renia L, Remuzzi G
  Title
Immunity, endothelial injury and complement-induced coagulopathy in COVID-19.
  Journal
Nat Rev Nephrol 10.1038/s41581-020-00357-4 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41581-020-00357-4
Reference
PMID:32820801
  Authors
Battagello DS, Dragunas G, Klein MO, Ayub ALP, Velloso FJ, Correa RG
  Title
Unpuzzling COVID-19: tissue-related signaling pathways associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.
  Journal
Clin Sci (Lond) 134:2137-2160 (2020)
DOI:10.1042/CS20200904
Reference
PMID:32353634
  Authors
Felsenstein S, Herbert JA, McNamara PS, Hedrich CM
  Title
COVID-19: Immunology and treatment options.
  Journal
Clin Immunol 215:108448 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108448
Reference
PMID:33014208
  Authors
Hojyo S, Uchida M, Tanaka K, Hasebe R, Tanaka Y, Murakami M, Hirano T
  Title
How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality.
  Journal
Inflamm Regen 40:37 (2020)
DOI:10.1186/s41232-020-00146-3
Reference
PMID:32544563
  Authors
Mahmudpour M, Roozbeh J, Keshavarz M, Farrokhi S, Nabipour I
  Title
COVID-19 cytokine storm: The anger of inflammation.
  Journal
Cytokine 133:155151 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155151
Reference
PMID:32635353
  Authors
Farooqi F, Dhawan N, Morgan R, Dinh J, Nedd K, Yatzkan G
  Title
Treatment of Severe COVID-19 with Tocilizumab Mitigates Cytokine Storm and Averts Mechanical Ventilation During Acute Respiratory Distress: A Case Report and Literature Review.
  Journal
Trop Med Infect Dis 5:E112 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/tropicalmed5030112
Reference
PMID:32376392
  Authors
Jamilloux Y, Henry T, Belot A, Viel S, Fauter M, El Jammal T, Walzer T, Francois B, Seve P
  Title
Should we stimulate or suppress immune responses in COVID-19? Cytokine and anti-cytokine interventions.
  Journal
Autoimmun Rev 19:102567 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102567
Reference
PMID:32722596
  Authors
Kiselevskiy M, Shubina I, Chikileva I, Sitdikova S, Samoylenko I, Anisimova N, Kirgizov K, Suleimanova A, Gorbunova T, Varfolomeeva S
  Title
Immune Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Intoxication: Storm or Silence?
  Journal
Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 13:E166 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ph13080166
Reference
PMID:32922297
  Authors
Curran CS, Rivera DR, Kopp JB
  Title
COVID-19 Usurps Host Regulatory Networks.
  Journal
Front Pharmacol 11:1278 (2020)
DOI:10.3389/fphar.2020.01278
Reference
PMID:33055229
  Authors
Quan C, Li C, Ma H, Li Y, Zhang H
  Title
Immunopathogenesis of Coronavirus-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Potential Infection-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.
  Journal
Clin Microbiol Rev 34:e00074-20 (2020)
DOI:10.1128/CMR.00074-20
Reference
PMID:32973803
  Authors
Ahmed-Hassan H, Sisson B, Shukla RK, Wijewantha Y, Funderburg NT, Li Z, Hayes D Jr, Demberg T, Liyanage NPM
  Title
Innate Immune Responses to Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses and Other Significant Respiratory Viral Infections.
  Journal
Front Immunol 11:1979 (2020)
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01979
Reference
PMID:32346093
  Authors
Tay MZ, Poh CM, Renia L, MacAry PA, Ng LFP
  Title
The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:363-374 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8
Reference
PMID:32979938
  Authors
Xia H, Cao Z, Xie X, Zhang X, Chen JY, Wang H, Menachery VD, Rajsbaum R, Shi PY
  Title
Evasion of Type I Interferon by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Cell Rep 33:108234 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108234
Reference
PMID:32661197
  Authors
Hartenian E, Nandakumar D, Lari A, Ly M, Tucker JM, Glaunsinger BA
  Title
The molecular virology of coronaviruses.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 295:12910-12934 (2020)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.REV120.013930
Reference
PMID:32978971
  Authors
Amor S, Fernandez Blanco L, Baker D
  Title
Innate immunity during SARS-CoV-2: evasion strategies and activation trigger hypoxia and vascular damage.
  Journal
Clin Exp Immunol 202:193-209 (2020)
DOI:10.1111/cei.13523
Reference
PMID:32467561
  Authors
Catanzaro M, Fagiani F, Racchi M, Corsini E, Govoni S, Lanni C
  Title
Immune response in COVID-19: addressing a pharmacological challenge by targeting pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Signal Transduct Target Ther 5:84 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41392-020-0191-1
Reference
PMID:32687918
  Authors
Jafarzadeh A, Chauhan P, Saha B, Jafarzadeh S, Nemati M
  Title
Contribution of monocytes and macrophages to the local tissue inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19: Lessons from SARS and MERS, and potential therapeutic interventions.
  Journal
Life Sci 257:118102 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118102
Reference
PMID:32376901
  Authors
Merad M, Martin JC
  Title
Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:355-362 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0331-4
Reference
PMID:32246101
  Authors
South AM, Tomlinson L, Edmonston D, Hiremath S, Sparks MA
  Title
Controversies of renin-angiotensin system inhibition during the COVID-19 pandemic.
  Journal
Nat Rev Nephrol 16:305-307 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41581-020-0279-4
Reference
PMID:32433641
  Authors
Furuhashi M, Moniwa N, Takizawa H, Ura N, Shimamoto K
  Title
Potential differential effects of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on SARS-CoV-2 infection and lung injury in COVID-19.
  Journal
Hypertens Res 43:837-840 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41440-020-0478-1
Reference
PMID:32423094
  Authors
Gemmati D, Bramanti B, Serino ML, Secchiero P, Zauli G, Tisato V
  Title
COVID-19 and Individual Genetic Susceptibility/Receptivity: Role of ACE1/ACE2 Genes, Immunity, Inflammation and Coagulation. Might the Double X-chromosome in Females Be Protective against SARS-CoV-2 Compared to the Single X-Chromosome in Males?
  Journal
Int J Mol Sci 21:E3474 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ijms21103474
Reference
PMID:33184193
  Authors
Kielian M
  Title
Enhancing host cell infection by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Science 370:765-766 (2020)
DOI:10.1126/science.abf0732
Reference
PMID:32327719
  Authors
Risitano AM, Mastellos DC, Huber-Lang M, Yancopoulou D, Garlanda C, Ciceri F, Lambris JD
  Title
Complement as a target in COVID-19?
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:343-344 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0320-7
Reference
PMID:32461141
  Authors
Noris M, Benigni A, Remuzzi G
  Title
The case of complement activation in COVID-19 multiorgan impact.
  Journal
Kidney Int 98:314-322 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.013
Reference
PMID:32559343
  Authors
Polycarpou A, Howard M, Farrar CA, Greenlaw R, Fanelli G, Wallis R, Klavinskis LS, Sacks S
  Title
Rationale for targeting complement in COVID-19.
  Journal
EMBO Mol Med 12:e12642 (2020)
DOI:10.15252/emmm.202012642
Reference
PMID:32439870
  Authors
Teuwen LA, Geldhof V, Pasut A, Carmeliet P
  Title
COVID-19: the vasculature unleashed.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:389-391 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0343-0
Reference
PMID:32643798
  Authors
Jodele S, Kohl J
  Title
Tackling COVID-19 infection through complement-targeted immunotherapy.
  Journal
Br J Pharmacol 178:2832-2848 (2021)
DOI:10.1111/bph.15187
Reference
PMID:32608159
  Authors
Chauhan AJ, Wiffen LJ, Brown TP
  Title
COVID-19: A collision of complement, coagulation and inflammatory pathways.
  Journal
J Thromb Haemost 18:2110-2117 (2020)
DOI:10.1111/jth.14981
Reference
PMID:32558620
  Authors
Colling ME, Kanthi Y
  Title
COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: An exploration of mechanisms.
  Journal
Vasc Med 25:471-478 (2020)
DOI:10.1177/1358863X20932640
Reference
PMID:32586214
  Authors
McFadyen JD, Stevens H, Peter K
  Title
The Emerging Threat of (Micro)Thrombosis in COVID-19 and Its Therapeutic Implications.
  Journal
Circ Res 127:571-587 (2020)
DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317447
Reference
PMID:32995777
  Authors
Shi M, Wang L, Fontana P, Vora S, Zhang Y, Fu TM, Lieberman J, Wu H
  Title
SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 suppresses host but not viral translation through a bipartite mechanism.
  Journal
bioRxiv 2020.09.18.302901 (2020)
DOI:10.1101/2020.09.18.302901
Reference
PMID:32693241
  Authors
Paniri A, Akhavan-Niaki H
  Title
Emerging role of IL-6 and NLRP3 inflammasome as potential therapeutic targets to combat COVID-19: Role of lncRNAs in cytokine storm modulation.
  Journal
Life Sci 257:118114 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118114
Reference
PMID:32405269
  Authors
Omarjee L, Janin A, Perrot F, Laviolle B, Meilhac O, Mahe G
  Title
Targeting T-cell senescence and cytokine storm with rapamycin to prevent severe progression in COVID-19.
  Journal
Clin Immunol 216:108464 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108464
Reference
PMID:32337664
  Authors
Zhang S, Li L, Shen A, Chen Y, Qi Z
  Title
Rational Use of Tocilizumab in the Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia.
  Journal
Clin Drug Investig 40:511-518 (2020)
DOI:10.1007/s40261-020-00917-3
Related
pathway
hsa03015  mRNA surveillance pathway
hsa04144  Endocytosis
hsa04270  Vascular smooth muscle contraction
hsa04610  Complement and coagulation cascades
hsa04611  Platelet activation
hsa04613  Neutrophil extracellular trap formation
hsa04614  Renin-angiotensin system
hsa04620  Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
hsa04621  NOD-like receptor signaling pathway
hsa04622  RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway
hsa04623  Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway
hsa04630  JAK-STAT signaling pathway
hsa04650  Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
hsa04666  Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis
hsa04668  TNF signaling pathway
hsa04670  Leukocyte transendothelial migration
KO pathway
ko05171   
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